The Oxford Handbook of Networked Communication (Oxford Handbooks)

"Communication technologies, including the internet, social media, and countless online applications create the infrastructure and interface through which many of our interactions take place today. This form of networked communication creates new questions about how we establish relationships, engage in public, build a sense of identity, and delimit the private domain. The ubiquitous adoption of new technologies has also produced, as a byproduct, new ways of observing the world: many of our interactions now leave a digital trail that, if followed, can help us unravel the rhythms of social life and the complexity of the world we inhabit-and thus help us reconstruct the logic of social order and change. The analysis of digital data requires partnerships across disciplinary boundaries that-although on the rise-are still uncommon. Social scientists and computer scientists have never been closer in their goals of trying to understand communication dynamics, but there are not many venues where they can engage in an open exchange of methods and theoretical insights. This handbook brings together scholars across the social and technological sciences to lay the foundations of communication research in the networked age, and to provide a canon of how research should be conducted in the digital era. The contributors highlight the main theories currently guiding their research in digital communication, and discuss state-of-the-art methodological tools, including automated text analysis, the analysis of networks, and the use of natural experiments in virtual environments. Following a general introduction, the handbook covers network and information flow, communication and organizational dynamics, interactions and social capital, mobility and space, political communication and behavior, and the ethics of digital research." -- From publisher's website Cover The Oxford Handbook of NETWORKED COMMUNICATION Copyright Preface Acknowledgements Contents About the contributors INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Communication in the networked age 1. Introduction 2. Bridging academic siloes 3. The theoretical relevance of new methods 4. Genealogy of the handbook and roadmap References Part I: NETWORKS AND INFORMATION FLOW Chapter 2: Networks and information flow: The Second Golden Age 1. Small worlds 2. Big data 3. Complicated contagion 4. Big data risks 5. Conclusion References Chapter 3: Rebooting mass communication: Using Computational and Network Tools to Rebuild Media Theory 1. The end of mass communication? 2. In defense of mass communication 3. New approaches to media studies 4. Network science and the media system 5. A network model of agenda setting 5.1 Actors in the Network 5.2 Relationship Typology 5.2.1 Issue Adoption Ties 5.2.2 Media Use Ties 5.2.3 Interorganizational Ties 5.2.4 Social Ties 5.2.5 Concept Association Ties 5.3 Link Direction and Agency 5.4 Individual and Dyadic Attributes 5.5 Network Mechanisms 5.6 Reducing Complexity in the Network Model 6. Challenges and the road ahead References Chapter 4: Propagation phenomena in social media 1. Introduction 2. User influence 2.1 The Million Follower Fallacy 2.2 User Types 2.3 Trendsetters 3. Propagation patterns 3.1 Word of Mouth 3.2 Social Conventions 4. Propagation applications 4.1 Topical Experts 4.2 Information Diet 5. Conclusion References Chapter 5: Dynamical processes in time-varying networks 1. Introduction 2. Time-varying networks 2.1 Representations 2.2 Properties 2.2.1 Time-Respecting Path 2.2.2 Connectivity and Latency 2.2.3 Burstiness 2.2.4 Memory 2.3 Activity-Driven Networks 3. Dynamical processes on activity-driven networks 3.1 Random Walks 3.2 Epidemic Spreading 3.3 Rumor Spreading 4. Discussion References Chapter 6: Partition-specific network analysis of digital trace data: Research Questions and Tools 1. Introduction 2. Social network theory and social network analysis 3. Homophily, communication, and SNA 4. Beyond SNA as usual: Three research questions 5. Tools, data, and results 5.1 Partitioning the Network 5.2 How Do Different Subgraphs in a Partitioned Network Relate to One Another? 5.3 Which Nodes Are Heavily Connected to Distinct Subgraphs? 5.4 How Do Subgraphs Change over Time? 6. Conclusion Notes References Part II: COMMUNICATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL DYNAMICS Chapter 7: How can computational social science motivate the development of theories, data, and methods to advance our understanding of communicational dynamics? 1. Can computational social science motivate the development of theories of communication and organizational dynamics? 2. Can computational social science motivate the development of new data collection instruments to study aommunication and organizational dynamics? 3. Can computational social science motivate the development of new methods to ostudy communication and organizational Dynamics? Acknowledgements References Chapter 8: The new dynamics of organizational change 1. Organizational dynamics across disciplines 2. Case study: news media and new dynamics 2.1 Data on Digital Media 2.2 A Spark of New Theory 3. The"old" dynamics of organizational change 3.1 The Broad Shape of Organizational Change 3.2 Theoretical Perspectives on the Cycle of Change 3.3 The “New” Dynamics of Organizational Change 3.4 Emergence and New Disruptions 3.4.1 Existing Traditions 3.4.2 New Dynamics 3.5 Legitimacy and Stability 3.5.1 Existing Traditions 3.5.2 New Dynamics 3.6 Resiliency and Stability 3.6.1 Existing Traditions 3.6.2 New Dynamics 3.7 Failure and Decline 3.7.1 Existing Traditions 3.7.2 New Dynamics 4. A cookbook for studying new dynamics of organizational change 5. Caution in breaking new ground 6 Future research References Chapter 9: Online communication by emergency responders during crisis events 1. Introduction 2. Social media use during crisis events 3. Crisis communication in a networked age 4. Emergency responders in the spotlight 5. Methods for studying online communication of emergency responders 6. Emergency responders online: routine and reactions 7. Interorganizational communication on twitter 8. Discussion and conclusion 9. Opportunities for future work Acknowledgements Note References Chapter 10: Studying populationsm of online communities 1. Introduction and background 2. Benefit 1: Generalizability 3. Benefit 2: studying comminity-level variables 4. Benefit 3: studying diffusion between communities 5. Benefit 4: studying egological dynamics 6. Benefit 5: Studying multilevel processes 7. Limitations 8. Discussion Acknowledgements Notes References Chapter 11: Gender and networks in virtual worlds 1. Introduction 2. Studying gender in virtual worlds 2.1 Virtual Worlds Research 2.2 Mapping Gender in Virtual Worlds 2.3 Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOs) 3. Gender gaps in virtual worlds 3.1 Are There Gender Gaps in Virtual Worlds? 3.1.1 Underrepresentation 3.1.2 Differences in Play Styles, Motivations and Performance 3.2 Why Do Gender Gaps Occur in Virtual Worlds? 3.2.1 Gender Role Theory 3.2.2 Depersonalization 3.3 Gender Swapping and the Gender Gap 4. Current approaches to studying gender in virtual worlds 4.1 Traditional Methods 4.2 Digital Trace Data 5. Reasearhexample: gender and networks in everquest II 5.1 Data Quality and Management 5.2 Theory-Driven versus Data-Driven Analyses 5.3 Social Network Analysis 6. Future directions References Part III: INTERACTIONS AND SOCIAL CAPITAL Chapter 12: Understanding social dynamics online: Social Networks, Social Capital, and Social Interactions 1. New (Data) oppoptunities, old (Theoretical) guidance 2. Conclusion References Chapter 13: The analysis of social capital in digital environments: A Social Investment Approach 1. Introduction 2. Social capital in the internet: an outcome-oriented approach 3. A missing piece: social investment patterns online 4. Social capitalization framework 5. Taxonomy of online social inc=vestment patterns 5.1 Cost of Uncertainty 5.2 Cost of Persistence 5.3 Cost of Mutuality (Reciprocity) 6. Diversity of social investment types: online networking examples 7. An emprical application: social investment in a facebook personal network 8. Discussion and future research References Chapter 14: Multiplying the medium: Tie Strength, Social Role, and Mobile Media Multiplexity 1. Introduction 2. Media multiplexity and the strength 3. Measuring the strength 4. Social mroles and institutions 5. Data and Methods 5.1 Dependent Variable 5.2 Independent Variables 5.3 Respondent Demographics and Control Variables 6. Analysis and results 7. Discussion and conclusion Notes References Chapter 15: Revolutionizing mental health with social media 1. Introduction 2. Social media and well-being: potential 2.1 Early Detection 2.1.1 Quantifying Individual-Centric Risk 2.1.2 Population-Scale Measurement 2.2 Psychosocial Support 2.3 Health-Related Self-Disclosure 3. Social media and well-being: challenges 3.1 Risk to Vulnerable Populations 3.2 Privacy, Ethics, and Policy 3.2.1 Privacy-Preserving, Ethical-Intervention Design 3.2.2 Securing Disclosure of Personal Information 4. Conclusion Notes References Chapter 16: The neuroscience of information sharing 1. Neural base of sharing decisions: value-based virality 2. Valuation 3. Self-related processing 4 Social cognition 5. Empirical support for value-based virality 6. Outcomes of imformation sharing: reach and impact 6.1 Sharers 6.2 Audiences 6.3 Sharer-Audience Interactions 7. Sharing processing in individuals and across populations 8. Sharing contexts as moderators of sharing processes 8.1 Audience Characteristics 8.2 Sharer Characteristics 8.3 Content Characteristics 8.4 Communication Channel Characteristics 8.5 Culture 9. Strengths and limitations of neuroscience for the study of viral information 9.1 Measurement and Prediction 9.2 Theory Development 9.3 Limitations 10. Conclusion Notes References Part IV: POLITICAL COMMUNICATION AND BEHAVIOR Chapter 17: Political communication research in a networked world 1. Requisites and attributes of democratic engagement 2. The role of communication in democratric engagement 3. What do we know? 4. The changing nature of the information and communication environment Note References Chapter 18: Modelling and measuring delebration online 1. Introduction 2. Deliberation 3. Online deliberation 4. Deliberation in social media 4.1 Early Work: Flames and Bubbles 4.2 More Complex Measures of Environment: Network Analysis 4.3 More Complex Measures of Content: Argument Mining 4.4 Proliferating Criteria and the Core 5. Measuring argument quality 6. Measuring conceptual connections 7. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 19: Moving beyond sentiment analysis: Social Media and Emotions in Political Communication 1. Introduction 2. Political communication on social media: methods and findings 2.1 Textual-Analysis-Based Approaches 2.1.1 Recognizing Political Communication 2.1.2 Sentiment Analysis of Political Text 2.1.3 Characterizing Political Text of the Masses 2.2 Nontextual Approaches to the Study of Online Political Communication 2.2.1 Survey-Based Approaches 2.2.2 Experimental Approaches 2.2.3 Network-Based Approaches 3. Moving forward: theory-driven inquiry 3.1 Theoretical Foundations of the Data Generation Process 3.1.1 The Fusion of Political Behaviors on Social Media 3.1.2 The Strategic and Instrumental Uses of Emotion 3.1.3 Emotional Interdependencies: The Spread of Emotion through Social Networks 3.2 Integrating Theory and Textual Analysis to Expand Mass Political Communication Research 3.2.1 Opinion Leaders: Using Emotion Strategically 3.2.2 The Psychology of Emotional Response 3.2.3 The Missing Piece: Emotion in InterpersonalPolitical Communication 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References Chapter 20: Dynamics of attention and public opinion in social media 1. Dynamics of attention in social media 1.1 Case Study: Attention Dynamics During Crisis Response 2. Opinion formation 2.1 Case Study: Attention Dynamics during Social Mobilization 3. Discussion Acknowledgments Notes References Chapter 21: A Satisficing search model of text production 1. Introduction 2. Satisficing search in message design 2.1 What Is Satisficing Search? 2.2 Satisficing Search and Public Discourse 3. Theory and measurement of key concepts 3.1 Semantic Sourcing 3.1.1 Measuring semantic sourcing 3.2 Semantic Aspiration 4. Advancing public opinion research with satisficing semantic search 5. Conclusion References Chapter 22: Studying networked communication in the middle east: Social Disrupter and Social Observatory 1. Introduction 2. Social media as social disrupter 2.1 How Have Digital Networks Changed the Middle East? 3. Social media as social observatory 4. Case 1: networks of political polarization in egypt 4.1 Content Polarization 4.2 Structural Polarization 5. Case 2: network of social fragmentation in qatar 5.1 Interlingual Social Networks 5.2 Political Engagement 6. Conclusion Notes References Part V: MOBILITY AND SPACE Chapter 23: Mobile space and agility as the subversive partner References Chapter 24: One foot on the street, one foot on the web: Analyzing the Ecosystem of Protest Movementsin an Era of Pervasive Digital Communication 1. Introduction 2. Exploring the social ensemble of digital movements 3. The toolkit of digital protest researchers References Chapter 25: Out stage, out street: Brooklyn Drag and the Queer Imaginary 1. Introduction 2. Context: Drag in brooklyn 3. Context: brooklyn's queer media imaginary 4. Analysis: The love/shade relationship between brooklyn and manhattan drag 5. Analysis: urban exceptionalism and brooklyn drag 6. Discussion and conclusions 6.1 Brooklyn Drag and Queer Terroir 6.2 Politics of Visibility Notes References Chapter 26: Digital mapping of urban mobility patterns 1. Introduction 2. Role of geographic information system in mobility and health 2.1 Modern Geographic Information Systems 2.2 Combining Information about Space and Place 3. Location, place, and health research: examples and challenges 3.1 Children’s Exposure to Outdoor Tobacco Advertising 3.2 Measuring the Available Dose versus the Dose That Individuals Actually Experience 3.3 Children’s Exposure to Outdoor Alcohol Advertising and Alcohol Use 3.4 One Boy’s Day: A Classic among Mobility Pattern Studies 4. Examples of modern mobility pattern studies in the context of epidemiology 4.1 Prospective versus Retrospective Study Designs 4.2 Retrospective Data Collection of Human Mobility and Risk of Being Assaulted 4.3 Prospective Data Collection of Human Mobility and the Context of Teens’ Activities 5. Future directions References Chapter 27: Research on mobile phone data in the global south: Opportunities and Challenges 1. Introduction 2. Stable trends of mobile usage in the global south 2.1 Prepaid as the Dominant Model for Paying for Mobile Usage 2.2 Lower Costs for Calls and Devices 2.3 Mobile Payments 2.4 Increased Access to Mobile Data 2.5 Web-Page-Driven Mobile Internet 2.6 Other Forms of Subsidized Connectivity 3. Beyond connectivity: researching mobile data in the global south 3.1 Social Ties and Public Connections 3.2 Economic Transfers and Well-Being 3.3 Mobility and Location 3.4 Digital Innovation and Technology Entrepreneurship 4. Challenges to using mobile data from the global south fro academic research 5. Conclusion Notes References Part VI: ETHICS OF DIGITAL RESEARCH Chapter 28: The ethics of digital research 1. What i found out from facebook users' emails 2. Challenges that surfaced from conversations about digital research 2.1 Evolving Research Ecosystem 2.2 Heterogeneous Populations and Cultures 2.3 Informed Consent Best Practices 2.4 Understanding Risks 2.5 Privacy Practices Continue to Evolve 2.6 Technical and Legal Issues 2.7 Ongoing Challenges References Chapter 29: Digital trace data and social research: A Proactive Research Ethics 1. Introduction 2. Research design 3. Data collection 4. Analysis and reporting 5. Discussion Notes References Chapter 30: A practioner's guide to ethical web data collection 1. Technical aspects of datra collection 1.1 Universal Best Practices 1.1.1 Anonymizing Data 1.1.2 Secure Storage 1.1.3 Backups 1.2 Obtaining Data Directly from Companies 1.3 Using Application Programming Interfaces 1.3.1 Access Model 1.3.2 Rate Limits 1.3.3 Terms of Service 1.3.4 Implementations 1.4 Scraping Web-Based Data 1.4.1 Implementation 1.4.2 Accounts 1.4.3 Rate Limits 1.4.4 Parsing 1.5 Crowdsourcing Data Collection and Analysis 1.6 Data Donations from Users 2. Legal issues 2.1 Terms of Service 2.1.1 APIs versus Websites 2.1.2 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 2.2 Human Subjects and Institutional Review 2.2.1 Human Subject Rules Outside the United States 2.2.2 Toward Uniform Ethical Rules 2.3 Nondisclosure Agreements 2.4 The Robots Exclusion Standard 2.5 Click and Impression Fraud 3. Ethical aspects 3.1 Harm to Users and Consent 3.1.1 Harm to Users 3.1.2 Consent on the Web 3.1.3 “Public” Data and Context 3.2 Harm to Services 3.2.1 Responsible Disclosure 3.3 Reproducibility 4. Sharing data 4.1 Community Norms and Sharing Infrastructure 4.2 Limits to Sharing 5. Summary Notes References Chapter 31: Responsible research on social networks: Dilemmas and Solutions 1. We are the data! 2. The Good bits 3. What could possibly go wrong? 4. Technical limitations: can we overcome these? 5. Best practice from a technical perspective 6. Best practice from a legal and societal perspective 7. What challenges and oppertunities remain? Notes References Chapter 32: Unintended consequences of using digital methods in difficult research environments 1. Introduction 2. Risk 3. Difficult research environments 4. Digital methods 5. Digital methods and risk 5.1 Risk by Association and Rapport 5.2 Data Security with Introducing Digital Methods: Get Informed 5.3 What Is to Be Done: In the Field 5.4 Data Security When Entering New Spaces: Identification 5.5 What Is to Be Done: With Digital Methods 6. Conclusion References Chapter 33: Ethical issues in internet research: The Case of China 1. Introduction 2. The internet with "chinese characteristics" 3. Methodological approaches and ethical considerations 4. Online experiments and surveys 5. Content analysis 6. Digital ethnography 7. Discussion Notes References CONCLUSION Chapter 34: The past and future of communication research 1. Introduction 2. Revisiting the principles of networked communication 3. Theoretical developments 4. The virtues of interdisciplinary work 5. Current and future challenges References Index Online communication technologies have opened up a new world of research questions about how people form relationships, organize into groups and communities, and navigate the boundaries between public and private life. This handbook brings together research from a variety of disciplines that examine these questions through the lens of new data. The result is a new theoretical framework that capitalizes on the constantly pulsating signals of networked communication,and offers an innovative approach to the study of human behavior and opinion formation