The Oxford Handbook of Modern Greek Politics (Oxford Handbooks)

Cover The Oxford Handbook of Modern Greek Politics Copyright Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations List of Contributors Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction: Identifying Greece 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Greece as a Focus 1.3 Identifying Greece 1.4 State-Economy 1.5 The State and its Institutions 1.6 State and Society 1.7 The State and the Party System 1.8 The State and the Crisis 1.9 System Complementarities and Imbalances 1.10 Segmented Society, Dependent State 1.11 Conclusion References Section 1: The Frame Chapter 2: The Developmental Trajectory of the Greek State 2.1 Introduction: The Greek Puzzle 2.2 Unravelling the Puzzle 2.2.1 Seven Booms 2.2.2 Seven Busts 2.2.3 Seven Bailouts 2.3 Key Insight: Early Late Modernization 2.4 Conclusion: Where Next? References Chapter 3: State–Society Relations in Greece 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The State in Focus 3.3 Society Associated eith the State Through Political Clientelism and State Corporatism 3.3.1 Rampant Political Clientelism 3.3.2 Particularistic State Corporatism 3.4 Society Mobilizing Against the State 3.5 Society's Detachment from and Avoidance of the State 3.6 Conclusions References Chapter 4: State–Market Relations 4.1 Introduction: The Evolution of State–Market Relations 4.2 Evolving Contexts and Comparative Frameworks 4.2.1 Developmentalism 4.2.2 Democratization 4.2.3 Europeanization 4.2.4 From Nationalization to Privatization 4.2.5 EMU Crisis and Forced Adjustment 4.3 Greek Exceptionalism and its Limits 4.4 'Varieties of Capitalism' and Greece 4.5 Conclusions and Challenges for Future Research References Chapter 5: The Politics of Europeanization 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Images and Meanings of Europe in Greece 5.3 The Impact of Europeanization 5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Church, State, and Hellenism Introduction 6.1 Autocephaly and Nation-Building 6.2 One Nation-State, Multiple Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions 6.3 The Church of Greece as a National Church References Section 2: Political Institutions Chapter 7: Greek Constitutionalism and Patterns of Government 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Sparkling Aspect of the Past 7.3 The Dark Aspect of Greek Constitutionalism's Historical Trajectory 7.4 Government and the Economic Crisis 7.5 The Scope of Constitutional Reform 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8: The Judiciary 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basic Elements in Comparative Context 8.3 Courts and Politics: Elements of the Greek Rule-of-Law Paradigm 8.3.1 When Judges Rule Beyond Legal Standards: Judicial Activism and Judicialization of Politics Economy during the Eurozone Crisis National and Religious Identity Environmental Issues 8.3.2 When Politics Rule instead of Law: Judicial (In)Dependence 8.3.3 When the Law Does Not Rule: Judicial Ineffectiveness 8.4 Research Agendas for the Future References Chapter 9: The Prime Minister and the Core Executive 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Entering the Labyrinth of the Greek Core Executive 9.3 The Historical Evolution of the Greek Core Executive 9.4 Leadership Styles and Institutionalization 9.5 The System's Nemesis? 9.6 Conclusions References Chapter 10: The Parliament 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Parliament within the Constitutional Architecture 10.3 Privileges and Immunities 10.4 System Interpolarity and Functional Distinctiveness 10.4.1 Vis-à-Vis the Executive 10.4.2 Vis-à-Vis the President of the Republic 10.4.3 Vis-à-Vis the Judiciary 10.4.4 Vis-à-Vis International Organisations 10.5 Parliament and Political Practice 10.5.1 Majoritarian and Divisive Parliamentarism 10.5.2 Clientelism and Nepotism 10.6 Imbalanced Parliamentarism 10.7 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Public Administration 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The legacies: A 'Quasi-Weberian' Bureaucracy 11.3 Three Deficits: Legitimacy, Efficiency, Institutionalization 11.4 Politicization and Symbiosis 11.5 The Rise and Fall of the Modernization Narrative 11.6 Towards a Neo-Weberian State? 11.7 Drivers for Reform: Europeanization as an External Constraint 11.8 Change and Continuity: Administrative Reform in Times of Crisis 11.9 Memoranda Agenda and Selected Reforms 11.10 Flaws, Resistance and Side Effects 11.11 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Local Government and Regional Administration 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Constitutional Status of Local Government 12.3 Sub-National Democracy 12.4 The Structure of Local and Regional Public Administration 12.5 Administrative Functions 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13: The Electoral System 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Six (plus one) Lives of the Electoral System in the Third Greek Republic 13.1.1 Life 1: The 1974 Election 13.1.2 Life 2: The 1977 and 1981 Elections 13.1.3 Life 3: The 1985 Election 13.1.4 Life 4: The 1989 and 1990 Elections 13.1.5 Life 5: The 1993, 1996, 2000, and 2004 Elections 13.1.6 Life 6 (Plus One): The 2007, 2009, 2012, and 2015 Elections 13.2 A New Equilibrium? 13.3 Conclusion: The Life After References Chapter 14: The Party System 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Main Issues and Concepts 14.3 The Historical Course of the Greek Party System 14.3.1 The Pre-History, 1915–1967 14.3.2 The History: After the Dictatorship, beforethe Crisis. 1974–2009 14.4 The Greek Party System During the Economic Crisis: Continuities and Ruptures with the Past 14.5 Conclusion: The Future of the Greek Party System and Future Research References Section 3: Political Traditions Chapter 15: The Far Right 15.1 Introduction: The Electoral Dynamics of the Far Right in Greece 15.2 The Breeding Ground for Greece's Far Right 15.2.1 Demand-Side Factors: Grievances 15.2.2 Supply-Side Factors: Ideological—Communicational—Organizational 15.3 The Far Right-Wing Party Stage: Populist-Radical and Extremist Components 15.3.1 The Populist-Radical Right ‘LAOS’ 15.3.2 A Militia-Like Neo-Nazi Party: Golden Dawn 15.4 Conclusions References Chapter 16: The Conservatives 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Creation and the Early Years of the New Democracy Party 16.3 New Democracy after its Founder's Withdrawal: The Liberal Experiment 16.4 The Long Opposition Years: A Lost Chance for ND's Reform and Modernization 16.5 ND's Return to Office: Economic Crisis, and the Critical 2012 Election 16.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 17: The Centre 17.1 Introduction: The Historical Background 17.2 The 1970s and the Disintegration of the Centre 17.3 The Era of PASOK and the Centre-Left 17.4 A Revival or a New Centre? 17.5 Conclusion References Chapter 18: The Socialists 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Setting the Scene 18.3 PASOK in Power 18.4 From Opposition to the Management of the Economic Crisis 18.5 The Return of Populism 18.6 Conclusions: Greek Social Democracy in Search of its Identity References Chapter 19: The Radical Left 19.1 Introduction 19.2 SYRIZA and the European Radical Left 19.3 Turbulent History 19.4 The Rise to Government: The Structure of Political Opportunities 19.5 A 'Seller of Hope': Agency Matters 19.6 The Radical Left in Office: Contradictions and Limitations 19.7 The Party and Government 19.8 Conclusions: Politics of Symbolism and Defence References Chapter 20: The Communists 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The Greek Communist Strategy and its Historical Legacies 20.3 Ideological Orientation and Programmatic References 20.4 Organization and Mobilization 20.5 Conclusions References Section 4: Political and Social Interests Chapter 21: Political Culture 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Greece's Cultural Dualism 21.3 Types of Engagement 21.4 Citizenship and Political (In) Equality 21.5 Solidarity and the Politics of Consensus 21.6 Social Structures of Cooperation 21.7 Illiberal Orientations of Greek Political Culture 21.8 Greek Political Culture in the Context of Crisis 21.9 Conclusion References Chapter 22: Civil Society 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Causes of Civil Society's Weakness 22.3 The Relationship of Civil Society with State and EU Authorities 22.4 The Economic Crisis 22.5 Philanthropy vs Social Solidarity 22.6 Post-Crisis Civil Society 22.7 Conclusions References Chapter 23: Social Movements 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The Student Movement 23.3 The Feminist Movement 23.4 The Green Spectrum 23.5 The Alter-Globalization Movement 23.6 The Civil Unrest of December 2008 23.7 Anti-Austerity Protests and the Movement of the Squares (or the Greek Indignados) 23.8 Conclusions References Chapter 24: Interest Group Politics 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Authoritarian Legacy: State Corporatism 24.2.1 Labour Unions 24.2.2 Farmers’ Associations 24.3 Beyond State Corporatism 24.4 The Economic Crisis: 2010–2018 24.4.1 The Enacted Reform Measures 24.4.2 The Impact of the Crisis on Interest Group Organization 24.5 Conclusions References Chapter 25: Voting Behaviour 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Social Divisions 25.3 Can we turn this into Context and Voter Characteristics 25.4 Sociological and Psychological Determinants of Voting 25.5 Economic Voting 25.6 Conclusions References Chapter 26: The Media 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Low Levels of Newspaper Circulation 26.3 Political Parallelism 26.4 Instrumentalization of Media 26.5 Governmental Control over Public Broadcasting 26.6 Savage Deregulation and the Politics of the TV Licences 26.7 Limited Professionalization 26.8 The Rise of the New Media 26.9 Conclusions References Chapter 27: Terrorism 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Greek Political Violence in Context 27.3 The Metapolitefsi Terrorists 27.4 The End of the Metapolitefsi Terrorism 27.5 The Post-17N Generation 27.6 Why Does Greek Terrorism Persist? References Section 5: Policy-Making Chapter 28: Government Policy-Making 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Pre-Crisis Government Policy-Making 28.3 Government Policy-Making during the Crisis 28.4 The Changing Role of Expertise 28.4.1 University Departments 28.4.2 Government-funded Research Institutes 28.4.3 In-House Research Structures 28.4.4 Policy Research Institutes and Think Tanks 28.4.5 Research Institutes Affiliated to Political Actors 28.5 Conclusions References Chapter 29: The State and Economic Development 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Long-Term Determinants of Greece's Post-War Economic Development 29.2.1 The Ambivalent Role of the State 29.2.2 The Persistent External Deficits and the Weak Technological, Innovation, and Knowledge Capabilities 29.2.3 Macro-Economic Imbalances and Economic Development 29.2.4 The Increasing Weight of Public Debt 29.2.5 The Pension System Deficits and Their Impact on Growth 29.3 The Six Stages of Greece's Post-War Economic Development 29.3.1 Greece’s ‘Easy Development’ Phase (1955–73) 29.3.2 Development After the First Post-War Crisis (1974–81) 29.3.3 Socialist Governance and World Market Integration (1982–93) 29.3.4 From Structural Imbalances to a New Growth Cycle and to Euro Area Participation (1994–2003) 29.3.5 The Build-Up to the Crisis (2004–9) 29.3.6 The Crisis of 2008/09 and its Aftermath 29.4 Conclusion References Chapter 30: The Politics of the Public Finances 30.1 Introduction 30.2 The Pre-Crisis Fiscal Governance Framework 30.3 Fiscal Governance in the Memorandum Era 30.4 Challenges Ahead References Chapter 31: Pensions in the Greek Political Economy 31.1 Introduction 31.2 ‘Method behind Madness’—The Logics of Pensions 31.3 Structural Implications of Pension Dysfunctionality 31.3.1 Pensions and Sectional Politics 31.3.2 Pension Governance, Trade Unions and Individuals 31.4 ‘Words without Actions’—Pre-Crisis Pension Reforms 31.5 'Actions Without Words' Bailout-Era Pension Reforms 31.6 Looking Ahead–Ageing and Continuity References Chapter 32: Health Policy and Politics 32.1 Introduction 32.2 What is Distinctive about the Greek Health-Care System? 32.3 Historical Background 32.4 The Incomplete Shift to a National Health System and the Failed Reform at the Turn of the Century 32.4.1 Process and Dynamics of Reform 32.4.2 Funding, Regulation, and Provision 32.5 The Crisis as a Watershed Moment for Health-Care Reform 32.5.1 Process and Dynamics of Reform 32.5.2 Funding, Regulation, and Provision 32.6 Concluding Remarks and Areas of Further Research References Chapter 33: Poverty and the Social Safety Net 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Policy Developments in 1974–2009 33.3 The Demand for Social Protection since 2010 33.4 The Supply of Social Protection under Austerity 33.5 Poverty and Social Exclusion 33.6 Conclusions References Chapter 34: Education 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Brief Overview of Greece's Education System 34.3 Concepts and Discourses in Greek Education Policy 34.4 The School as an Institution 34.5 Reform: A Grounded Approach or a Political Tool? 34.6 Excellence and Democratization of Education 34.7 The Politics of Higher Education 34.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 35: Migration in Greece 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Migrant Population in Greece 35.3 Greek Migration Policy Development 35.3.1 The Early Period: Migrants as Labour Force 35.3.2 The Later Period: Migration between Security and Humanitarian Concerns 35.4 Greek Citizenship Reform 35.5 Migrant Integration and Racism in Greece 35.6 Concluding Remarks References Section 6: External Relations Chapter 36: Defence and Security Policy 36.1 Introduction 36.2 The Evolution of Greece's National Security Policy 36.3 The Transformation of Greece's Security Environment in the Late Twentieth and the Early Twenty-First Centuries 36.4 Security Challenges and Priorities 36.5 Soft/Asymmetric Security Threats 36.6 Greek Defence Doctrine 36.7 The Defence and Security Decision Making Mechanism 36.8 Defence Expenditures 36.9 Greek Security Policy in a Comparative Context 36.10 Greece's Contemporary Geostrategic Value and its Role in the Context of the EU and NATO 36.11 The European and Transatlantic Dimensions 36.12 State of the Art Regarding Research and Analysis in the Field of Greek Security Policy 36.13 Conclusion References Chapter 37: Greece and the European Union: strategic vision, diplomatic finesse and poor domestic delivery 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Early History 37.3 (Mal)Adjusting to Membership 37.4 Learning from Experience 37.5 What Went Wrong with the Euro? 37.6 In a State of Quarantine 37.7 A Country of Many Contradictions References Chapter 38: Greek Foreign Policy Since the Metapolitefsi 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Seeking Security; Seeking a Role: Between the US and the EU 38.3 The Determinism of the International Milieu 38.4 The Domestic Environment: The Primacy of Sentiment over System in Policy Formulation 38.5 Conclusion References Chapter 39: Greek–Turkish Relations 39.1 Introduction 39.2 The EU as a Novel Factor: The Road to Helsinki 39.3 The Helsinki Watershed: Recasting Greek–Turkish Relations 39.4 A Double Opportunity Missed in 2004 39.5 The Achievements of the Rapprochement 39.5.1 Economic Relations 39.5.2 Energy 39.5.3 Minority Rights 39.6 The Effects of the Crisis and the Arab Uprisings 39.6.1 Greece’s Strategic Puzzle 39.6.2 Balancing Turkey in the Region 39.6.3 Energy Cooperation and its Limits 39.6.4 Civil Society 39.6.5 Mental Barriers to Compromise 39.6.6 The Effect of Domestic Politics and Cyprus 39.7 Conclusion References Section 7: Leaders Chapter 40: Constantine Keramanlis 40.1 Introduction 40.2 A Long Political Career 40.3 Popular Support Base 40.4 Style of Leadership and Ideology 40.5 Position within the party(ies) 40.6 Legacies References Chapter 41: Andreas Papandreou 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Emergence 41.3 The 'Establishment' and the 'Plots' 41.3.1 ‘Scheming’ 41.3.2 Appropriation of ‘Progressive Nationalism’ 41.4 The September 3 Manifesto and PASOK's National Liberation Character 41.5 The Experience of Governmental Power: Clashing with Reality 41.6 PASOK: Between Social Democracy and Populism? 41.7 Conclusion References Chapter 42: Costas Simitis 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Two Ideal Types of Culture and Leadership 42.3 Simitis's Leadership Style 42.4 Intense Loyalty and Differentness: A Delicate Balancing Exercise in Autonomy 42.5 A Comparative Perspective 42.6 Network-Building 42.7 The Post-Authoritarian Period (1974–) 42.8 Assessing Simitis's Leadership Style 42.9 The Downsides of Simitis's Leadership Style 42.10 Assessing Simitis's Legacy References Chapter 43: Alexis Tsipras 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Norms, Institutional Constraints and Political Leadership 43.3 Eurocommunism and the New Social Movements 43.4 Leadership style 43.4.1 Inclusive to Personalistic/Presidentialist Leadership 43.4.2 From Maverick to Mainstream Leadership 43.5 Policy Shifts 43.6 Legacy References Index of Names Subject Index "This volume aims to provide an unprecedented breadth of analysis on the development of modern Greek politics, especially from the restoration of democracy in 1974 to the present day. Over forty-three chapters, contributors provide authoritative accounts of what is known about a particular area. Never before has such a volume been produced, in any language. This is not intended as a student textbook, but as a scholarly reference for all who are interested in contemporary Greece. As such, it provides a depth of analysis couched within comparative and conceptual frames, to link the case of Greece to a wider audience, especially those already familiar with a broader political science literature. In its authoritative and reflective essays, it is hoped that the volume may serve as a point of common reference for some time to come. Its essays are structured across a set of inter-connecting themes: conceptual frames by which to understand modern Greek politics; political institutions; party political traditions; political and social interests; public policy; external relations; and political leaders. With this breadth, the volume takes an eclectic approach in terms of historical, conceptual, and methodological interpretation. Its breadth offers analyses relevant not only to political science, but also economics, international relations, law, sociology, and social policy"-- Provided by publisher The Oxford Handbook of Modern Greek Politics is a major new contribution to the study of contemporary European and Greek politics. This edited volume contains 43 chapters written by Greek and foreign academics foremost in their field. After an introductory section, offering a frame of analysis, the volume includes sections on political institutions, traditions and party families, political and social interest groups, policy-making and policy sectors, external relations, and Greece's most important political leaders of the period between the 1974 transition to democracy and today. It will be an invaluable reference for scholars, new and established, as well as for the informed reader around the world. This work offers the most comprehensive approach to the subject to this day. Drawing on data and analysis previously available only in national sources (Greek books, articles, and other primary and secondary sources), in combination with international data, it allows international scholars of politics, international relations, society, and economy to integrate the case of Greece in their own projects; and facilitates the search of any informed reader who seeks a reliable, updated source on Modern Greece. As new democracies consolidate, so do their accompanying party systems. A key factor contributing to this process is the establishment of rigid electoral laws that set the rules of the game. With seven reforms since its inauguration in 1974, the Greek electoral system has been an exception to this rule. Although change has been sometimes incremental and other times short lived, it has kept the electoral system in the political agenda. In this article I review the trajectory of the electoral law in Greece and look at the way the discussion over electoral reform developed along the process of party-system maturation. In so doing, I try to shed light on what seems to be an interesting paradox: the electoral system in Greece appeared most robust exactly in the same period in which the party system was most volatile, amidst the debt crisis. The political turmoil which the crisis generated seems to have shaped Greek politics and party competition in many aspects apart from the otherwise fluid electoral system