The Oxford Handbook of Higher Education Systems and University Management (Oxford Handbooks)

This Handbook sets out a theoretical framework to explain what higher education systems are, how they may be compared over time, and why comparisons are important in terms of societal progress in an increasingly turbulent and interconnected world. Drawing on insights from over 40 leading international scholars and practitioners, the chapters examine the main challenges facing universities and institutions, how they should be managed in changingconditions, and the societal implications of different approaches to change. Structured around the premise that higher education plays a significant role in ensuring that a society achieves the capacity to adjust itselfto change, while at the same time remaining cohesive as a social system, this Handbook explores how current internal and external forces disturb this balance, and how institutions of higher education could, and might, respond. Cover The Oxford Handbook of HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEMS AND UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT Copyright Foreword Preface and Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Chapter 1: The Description and Comparison of Societal Systems of Higher Education and University Management Introduction Broad Principles of Analysis What Is Education, and What Is It For? The Bases of Variation Conclusion References Chapter 2: Criticality, Academic Autonomy, and Societal Progress Introduction Societies as Balanced Adaptive Systems Societies as Complex Adaptive Systems Conditions Attached to Grand Theorizing Critical Development Theory and Universals The Core Proposition Why Innovativeness and Cooperativeness as the Balanced End-State? Applied Scholarship and Criticality as Catalysts Japanese Societal Reforms The Reshaping of Confucianism in China Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation Critical Thinking and Criticality Ways of Using Rationalism Processes of Social Fusion as Catalyst Morally Legitimate Incentives for Adaptiveness as Catalyst Implications References Chapter 3: Socializing Human Capital for Twenty-First Century Educational Goals: Suggestive Empirical Findings from Multinational Research Questions to be Addressed Educational Goals for National Survival and Progress in the Twenty-First Century World Citizenship in the Face of Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and other ‘Isms’ Needed: Identification as a Global Citizen Educated Skills and Goals for the Twenty-First Century The Role of Higher Education Building Human Capital: The Eco-Social Approach Socialization for Group Living The Present State-of-Play: Nationally Socialization Goals for Children: National Differences Extending the Number of Nations Mapped by Socialization Goals Relating Socialization Goals to Twenty-First Century Skills Features of Nations Associated with their Socializing of Children Citizen Outcomes National Goals for the Socialization of Children (NGSCs) and Level of Education Summary of Results Socializing for Greater Self-Directedness versus Other-Directedness Socializing for Civility Socializing Twenty-First Century Human Capital by Providing More Education Providing More Education in Self-Directed and Civil Nations Providing More Education in Self-Directed Compared to Other-Directed Nations Providing More Education in Practical Comparedto Civil Nations Interpretation The Twenty-First Century: What Educational Changes Are Needed and Where? References Chapter 4: Changing the Nature and Role of Universities: The Effects of Funding and Governance Reforms on Universities as Accountable Organizational Actors Introduction Types of Universities as Organizational Actors Hollow Universities State-Chartered Universities Corporate Universities The Impact of Funding and Governance Reforms on Hollow Universities The Impact of Funding and Governance Reforms on State-Chartered Universities Concluding Remarks References Chapter 5: Recent Trends in Eastand West University Governance: Two Kinds of Hollowness Introduction Varieties of Higher Education Systems Higher Education Governance Institutional Autonomy Changes in Chinese University Governance and Autonomy How the Party Governs the Universities ‘Whose Bread You Eat, His Tune You Sing’ In Search of University Governance with Chinese Characteristics Hollowing Trends for Hong Kong Universities A Caveat Conclusion: Whose Apple Is It Anyway? Acknowledgements References Chapter 6: Cycles of Evolutionof Ideal Types of Universities: Causes and Consequences for the University Mission—The Case of Poland Introduction Legal Regulations in the Scope of Tertiary Education in Poland Differences between Public and Private Universities Establishing and Managing Universities Statutes Offering and Running Study Programmes Number of Students Funding Development of Public and Private Education Institutions in Poland Evolution of Higher Education Institutions The Role of Entrepreneurial Universities Mission Statements of Polish Universities Conclusions References Chapter 7: The Implications of a Diversifying Workforce for Institutional Governance and Management in Higher Education Introduction Contexts Governance and Management The Public Service/Market Dichotomy Case Study: Pre-92 Campus Case Study: Pre-92 Multi-faculty Comparative Summary of Cases Conclusion References Chapter 8: The Collegial Tradition in English Higher Education: What Is It, What Sustains It, and How Viable Is Its Future? Introduction Understanding the Collegial Tradition: What Is It and How Has It Been Sustained? Where Are the Universities in the Collegial Model? The Collegial Tradition as the National System Shifts from the State-Chartered towards a State-Guided Model of Higher Education External Pressures and Internal Responses Concluding Observations Postscript Acknowledgements References Chapter 9: Managing a University in Turbulent Times The Distinct Nature of Universities as Organizations The Still Obscure Essence of the Managerial Challenge What Lessons Can Be Brought from General Management Theory? The Functions of the Executive Monitoring the Environment The Formulation and Definition of the Organization’s Purposes Disseminating Purposes and Controlling Action Generating A Spirit of Willing Cooperation Conclusion References Chapter 10: Critical Factors and Forces Influencing Higher Educationin the Twenty-First Century Introduction Political, Legal, and Regulatory Implications Economic and Financial Considerations Socio-Cultural and Demographic Considerations Technological Considerations Environmental Implications Implications of Globalization Faculty as Organizational Citizens Societal Legitimacy Contributing to Societal Innovativeness and Progress Culture Change Organizational Efficiency Within Culture Change Finance Marketization and Growth Organizational Structure Conclusion References Chapter 11: A New World of Communications in Higher Education and Its Implications Introduction Theoretical Guideposts ICTs and Higher Education: Key Questions Overlap and Intersect Online or Open? Educational Access and Equity Autopedagogy: Opportunities and Limitations Intertwined Technical, Pedagogical, and Industrial Matters Surveillance, Support, Safety, and . . . Pedagogy Open Access to Scholarship: Research and Data Concluding Thoughts References Chapter 12: Leading in Higher Education Introduction The Transformation Imperative Leadership as Project Management Leadership as Project Management Diversity in Higher Education Knowledge for the Sake of Knowledge Utilitarian and Accountable A Sustainable Enterprise The ABC of Leadership in Higher Education Today Funding Big is Beautiful vs. Boutique Universities References Chapter 13: Policy and Practice in University–Business Relations Introduction Mechanisms for Interchange Employers as a Category? Organizing Employers The English Approach Scotland Meeting Employer Demand for Skilled Labour Matching Supply with Demand The Zero-Sum Game of a ‘War for Talent’ Employability and its Problematic Framing within a Discourse of Skills ‘Crisis’ Underlying Questions and Issues Employer Funding: A Dog That Failed to Bark Very Loud? The Collapse of the Degree = Good Job ‘Deal’? Rediscovering the Wider Benefits of HE Structuring the Relationship with Employers and the Labour Market References Chapter 14: Macro Changes and the Implications for Equality and Social and Gender Justice in Higher Education Introduction The Expansion of HE and the Implications for Gender and Social Equalities Women, Feminism, and HE The Contradictions between Agendas of Excellence and Equity The Reinscription and Recontextualization of Individualism as a Value in HE HE Pedagogies, Formations of Gender, and Pedagogical Spaces The Redefinition of ‘Care-Free’ Academic Regimes in Neo-Liberal Times The Invisibility of Care in the Managerial University The Misrecognition of ‘Care’ in the Managerial University Gendered Differences and the Marginalization of Pedagogies of Care References Chapter 15: Macro Changes and the Implications for Higher Education Research: A Case Study in the Health Sector and Graduate Practice Introduction Dissonance in Metrics and Rewards Searching for Elegant Answers in Wicked Times An Alternative Paradigm Future Proofing the New Paradigm Concluding Remarks References Chapter 16: Canada in a Global System of Higher Education: The Role of Community Engagement Introduction: A Canadian Perspective on University–Community Engagement Defining Community and Understanding University Stakeholders The Importance of University–Stakeholder Engagement: Learning from the Canadian Case Key Mechanisms of Community Engagement in Canada: The Concept of Extension Faculties and Fostering Relationships with Indigenous and Linguistic Minority Communities Challenges and Threats in University–Community Engagement Conclusion References Chapter 17: Developing and Maintaining Transnational Researc hCollaborations: A Case Study of Australian Universities Introduction Expanding Rationales Australia–Asia Relations and Research Collaborations Enacting the Australian Policy Agenda Challenges of Research Collaborations with Asian Universities Conclusion References Chapter 18: Scholarship in the University: An Ecological Perspective Introduction The Scholarship of Scholarship: Its Invisibility Observations The Very Idea of Scholarship Scholarly Virtues Beware of Scholarly Self-Indulgence Interlude Re-territorializing Scholarship A New Settlement? An Ecological Scholarship Conclusions References Chapter 19: Higher Education Finance: Global Realities, Policy Options, and Common Misunderstandings Global Realities: The Dilemma of Higher Education Finance A Revenue Side Solution: Cost-Sharing Forms of Cost-Sharing Tuition Fees and Financial Assistance Student Loans Policy Options on the Cost Side Common Misunderstandings about Higher Education Finance and Policy Options before Governments and Institutions of Higher Education Policy Options and Lessons to be Learned References Chapter 20: Educating for the Cooperative Society: The Role of Government in Building Human and Social Capital Introduction What Is the Job of Universities? What Do We Mean by a Cooperative Society? HE and the Labour Market Access Social Capital How Do Governments Influence the Performance of HE Institutions? Research Who Pays? How Much Should Governments Interfere in the Internal Affairs of Universities? Conclusions References Chapter 21: Educating for the Cooperative Society: The Role of Industry in Building Human and Social Capital Introduction Education, Industries, and the Social and Economic Development: Brief Theoretical Overview Expansion of the Knowledge-Based Economy Coventry University: A Case Study The Unipart Partnership The HORIBA MIRA Partnership The KPIT Technologies Ltd Partnership The Interserve Partnership The Global Leaders Programme Conclusion References Chapter 22: Educating for the Cooperative Society: The Role of Universities, Research, and the Academic Professions in Fostering Good Citizenship Introduction The Relevance of HEIs to Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century Types of Citizenship Community Engagement Policy Engagement Economic Engagement Environmental Engagement Raising Good Citizens: Development Citizenship Education Curricula Development Conclusion References Chapter 23: Governments Need To, and Do, Trust Universities References Chapter 24: Education and Technological Unemployment in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Introduction: The Robots Are Coming Klaus Schwab’s Fourth Industrial Revolution Education and Technological Unemployment Working in the Age of Cognitive Capitalism Educating for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 25: Educating for the Innovative Society: The Role of Indian Institutes of Technology in India Introduction Vision and the Role of Leadership Origins and the Growth of IITs Transition from an Era of Brain Drain to Brain Gain and Brain Circulation Three Missions: Teaching, Research, and Innovation National and Global Impact of IITs Concluding Remarks References Chapter 26: Policy Implications for Equity, Gender, and Widening Participation in Higher Education Introduction Growth of Government Policies around Widening Participation and their Implications Repositioning Students as Individual Consumers of the HE Market Feminist Critiques of the Neo-Liberal, Managerial University Gendered Violence, Bullying, and Sexual Harassment A Feminist Critique of Leadership in HE Student Parents’ Financial Difficulties The Health and Emotional Aspects of Being a Student Parent Being a Student and a Parent: Temporal Conflicts Temporal Inequalities in HE Conclusion References Chapter 27: Reactions, Reflections, and Renewal: The Significance of Higher Education for Intellectual, Societal, and Personal Advancement Higher Education/Changing Times Diversity/Unity Enactments/Innovation Modern Times/Hard Times Changes/Disruptions Common/Public Good Education/Training Knowledge/Scholarship Equity/Gender Justice/Just East/West/North/South Hollow? Haloed? Hopeful? Practical?/Pragmatic? References Chapter 28: Maintaining the Contribution of Higher Education to Societal Progress Introduction What Can Erode a University’s Ability to Stand for Something with Worth? What Should Any University Stand For? What May Be Learned from Other Sectors of Society Undergoing Radical Change? What Response Is Justified? Some Managerial Implications References Index The world's systems of higher education (HE) are caught up in the fourth industrial revolution of the twenty-first century. Driven by increased globalization, demographic expansion in demand for education, new information and communications technology, and changing cost structures influencing societal expectations and control, higher education systems across the globe are adapting to the pressures of this new industrial environment. To make sense of the complex changes in the practices and structures of higher education, this Handbook sets out a theoretical framework to explain what higher education systems are, how they may be compared over time, and why comparisons are important in terms of societal progress in an increasingly interconnected world. Drawing on insights from over 40 leading international scholars and practitioners, the chapters examine the main challenges facing institutions of higher education, how they should be managed in changing conditions, and the societal implications of different approaches to change. Structured around the premise that higher education plays a significant role in ensuring that a society achieves the capacity to adjust itself to change, while at the same time remaining cohesive as a social system, this Handbook explores how current internal and external forces disturb this balance, and how institutions of higher education could, and might, respond.