The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics (Oxford Handbooks)

Protecting and promoting health is inherently a political endeavor that requires a sophisticated understanding of the distribution and use of power. Yet while the global nature of health is widely recognized, its political nature is less well understood. In recent decades, the interdisciplinary field of global health politics has emerged to demonstrate the interconnections of health and core political topics, including foreign and security policy, trade, economics, and development. Today a growing body of scholarship examines how the global health landscape has both shaped and been shaped by political actors and structures. The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics provides an authoritative overview and assessment of research on this important and complicated subject. The volume is motivated by two arguments. First, health is not simply a technical subject, requiring evidence-based solutions to real-world problems, but an arena of political contestation where norms, values, and interests also compete and collide. Second, globalization has fundamentally changed the nature of health politics in terms of the ideas, interests, and institutions involved. The volume comprises more than 30 chapters by leading experts in global health and politics. Each chaper provides an overview of the state of the art on a given theoretical perspective, major actor, or global health issue. The Handbook offers both an excellent introduction to scholars new to the field and also an invaluable teaching and research resource for experts seeking to understand global health politics and its future directions. Cover The oxford handbook of GLOBAL HEALTH POLITICS Copyright Contents About the Editors Contributors Foreword Note Chapter 1: Global Health Politics: An Introduction The Meanings of Global Health and Global Health Politics The Development of Global Health Politics The Structure of the Handbook Pondering the Future(s) of Global Health Politics Conclusion: Politics and Global Health Note References Part I: FROM INTERNATIONAL TO GLOBAL HEALTH Chapter 2: The History of International Health: Medicine, Politics, and Two Socio-Medical Perspectives, 1851 to 2000 From International Agreements to Specialised Institutions Enter the World Health Organization The Vicissitudes of Primary Healthcare AIDS and New Epidemic Challenges Conclusion References Chapter 3: Globalisation and the Politics of Global Health Globalisation and the Neo-liberal Merger of Global Health’s ‘Regimes’ Alma-Ata and Postcolonial World Health Universalisation The Washington Consensus and the Conditionalisation of Global Health Global Health Selectivity and the New Washington Consensus Conclusion: Global Health Politics amidst Antiglobalisation Reaction References Chapter 4: The Politics of Global Health Inequalities: Approaches to Studying the Role of Power The Study of Health Inequalities The Conceptualisation of Power in Global Health Scholarship The Study of Power in Relation to Health Inequalities Anthropology Political Science Sociology Critical Theory Critical Race Theory Intersectionality Studying Power in Health Inequality: The State of Scholarship Ways Forward for Studying and Addressing Health Inequality References Chapter 5: Critical Approaches to Global Health A Brief Genealogy of Critical Thinking Critical Thinking in Global Health Varieties of Critique The Critique of Political Economy Debating Product (RED) The Critique of Representation The Critique of Biopower The Stakes of Critique References Part II: GLOBAL HEALTH AND THE WIDER POLICY AGENDA Chapter 6: Global Health Diplomacy Global Health Diplomacy: Definition and Origins The Link between Health and Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Endangering Health Health Serving as a Foreign Policy Tool Using Foreign Policy to Promote Health Goals Health Serving as an Integral Part of Foreign Policy Global Health Diplomacy as a Soft Power Tool Instruments of Global Health Diplomacy How and Why Do Health Issues Reach the Foreign Policy Agenda? Evaluating GHD Conclusion: The Way Forward in GHD Notes References Chapter 7: Security and Health Disease and Insecurity: A Brief History The Construction of Health Security Threats Emerging Infectious Diseases HIV/AIDS Bioterrorism Antimicrobial Resistance The Benefits of Securitising Health Security Threats Generate More Concerted Responses Collaborations between Security and Public Health Actors Are Effective Securitisation Brings Attention and Resources Sacrifices for Security Human Rights and Civil Liberties Travel and Free Trade Opportunity Costs Conclusion References Chapter 8: Global Health and Human Security The UNDP’s Human Security Framework Human Security and State Capacity Global Health and the Commissionon Human Security Global Health and Violence Global Health and Poverty Global Health and Infectious Diseases Conclusion Note References Chapter 9: Critical Security Studies and Global Health Critical Security Studies and the Politics of Security The Critique of Health Security: Securitization and Risk Health Insecurities: Addressing Vulnerability Critical Security and the Politics of Global Health Conclusion Note References Chapter 10: Biosecurity and the Risk to Global Health Biosecurity as Biodefense: A Security Dilemma Biosecurity as Information Security: Censoring the Findings of Pathogen Research Biosecurity as Global Health Security: Prioritizing Risks and Responses Biosecurity as Border Security: Transnational Contagion and Travel Restrictions Conclusion References Chapter 11: Military Assistance during Health Emergencies Background Brazil and Zika Ebola and the International Response in West Africa Polio Vaccination in Pakistan Tailgate Medicine in Iraq and Afghanistan Conclusion References Chapter 12: Global Health and International Development Immanent or Unintentional Development The Great Transformation and the Great Divergence Globalisation and Inequality Globalisation and Human-Induced Climate Change Planned or Intentional Development The Goals of Contemporary International Development Conclusion Note References Chapter 13: The Politics of Gender and Global Health Gender and Health: A Conceptual Framework Gender Intersects With Other Social Determinants of Health Gender and Health Behaviours Gendered Institutions The Gendered Health Workforce Gender and Global Health: Reviewing Organisational Responses The Gender Agenda of Global Health: Current Responses Gender and Health: The Absence of an Effective Response Conclusion Acknowledgements References Part III: GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE Chapter 14: Global Health Governance The Transformed Discourse: From International to Global Health The Transformed Architecture of Global Health Governance The Politics of Global Health Governance Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 15: The State and Global Health Health within Borders Health Beyond Borders: Global Health Politics and Policy (In)coherence Reports of the Death of the State Have Been Exaggerated Conclusion Notes References Chapter 16: Emerging Powersand Global Health Governance: The Case of BRICS Countries Institutional Influence The Venues for Engagement The Effectiveness of the Institutional Involvement Material Capabilities Development Assistance for Health Leading Manufacturers of Low-Cost Medicine Competing Visions An Alternative Model of DAH? A State-Centric Approach to International Health Cooperation Domestic Health Model Discussion Conclusion Notes References Further Reading Chapter 17: The Politics of Global Health Agenda Setting Actors Ideas Interests Institutions Discussion Considerations for Future Research on Global Health Agenda Setting References Chapter 18: The Politics of Intergovernmental Organizations in Global Health Power of Intergovernmental Organizations in Global Health Sources of IGO Autonomy in Global Health Sources of IGO Influence Dynamics of Organizational Change Health IGOs between Forces of Stability and Pressures for Reform Inter-organizational Dynamics of Change Conclusion Notes References Chapter 19: Civil Society and Global Health Politics The Concept of Civil Society Neoliberal Globalisation and Contemporary Global Health Politics Civil Society and the Politics of Global Health Comprehensive and Selective Approaches to Health Global Health Governance and the Rise of New Actors Corporate Capture of Civil Society Conclusion References Chapter 20: The Role of the Business Sector in Global Health Politics Definition of the Business Sector in Global Health The Increasing Role of the Business Sector in Global Health Collective Action to Regulate Health-Harming Industries Contributions to the Public Interest Participation in Global Health Governance What Should Be the Role of the Business Sector in Global Health Politics? References Chapter 21: Philanthropy and Global Health Philanthropy, International Relations, and Power Philanthropy and Global Health Today Advantages of Philanthropy in Global Health Criticisms of Philanthropy’s Role in Global Health Conclusion References Chapter 22: Trade and Investment Agreements and the Global Politics of Health The World Trade Organization and the Global Politics of Health Indonesia versus the United States on Cigarette Flavourings Other WTO Disputes and the Global Politics of Health Conflicts over ‘Next Generation’ Trade and Investment Agreements Investor-State Dispute Settlement, Corporate Interests, and Health Regulatory Cooperation and Health Political Struggles over the New Agreements Conclusion References Chapter 23: The Global Politics of Healthcare Reform The Context for Contemporary Debates Primary Healthcare: Social Solidarity and Social Goods The Influence of the World Bank and the Washington Consensus: A Preliminary Balance Sheet Healthcare Reform since the Global Financial Crisis: Missing in Action? Inequality, Austerity, and Erosion of Professionalism Population and Public Health Neglect of the Social Determinants of Health and Pandemic Control Universal Access to Healthcare Conclusion Notes References Chapter 24: Towards a Critical Political Economy of Global Health Structural Adjustment and Neo-liberal Health System Reform The Political Economy of Trade and Health Future Directions and Challenges Note References Part IV: ISSUES IN GLOBAL HEALTH POLITICS Chapter 25: The Human Right to Health and Global Health Politics The Normative Approach to Health as a Human Right From Citizens’ Rights to Human Rights Freedoms versus Entitlements: Implications for Global Health Politics The Human Right to Health as a Lever, Not a Force The Descriptive Approach to Health as a Human Right HIV/AIDS, the Right to Health, and Global Health Politics Health for All, the Right to Health, and Global Health Politics Universal Health Coverage, the Right to Health, and Global Health Politics Conclusion References Chapter 26: Reporting Disease Outbreaks in a World with No Digital Borders The Challenge: ISRPs’ Right to Report (and to Be Heard) The Controversy from Nonstate Reports Conclusion Notes References Chapter 27: The Politics of Pandemic Influenza Preparedness From Disaster to Discovery and Global Surveillance A New Era of Awareness and Vigilance The Norms and Ideas Shaping Pandemic Policy Conclusion References Chapter 28: The Global Politics of HIV and AIDS The Emergence of AIDS The Politics of Blame The First Fifteen Years: 1981 to 1996 AIDS Comes of Age: 1996 to 2010 The New Challenges: 2010 to 2017 and Beyond Conclusion Notes References Chapter 29: The Global Politics of Neglected Tropical Diseases Fatal Imbalance: NTDs and the 10/90 Divide WHO’s Global Plan to Combat Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2008–2015 NTDs, SDGs, and ‘Leaving No One Behind’ Conclusion References Chapter 30: The Politics of Global Vaccination Policies A New Tool for Public Health Mass Vaccination after World War II Vaccine Cooperation Amid Cold War Rivalries The High Politics of Malaria and Smallpox Eradication The Expanded Programme on Immunisation: Discursive Compromise and National Autonomy Economic Globalisation and Disease Eradication The Dynamics of Vaccination Policies Today Conclusion References Chapter 31: The Global Politics of Access to Medicines: From 1.0 to 2.0 Background Why Does Access to Medicines Matter to People and Health Systems? How Have Concerns about Access to Medicines Shaped Global Health? History History of Concerns Regarding Medicine Access History of Concerns Regarding Innovation in Medicines Access to Medicines Politics 1.0 HIV and Patents Discussion Access to Medicines Politics 2.0 Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References Chapter 32: Non-Communicable Diseases and Global Health Politics Why Have NCDs Become a Global Health Challenge? The Challenges of Building a Global Movement for Action on NCDs Progress in the Global Response to NCDs since the High-Level UN Meeting Normative Instruments and Policy Guidance Political Accountability Mechanisms Economic and Material Support for Policy Implementation Contesting Policy: Industry Fights Back Opportunities for Accelerating Progress in the Global Response to NCDs Reform of Global Governance Structures Using Existing Structures More Effectively Public-Private Partnerships Progress in the Absence of Fundamental Reform Conclusion References Chapter 33: The Politics of Global Tobacco Control Globalisation of the Tobacco Industry: The Emergence of a Commercially Driven Pandemic Reframing the Issue: Arguing the Need for a Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Mobilising Political Support for an International Legal Framework Strengthening the Evidence Base as Political Strategy Building New Alliances in Support of Global Tobacco Control Industry Strategies to Delegitimise WHO The Shift to Indirect Political Strategies: Old Foes, New Issues FCTC Implementation: The Political Terrain Moves to States The Political Reinvention of the Tobacco Industry: An Aspiring Partner on illicit Trade and Harm Reduction Conclusion References Chapter 34: The Politics of Global Bioethical Frameworks Defining Key Terms A Brief History of UDBHR and Other Ethics Declarations in Clinical Research and Healthcare The Politics of Universality and Legitimacy Regarding the ‘Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights’ Moving Forward on Universal Bioethical Principles References Index Protecting and promoting health is inherently a political endeavor that requires a sophisticated understanding of the distribution and use of power. Yet while the global nature of health is widely recognized, its political nature is less well understood. In recent decades, the interdisciplinary field of global health politics has emerged to demonstrate the interconnections of health and core political topics, including foreign and security policy, trade, economics, and development. Today a growing body of scholarship examines how the global health landscape has both shaped and been shaped by political actors and structures. 0The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics provides an authoritative overview and assessment of research on this important and complicated subject. The volume is motivated by two arguments. First, health is not simply a technical subject, requiring evidence-based solutions to real-world problems, but an arena of political contestation where norms, values, and interests also compete and collide. Second, globalization has fundamentally changed the nature of health politics in terms of0the ideas, interests, and institutions involved. 0The volume comprises more than 30 chapters by leading experts in global health and politics. Each chaper provides an overview of the state of the art on a given theoretical perspective, major actor, or global health issue. The Handbook offers both an excellent introduction to scholars new to the field and also an invaluable teaching and research resource for experts seeking to understand global health politics and its future directions