The Oxford Handbook of Digital Technology and Society (Oxford Handbooks)

Required reading for anyone interested in the profound relationship between digital technology and society. Digital technology has become an undeniable facet of our social lives, defining our governments, communities, and personal identities. Yet with these technologies in ongoing evolution, it is difficult to gauge the full extent of their societal impact, leaving researchers and policy makers with the challenge of staying up-to-date on a field that is constantly in flux. The Oxford Handbook of Digital Technology and Society provides students, researchers, and practitioners across the technology and social science sectors with a comprehensive overview of the foundations for understanding the various relationships between digital technology and society. Combining robust computer-aided reviews of current literature from the UK Economic and Social Research Council's commissioned project "Ways of Being in a Digital Age" with newly commissioned chapters, this handbook illustrates the upcoming research questions and challenges facing the social sciences as they address the societal impacts of digital media and technologies across seven broad categories: citizenship and politics, communities and identities, communication and relationships, health and well-being, economy and sustainability, data and representation, and governance and security. Individual chapters feature important practical and ethical explorations into topics such as technology and the aging, digital literacies, work-home boundary, machines in the workforce, digital censorship and surveillance, big data governance and regulation, and technology in the public sector. The Oxford Handbook of Digital Technology and Society will equip readers with the necessary starting points and provocations in the field so that scholars and policy makers can effectively assess future research, practice, and policy. -- Provided by publisher Cover The oxford handbook of DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Copyright Preface Introduction Challenges Interdisciplinary Views of the Digital Society Volume of Literature and Digital Tools Constant Change Chapters in the Book Potential Audiences Conclusion Acknowledgments Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables About the Contributors Editors Authors Section 1: OVERVIEW Chapter 1: Introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Digital Technology and Society: Terms, Domains, and Themes Introduction Terms and Growth of These Developments Main Digital Technology and Society Issues and Contexts in Recent Books Method A. Theory and Conceptualization B. Digital Technology C. Issues D. Contexts E. Effects Summary Related Work Purpose and Origins of This Book Purpose and Domains Origins Conclusions and Recommendations from the ESRC Project Communication, community, and identity Citizens, politics, and governance Understanding the platform economy Data and digital literacies for engaged and included citizens Everyday digital health and well-being Digital inequalities Beyond the ESRC Project References in Main Text References of Books for Issues and Contexts Analysis Chapter 2: ESRC Review: Methodology Introduction Participants Project Team Stakeholder Engagement Initial Outline for the Scoping Areas Domains and Goals Use of Theory Use of Methods Approaches for the Review Delphi Process Stakeholder Engagement: Workshops Systematic Literature Reviews Conclusion References Section 2: HEALTH, AGE, AND HOME Chapter 3: ESRC Review: Health and Well-Being Introduction Initial Comments Literature Analysis Topics Theory, Method, and Approach Delphi Review Future Research and Scoping Questions Research Challenges Conclusion Note References Chapter 4: Computer-Mediated Communication and Mental Health: A Computational Scoping Review of an Interdisciplinary Field Introduction Computer-Mediated Communication and Mental Health Defining Key Constructs The State of the Research Field The Present Study: Foci, Hypotheses, and Research Questions Method Scoping Review Methodology Sample Analytical Approach Results Core Topics Changes over Time Publication Behavior in the Field Mental Health Concepts Discussion Summary and Contribution Limitations Future Research Agenda References Chapter 5: Digital Inclusion and Women’s Health and Well-Being in Rural Communities Introduction What Is Digital Inclusion? What Is Information Literacy? Women’s Health and Well-Being in Rural Communities Rationale for Review Methods Description of the Reviewed Literature Theory and Methods Terminology Digital Inclusion Information Literacy Rurality Approaches to Digital Inclusion Initiatives Differentiation of Digital Inclusion Initiatives: Levels and Approaches Examples of Digital Inclusion Initiatives Intended for Women The Use of Mobile Technology in Digital Inclusion Digital Inclusion Frameworks, Measurements, and Evaluations Digital Inclusion Training Digital Inclusion, Information Literacy, Health, and Well-Being Discussion Vague and Inconsistent Terminology Relations between Information Literacy and Digital Inclusion Differences between Developing and Developed Country Contexts Complexity of and Theoretical Approaches toward Initiatives Conclusion References Not in Review Database Chapter 6: Digital Technology for Older People: A Review of Recent Research Introduction Scope of the Review Uses of Mainstream Technologies by and for Older People Topic 1: Older People’s Interaction with Mainstream Digital Technologies Topic 2: Older People’s Lived Experience of Digital Technologies Topic 3: Older People’s Use of Digital Technology for Communication and Social Interaction Topic 4: Using Digital Technologies to Assist Older People: Monitoring Older People’s Welfare Reflections on the Research on Uses of Digital Technology for Older People Particular Subtopics within Topics Two Themes across the Four Topics Limitations and Future Research Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 7: A Digital Nexus: Sustainable HCI and Domestic Resource Consumption Introduction: Digital Systems and Natural Resources Where Digital Development Meets Environmental Crisis A Nexus of Relationships Chapter Overview The Development of Sustainable HCI Investigating Physical Resource Use Investigating Rational Choice and Behavior Change Investigating Attitudes, Values, and Lifestyles Investigating Practices and Networks Revisiting Sustainable HCI in a WEF Context Conclusion: Resource Sustainability, Resilience, and Security Notes References Section 3: COMMUNICATION AND RELATIONSHIPS Chapter 8: ESRC Review: Communication and Relationships Introduction Initial Comments Literature Analysis Topics Theory, Method, and Approach Delphi Review Scoping Questions Topics Challenges Conclusion Note References Chapter 9: Media Mastery by College Students: A Typology and Review Introduction The Concept of Media Mastery Definition Related Concepts Development of the Concept Materials and Coding Scope of the Literature The Media Mastery Typology The Coding Process Description of the Sample Review: Co-occurrences of Media Mastery Components with Social and Individual Aspects Access Boundaries Constraints Managing Content Obstacles Use Awareness Conclusion Note References from Introductory Material Chapter 10: Boundary Management and Communication Technologies Introduction Terminology Work-Home Boundaries Boundary Theory Work-Home Conflict Work-Home Enrichment How Aspects of Communication Technologies Affect Work-Home Boundaries Work Place and Space Shift Using Multi-device Ecologies around Work-Home Spaces Using Multi-platform Ecologies for Work and Personal Roles Expectations of Work and Personal Availability Awareness of Work and Personal Availability Managing Boundaries in the Digital Age Top-down Boundary Strategies Bottom-up Boundary Strategies Conclusion References Section 4: ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXTS Chapter 11: ESRC Review: Economy and Organizations Introduction Initial Comments Literature Analysis Topics Theory, Method, and Approach Delphi Review Scoping Questions Topics Conclusion Note References Chapter 12: The Changing Nature of Knowledge and Service Work in the Age of Intelligent Machines Introduction What Are Intelligent Machines (Artificial Intelligence and Robotics)? Artificial Intelligence Robots Literature Review Methods Changing Human Relations with Intelligent Machines Human-Robot Interaction Human-Robot Hybrid Teams Adoption and Acceptance of Intelligent Machines Trust in AI and Robots Safety and Risks during Human-Machine Relations Responsibility and Accountability for Intelligent Machines Agenda for Future Research Cross-cutting Requirements Research Priorities for the Three Themes Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 13: Workplace “Digital Culture” and the Uptake of Digital Solutions: Personal and Organizational Factors Introduction Understanding and Measuring Technology Acceptance Factors Survey and Analysis Methods Defining Digital Solutions Sample and Analyses The Extent to which UK Organizations and Sectors Are Digitizing Presence and Number of Digital Roll-Outs, by Organizational Size and Sector Increase in Digital Solutions Being Used, by Organizational Size and Sector Reasons for Digital Roll-outs, by Organizational Size and Sector Summary Digital Efficacy: Digital Skills at Home and in the Workplace Confidence and Use at Home and at Work Summary Experiences of Digital Technology Roll-Outs Knowledge Workers and Digital Roll-Outs Attitudes toward Number and Success of New Digital Solutions Rolled Out Experiences and Opinion of Roll-Outs by Job Position Other General Features of UK Workforce Attitudes to Digital Technology Organizational Challenges and Communication Challenges, by Organization Size, Sector, and Successful Roll-Outs Communication and Leadership Summary Building a Model of Workplace Digital Culture Measures of Organizational Culture A Model of Factors Leading to Perceived Success in Digital Technology Implementation Conclusions for Organizations from the Model Conclusion Overall Summary Culture and Strategy Final Conclusion References Section 5: COMMUNITIES, IDENTITIES, AND CLASS Chapter 14: ESRC Review: Communities and Identities Introduction Initial Comments Literature Analysis Topics Theory, Method, and Approach Delphi Review Future Research and Scoping Questions Research Challenges Conclusion Note References Chapter 15: Digital Engagement and Class: Economic, Social, and Cultural Capital in a Digital Age Introduction Defining Digital Inequality Distinctions among Digital Divides Why Do We Need to Shift Academic Research away from Questions of Access and Skills? Digital Inequality and Social Distinctions The Idea of Digital Capital Digital Inequalities in the Fields of Everyday Life Class, Capital, and Digital Media Use Economic Capital Cultural Capital Social Capital Conclusion References Section 6: CITIZENSHIP, POLITICS, AND PARTICIPATION Chapter 16: ESCR Review: Citizenship and Politics Introduction Initial Comments Literature Analysis Topics Theory, Method, and Approach Delphi Review Future Research and Scoping Questions Key Topics Research Challenges Conclusion Note References Chapter 17: Digital Ecology of Free Speech: Authenticity, Identity, and Self-Censorship Introduction Methodology Findings Beliefs, Opinions, and “Alternative Facts” Content Sharing as a Speech Act Privatization of Censorship Deliberate Ambiguity, Voluntary Invisibility, and Self-Censorship Conclusion: Where from Here? Central Implications Avenues for Future Research References Section 7: DATA, REPRESENTATION, AND SHARING Chapter 18: ESRC Review: Data and Representation Introduction Initial Comments Literature Analysis Topics Theory, Method, and Approach Delphi Review Future Research and Scoping Questions Research Challenges Conclusion Note References Chapter 19: Digital Citizenship in the Age of Datafication Introduction Citizenship Definitions of Citizenship Challenges and Alternatives From Digital Acts to Digital Citizenship Digital Acts Digital Citizenship Empowerment and New Affiliations Digital Restrictions Digital Citizenship and Datafication The Datafication of Life and Governance Implications of Datafication Datafication and Citizenship Digital Citizenship between Empowerment and Control Conclusion Note References Chapter 20: Digitizing Cultural Complexity: Representing Rich Cultural Data in a Big Data Environment Introduction Defining Pre-Data and the Origins of Data Pre-Data Native Data Raw Data Source Data Source Data and Data Quality Summary Data Definitions: Theory and Practice An Introduction to the Challenges of Defining Data Data Processing and Data Interpretation Data Definitions and Polysemy Data Cleaning Data Variants and Data Treatment Metadata Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 21: Motivations for Online Knowledge Sharing Introduction Framework Distinctions Public Goods and Knowledge Sharing Systems Self-Oriented Motivations Enjoyment and Entertainment Altruism Expertise Feedback Reputation Incentives Expected Individual Benefits and Costs Other-Oriented Motivations Reciprocity Social Comparison Social Loafing Group Belonging and Sociality Group Identity Expected Collective Costs and Benefits Contextual Factors Self-Efficacy Trust Venue Directions for Future Research Conclusion References Section 8: GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY Chapter 22: ESCR Review: Governance and Security Introduction Initial Comments Literature Analysis Topics Theory, Method, and Approach Delphi Review Future Research and Scoping Questions Research Challenges Conclusion Note References Chapter 23: Governance and Accountability in Internet of Things (IoT) Networks Introduction Principles of Internet of Things Governance Considering Governance Levels of Governance Legitimacy and Representation Accountability Transparency Use of Themes Case Studies: Regional/National IoT Governance Top-down IoT Governance in the European Union Top-down IoT Governance in the United States Top-down IoT Governance in the United Kingdom Case Studies: Local IoT Deployment Chicago, United States Songdo, South Korea New York, United States Conclusion Notes References Section 9: SYNTHESIS Chapter 24: ESRC Review: Future Research on the Social, Organizational, and Personal Impacts of Automation: Findingsfrom Two Expert Panels Introduction Social and Economic Context Method and Project Context Definitions Proposed Research Areas Identified Research Topics Social and Cultural Attitudes toward AI and Automation Technology Development, System Design, and Adoption Trust in Automated Systems; Oversight and Governance Complexity and the Scale of the Topic Evidence and Research Methods Global Environments Education, Skills, and Employment/Organizations, Professions, and Work Inequalities/Community and Social Issues/Social Impacts Embodiment and Cognitive Demands/System Design for Being (in) Digital Ethics Impactful Social Science Conclusion Appendix 1 Detail of the ESRC-DSTL Research Clusters and Questions 1.1 Social and Cultural Attitudes to Automation 1.1.1 Question Set 1: Social Benefits and Attitudes 1.1.1.1 what evidence will this generate? what could this be used for? 1.1.1.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 1.1.2 Question Set 2: Technology Implementation Attitudes 1.1.2.1 what evidence will generate this? what could it be used for? 1.1.2.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 1.2 Community and Social Issues 1.2.1 Question Set 1: Macro-Level Issues (Society) 1.2.1.1 what evidence will this generate? what could this be used for? 1.2.1.2 what disciplines need to be involved? 1.2.2 Question Set 2: Meso-Level Issues (Community) 1.2.2.1 what evidence will this generate? what could this be used for? 1.2.3 Question Set 3: Micro-Level Issues (Individuals and Workplaces) 1.2.3.1 what evidence will this generate? what could it be used for? 1.2.3.2 what disciplines need to be involved? 1.3 System Design for Being (in)Digital 1.3.1 Question Set 1 1.3.1.1 what evidence will this generate? what could this be used for? 1.3.1.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 1.4 Organizations, Professions, and Work 1.4.1 Question Set 1 1.4.1.1 what evidence will this generate? what could this be used for? 1.4.1.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 1.5 Trust and Accountability 1.5.1 Question Set 1 1.5.1.1 what evidence will this generate? what could this be used for? 1.5.1.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 1.6 What Is Human?—What Is the Role of Humans in a Future Society? 1.6.1 Question Set 1 1.6.1.1 what evidence will this generate? what could this be used for? 1.6.1.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 1.7 Technological Limitations 1.7.1 Question Set 1 1.7.1.1 what evidence will this provide? what could this be used for? 1.7.1.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 1.8 “Refuse-nicks” 1.8.1 Question Set 1 1.8.1.1 what evidence will this generate? 1.8.1.2 which disciplines need to be involved? 2 Detail of the ESRC-NSF Research Clusters and Questions 2.1 Trust 2.1.1 Citizen Knowledge and Skills Original questions 2.1.2 Understanding and Addressing Human–Machine Trust Original questions 2.1.3 Social Impacts and Consequences of Trust in Algorithms Original questions 2.2 Complexity and the Scale of the Topic 2.2.1 (Inter/Multi) Disciplinary Issues original questions 2.2.2 Collating Data, Cases, and Methods original questions 2.2.3 Managing Scale and Rate of Change original questions 2.2.4 Undertaking Responsive and Timely Research original issues 2.2.5 Policy or Managing the Social Impacts and Asking Relevant Questions original questions or comments 2.3 Evidence and Methods 2.3.1 Methods 2.3.1.1 Valuing different disciplinary perspectives original questions or comments 2.3.2 Supporting Research Policy and Commercial R&D original questions or comments 2.3.3 Data and Bias original questions or comments 2.4 Global Environments 2.4.1 Environment original questions or comments 2.4.2 Culture original questions or comments 2.4.3 Economics original questions or comments 2.4.4 Policy original questions or comments 2.5 Changing Education, Skills, and Employment 2.5.1 Education original questions or comments 2.5.2 Training and Skills original questions or comments 2.5.3 Careers and Employment original questions or comments 2.5.4 Nature of Digital Work original questions or comments 2.5.5 Workers’ Rights, Rewards, and Trust original questions or comments 2.5.6 Disruption and Change original questions or comments 2.6 Inequalities 2.6.1 Growth in Inequalities original questions or comments 2.6.2 Using Digital Technologies to Address Inequalities original questions or comments 2.6.3 How to Support All Citizens Post-Automation original questions or comments 2.7 Embodiment and Cognitive Demands 2.7.1 Cognitive Demands original questions or comments 2.7.2 Capabilities original questions or comments 2.8 Ethics and Research Challenges 2.8.1 Ethics and Social Consequences of Automation original questions or comments 2.8.2 How Do We Research and Develop an Ethics for Automation? original questions or comments 2.9 Impactful Social Science original questions or comments 2.10 Technology Development and Adoption original questions or comments References Chapter 25: Conclusion: Cross-Cutting, Unique, and General Themes in the Oxford Handbook of Digital Technology and Society Introduction Cross-Cutting Topics and Challenges in the ESRC Review Chapters Co-occurring Terms and Cross-cutting Topics Cross-cutting Research Questions Cross-cutting Challenges Missing Areas and Gaps Cross-cutting and Unique Topics and General Themes in the non-ESRC Chapters Common and Unique Themes More General Themes Emerging from Relationships among the Chapters Conclusion Note References Index