The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy-Oxford University Press

In recent years, digital technologies have substantially impacted the world of diplomacy. From social media platforms and artificial intelligence to smartphone application and virtual meetings, digital technologies have proven disruptive impacting the norms, practices and logics of diplomats, states, and diplomatic institutions. Although the term digital diplomacy is commonly used by academics and diplomats, few works to date have clearly defined this term or offered a comprehensive analysis of its evolution. This handbook investigates digital diplomacy as a practice, as a process and as a form of disruption. Written by leading experts in the field, this comprehensive volume delves into the ways in which digital technologies are being used to achieve foreign policy goals, and how diplomats are adapting to the digital age. The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy explores the shifting power dynamics in diplomacy, exploring the establishment of embassies in technology hubs, the challenges faced by foreign affairs departments in adapting to digital technologies, and the utilization of digital tools as a means of exerting influence. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, including theories from international relations, diplomacy studies, communications, sociology, internet studies, and psychology, the handbook examines the use of digital technologies for international development in the Global South, the efforts to combat digital disinformation in the Middle East, and the digital policies of countries in Europe and the Asia-Pacific. Through case studies and in-depth analysis, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the term "digital diplomacy" and the many ways in which diplomacy has evolved in the digital age. Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Figures and Tables List of Contributors Part I Concepts and Theories 1. Introduction: Understanding Digital Diplomacy—The Grammar Rules and Patterns of Digital Disruption 2. Digital Diplomacy: Projection and Retrieval of Images and Identities 3. From Micro to Macro Digital Disruptions: A New Prism for Investigating Digital Diplomacy 4. Soft Power in the Digital Space 5. Researching Influence Operations: ‘Dark Arts’ Mercenaries and the Digital Influence Industry Part II Diplomatic Practices 6. Diplomatic Negotiations in the Digital Context: Key Issues, Emerging Trends, and Procedural Changes 7. Digital Diplomacy and Cyber Defence 8. Digital Nuclear Diplomacy 9. Digital Feminist Foreign Policy 10. History and Digital Public Diplomacy: Media Disruption and Global Public Engagement Online in Historical Perspective 11. Digital Cultural Diplomacy: From Content Providers to Opinion Makers 12. Digital Propaganda and Diplomacy 13. Ethical Challenges in the Digitalization of Public Diplomacy 14. Transforming International Development: Navigating the Shift towards Digital Cooperation 15. New Trends in Digital Diplomacy: The Rise of TikTok and the Geopolitics of Algorithmic Governance Part III Diplomatic Institutions 16. The Digital Hybridization of Ministries of Foreign Affairs: The Case of the Nordic and Baltic States 17. Digital Diplomatic Cultures 18. The Digitalization of Permanent Missions to International Organizations 19. The Digital Adaptation of International Bureaucracies 20. Virtual Diplomatic Summitry 21. Digital Diplomacy and Non-Governmental and Transnational Organizations 22. Digitalization of Diplomacy: Implications for Cities 23. Digital Diplomatic Representation: The Rise of Tech Ambassadors 24. International Law, Big Tech Regulation, and Digital Diplomatic Practice Part IV Diplomatic Relations 25. The European Union and Digital Diplomacy: Projecting Global Europe in the Social Media Era 26. NATO’s Digital Diplomacy 27. Digital Diplomacy of the Central Asian Countries 28. Chinese Wolf-Warrior Diplomacy: Motivations, Modalities, and Sites of Practice 29. Diversities and Developments in Asia Pacific Digital Diplomacy 30. Digital Diplomacy in Latin America: Among Early Adopters and Latecomers 31. Diplomacy in Times of Crisis in the GCC: The Blockade and the Pandemic 32. The North–South Divide, the Digital Agenda, and Digital Diplomacy 33. International Geopolitics and Digital Games in the Nationalist Agenda of Great Powers 34. Digital Diplomacy during Wars and Conflicts Index National Review's Literary Network traces the careers of novelists, journalists, and literary critics who wrote for William F. Buckley, Jr.'s National Review. In the 1950s, the magazine sought to establish itself as a conservative alternative to liberal journals like Partisan Review. To do so, it needed a robust book review section, featuring nationally recognized writers. Between the 1950s and the 1980s, Whittaker Chambers, John Dos Passos, Hugh Kenner, Guy Davenport, Joan Didion, Garry Wills, and D. Keith Mano wrote for the magazine. The magazine boosted their careers and they, in turn, helped make Buckley's version of conservatism respectable. In the pages of National Review and elsewhere, these writers fashioned a body of literary work that takes up and refracts right-wing concerns about tradition, religion, and personal liberty. Uncovering a neglected part of post-World War II American literary history, Stephen Schryer highlights these writers' enduring impact on movement conservatism. Believing in the power of intellectuals, Buckley and his fellow editors argued that the academy, the media, and other institutions had been taken over by a liberal establishment that sought to impose its ideas on the nation. They wanted to establish a network of institutional counter-circuits staffed by conservatives. The magazine's literary intellectuals contributed to this effort, helping conservatives present themselves as a counter-elite sheltering traditional, humanities-based knowledge within a technocratic welfare state. In so doing, they facilitated the magazine's assault on the very possibility of expertise, ushering in the fragmented epistemological landscape that has characterized the United States since the late 1960s.