The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism (OXFORD HANDBOOKS SERIES)

## Abstract This handbook contains thirty-two previously unpublished contributions to consequentialist ethics by leading scholars, covering what’s happening in the field today as well as pointing to new directions for future research. Consequentialism is a rival to such moral theories as deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics. But it’s more than just one rival among many, for every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act’s consequences is something that matters even if it’s not the only thing that matters. Thus, all plausible moral theories will accept both that the fact that an act would produce good consequences constitutes a moral reason to perform it and that the better that act’s consequences the greater the moral reason there is to perform it. Now, if this is correct, then much of the research concerning consequentialist ethics is important for ethics in general. For instance, one thing that consequentialist researchers have investigated is what sorts of consequences matter: the consequences that some act would have or the consequences that it could have—if, say, the agent were to follow up by performing some subsequent act. And it’s reasonable to suppose that the answer to such questions will be relevant for normative ethics regardless of whether the goodness of consequences is the only thing that matters (as consequentialists presume) or just one of many things that matter (as nonconsequentialists presume). oxfordhb-9780190905323-miscMatter-3 (p. iv) Copyright Page (p. iv) Copyright Page Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Edited by Douglas W. Portmore (p. iv) Copyright Page oxfordhb-9780190905323-miscMatter-5 (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Edited by Douglas W. Portmore (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors (p. viii) (p. ix) Contributors oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-1 Consequences Abstract and Keywords Dale Dorsey Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequences 1. The Significance of Consequences Consequences 2. Theories of the Consequence Relation 2.1. The Moralized Approach Consequences (p. 97) 2.2. A Traditional Approach Consequences Consequences 3. Concerns about the Traditional Approach 3.1. Why a Causal Relation? Consequences Consequences Consequences 3.2. Why the Act Itself? Consequences 4. Reconsidering the Difference Made Consequences Consequences Consequences 5. Overinclusivity: Part I Consequences 6. Overinclusivity: Part II Consequences 7. Same Consequences Consequences 8. Conclusion: Is This Really What We Care about? Consequences Consequences References Consequences Notes: Consequences Consequences oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-2 Alternatives Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Holly M. Smith Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Alternatives 1.1. Multiple Versions of Acts 1.2. Co-temporal Acts Alternatives 1.3. Sequences of Acts 2. Constraints on Solutions Alternatives 3. The Structure of Human Action Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives 4. Three Proposals for Identifying an Agent’s Alternatives Alternatives 4.1. Proposal I: Bottom-most Acts as Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives 4.2. Proposal II: Highest Normatively Significant Act Tokens as Alternatives (Highest) Alternatives Alternatives 4.3. Proposal III: Act Trees as Alternatives (Trees) Alternatives 5. Relation between the Normative Status of an Act Tree and the Normative Status of Its Component Acts Alternatives 5.1. Possible Relations between Normative Properties of Act Trees and Those of Their Component Act Tokens Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives 5.2. Addressing the Traditional Problem Created by Multiple Act Versions Alternatives Alternatives 6. Conclusion References Alternatives Alternatives Notes: Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives Alternatives oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-3 Value Comparability Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Alastair Norcross Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Value Comparability 2. Challenging Interpersonal Aggregation Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability (p. 367) 3. The Challenge of Value Incommensurability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability Value Comparability 4. Conclusion References Value Comparability Notes: Value Comparability Value Comparability oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-4 What Should a Consequentialist Promote? Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek Edited by Douglas W. Portmore What Should a Consequentialist Promote? 2. Intrinsic Value—A Preliminary Point 2.1. Should a Consequentialist Be a Monist or a Pluralist? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? 2.2. Should a Consequentialist Be a Welfarist or Nonwelfarist? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? 2.3. Which Value? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? 3. How Does Pleasure Resonate? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? 4. Why Not Hedonism? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? 5. Conclusion References What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? Notes: What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? What Should a Consequentialist Promote? oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-5 Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Yishai Cohen and Travis Timmerman Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism 2. Consequentialism and Deontic Logic Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism 3. Time’s Relationship to Abilities and Obligations Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism 4. Possibilism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism 5. Actualism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism (p. 150) 6. Securitism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism (p. 152) 7. The Nonratifiability Problem Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism 8. Hybridism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism 9. Conclusion References Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Notes: Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism Actualism, Possibilism, and the Nature of Consequentialism oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-6 Relativized Rankings Abstract and Keywords Matthew Hammerton Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings 1. Agent-Relativity 1.1. Agent-Relative Rules and Theories Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings 1.2. Agent-Relative Rankings Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings 2. Other Kinds of Relativized Rankings 2.1. Time-Relativity Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings 2.2. Location-Relativity and World-Relativity Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings 2.3. Patient-Relativity 2.4. Combining Relativities Relativized Rankings 3. The Debate on Relativizing Relativized Rankings 3.1. The Incoherence Argument Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings 3.2. Theoretical Arguments Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings References Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings Notes: Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings Relativized Rankings oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-7 Consequentialism and Action Guidingness Abstract and Keywords 1. A Simple Example to Set the Scene Frank Jackson Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism and Action Guidingness 2. A Medical Example Consequentialism and Action Guidingness Consequentialism and Action Guidingness Consequentialism and Action Guidingness (p. 335) 3. Are We Being Too Kind to Mistaken Agents? Consequentialism and Action Guidingness 4. Compound Actions Consequentialism and Action Guidingness Consequentialism and Action Guidingness Consequentialism and Action Guidingness Consequentialism and Action Guidingness 5. Mill and Sidgwick Consequentialism and Action Guidingness 6. The “It’s Too Demanding” Objection to Consequentialism Consequentialism and Action Guidingness References Consequentialism and Action Guidingness Notes: Consequentialism and Action Guidingness oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-8 Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Krister Bykvist Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty 2. Background Assumptions 3. Empirical Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty 4. The Rationality Account Applied to Empirical Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Step 1 Step 2 Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Step 3 Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty 5. Evaluative Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty 6. The Rationality Account Applied to Evaluative Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty 7. Uncertainty for Nonconsequentialists Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty 8. Concluding Remarks References Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Notes: Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty Consequentialism, Ignorance, and Uncertainty oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-9 Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Abstract and Keywords 1. Outcomes Caspar Hare Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism and Indeterminacy 2. Conditional Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy 3. Accommodating Conditional Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy 4. What If Causation Matters? Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy 5. What Makes Some Worlds Closer Than Others? Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy (p. 355) 6. What If There Are No Conditional Probabilities? Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Consequentialism and Indeterminacy 7. Moving Forward References Consequentialism and Indeterminacy Notes: oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-10 Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Richard Yetter Chappell Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good (p. 499) 2. Maximizing Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good 3. Scalar Consequentialism Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good 3.1. Practical Guidance Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good 4. Satisficing 4.1. Gratuitious Suboptimality Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good 4.2. Arbitrariness Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good 4.3. Options without Constraints Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good 5. Reconciliation 5.1. Deontic Monism Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good 5.2. Deontic Pluralism Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good References Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good Notes: Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good Deontic Pluralism and the Right Amount of Good oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-11 Global Consequentialism Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Hilary Greaves Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism 2. Consequentialist Treatments of Decision Procedures and Motives Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism 3. Global Consequentialism 3.1. Axiological and Deontic Assessment Global Consequentialism 3.2. Roles Global Consequentialism 3.3. Formulating Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism 3.4. The Incorrect Verdicts Objection, Again Global Consequentialism 4. The Inconsistency Objection 4.1. A First Pass Global Consequentialism 4.2. Making the Inconsistency Objection Precise Global Consequentialism 4.3. Actualism, Possibilism, and the Inconsistency Objection Global Consequentialism 5. Advantages of Global over Act Consequentialism Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism Acknowledgments References Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism Notes: Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism Global Consequentialism oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-12 The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics Abstract and Keywords Brad Hooker Edited by Douglas W. Portmore The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics 1. The Good The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics 2. Actual versus Expected Value The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics 3. The Role of Rules as a Moral Decision Procedure The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics 4. Rules as Part of the Criterion of Moral Rightness? The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics 5. A Problem with Having the Decision Procedure and the Criterion of Rightness Conflict The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics 6. Is Taking Rules To Be Part of the Criterion of Rightness a Mistake? The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics 7. Recent Developments of Rule Consequentialism The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics References The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics Notes: The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-13 Understanding the Demandingness Objection Abstract and Keywords David Sobel Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Understanding the Demandingness Objection 1. Getting the Feel of the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection 2. Traditional Lines of Defense from the Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection 3. The Ambitions of the Demandingness Objection 4. Toward Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection 5. Potential Problems for Understandings of Which Costs Are Especially Demanding Understanding the Demandingness Objection 6. Which Costs Are Especially Demanding? Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection (p. 237) 7. Conclusion Understanding the Demandingness Objection Notes: Understanding the Demandingness Objection Understanding the Demandingness Objection oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-14 Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Abstract and Keywords David O. Brink Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation 1. Utilitarianism and Consequentialism Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation 2. The Separateness of Persons Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation 3. Assessing the Critique of Utilitarianism and Consequentialism Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation 4. Assessing Pairwise Comparison and Anti-Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation 5. Unrestricted Aggregation? Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation 6. A Sorites Argument for Unrestricted Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation (p. 395) 7. A Transitivity Argument for Unrestricted Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation 8. Concluding Remarks Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation References Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation Notes: Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-15 Consequentialism and Partiality Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Diane Jeske Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism and Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality 2. The Objection from Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality 3. The Strategic Response to the Objection from Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality 4. Indirect Consequentialism Consequentialism and Partiality 5. Consequentialism and Intimacy Consequentialism and Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality 6. The Moral and Rational Significance of Intimacy Consequentialism and Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality References Consequentialism and Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality Notes: Consequentialism and Partiality Consequentialism and Partiality oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-16 Consequentialism and Promises Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction: Framing the Debate Alida Liberman Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism and Promises (p. 290) 2. Straightforward Act Consequentialist Accounts Consequentialism and Promises 3. Criticisms of Straightforward Act Consequentialist Accounts 3.1. Counterexample Cases of Inappropriate Promise-Breaking Consequentialism and Promises 3.1.1. Consequentialist Responses Consequentialism and Promises 3.1.2. Are Our Intuitions about Cases Reliable? Consequentialism and Promises Consequentialism and Promises 3.1.3. Underlying Theoretical Disputes Consequentialism and Promises 3.2. Are Act Consequentialist Theories Circular? Consequentialism and Promises 3.3. Do Act Consequentialist Accounts Prove Too Much? Consequentialism and Promises 4. Alternate Act Consequentialist Accounts 4.1. Multiple Intrinsic Goods Consequentialism and Promises 4.2. Directedness and Agent-Relative Values Consequentialism and Promises Consequentialism and Promises 5. Rule Consequentialist Accounts of Promising Consequentialism and Promises 6. Criticisms of Rule Consequentialist Accounts 6.1. Avoiding Collapse Consequentialism and Promises 6.2. A Challenge for Hooker’s Account Consequentialism and Promises 7. Upshots and Future Directions Consequentialism and Promises References Consequentialism and Promises Consequentialism and Promises Notes: Consequentialism and Promises Consequentialism and Promises Consequentialism and Promises Consequentialism and Promises oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-17 Supererogation and Consequentialism Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Alfred Archer Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Supererogation and Consequentialism 2. The Problem for Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism 3. Rejecting Supererogation Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism 4. Satisficing Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism 5. Dual-Ranking Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism 6. Reinterpreting Supererogation Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism 7. Indirect Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism 8. Concluding Remarks References Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Supererogation and Consequentialism Notes: Supererogation and Consequentialism oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-18 Must I Benefit Myself? Abstract and Keywords Michael Cholbi Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? 1. Motive Consequentialism Must I Benefit Myself? 2. Nonmaximization Strategies Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? 3. Special Relationships Must I Benefit Myself? 4. Demandingness Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? 5. Dual-Ranking Consequentialism Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? 6. Conclusion: Self, Other, and Directed Options Must I Benefit Myself? Notes: Must I Benefit Myself? Must I Benefit Myself? oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-19 Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Abstract and Keywords 1. Consequentialist Accounts of Moral Responsibility Elinor Mason Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility 2. Blameless Wrongdoing Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility (p. 170) 3. Moral Responsibility Constrained Accounts of Consequentialism Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility (p. 177) 4. Conclusion References Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Notes: Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility Consequentialism, Blame, and Moral Responsibility oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-20 Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Melinda A. Roberts Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 2. The Basic Maximizing Idea and Three Structural Issues 2.1. Basic Maximizing Idea Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 2.2. Which Way to Calculate When Things Are Better for People? Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism (p. 478) 2.3. Which Class of People Does It Make Things Better to Make Things Better for? Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 2.4. Which Betterness-For Facts Have Moral Significance? Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 3. The Mere Addition Paradox 3.1. The Mere Addition Case and the All-Critical Mere Addition Principle (MAP) Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 4. Options for Resolving the Mere Addition Paradox 4.1. Rejecting Premise That A+ Isn’t Worse Than A 4.1.1. MAP and Pareto Plus Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 4.1.2. Averagism as a Basis for Rejecting MAP Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 4.1.3. Person-Based Approach as a Basis for Rejecting MAP Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 4.2. Rejecting Premise That B Is Worse Than A 4.2.1. Totalism as a Basis for Rejecting Claim That B Is Worse Than A Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 4.2.2. Pareto Plus and the Moral Status of the Merely Possible People Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 4.3. Rejecting Premise That B Is Better Than A+ Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 4.4. Rejecting Transitivity Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism 5. Conclusion References Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Notes: Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-21 Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Abstract and Keywords Joseph Mendola Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism 1. Conjunction Problems and Self-Defeat Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism 2. Cooperation Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism 3. Novel Cooperation Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism References Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Notes: Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-22 Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Abstract and Keywords Julia Driver Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character (p. 464) 1. Virtue Theory and Virtue Ethics Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character 2. How Would One Develop a Consequentialist Virtue Ethics? Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character References Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character Notes: Consequentialism, Virtue, and Character oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-23 ConsequentIalizing Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Paul Hurley Edited by Douglas W. Portmore ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing (p. 27) 2. Traditional Agent-Neutral Consequentializing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing 3. The Consequentializing Argument for Consequentialism ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing 4. The Consequentialist Argument for Consequentializing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing 5. Against the Consequentialist Argument for Consequentializing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing (p. 43) 6. Conclusion ConsequentIalizing References ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing Notes: ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing ConsequentIalizing oxfordhb-9780190905323-e-24 Fault Lines in Ethical Theory Abstract and Keywords 1. Introduction Shyam Nair Edited by Douglas W. Portmore Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 2. Deontic Constraints and Options Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 2.1. Dimensions of Importance Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 2.2. Assumptions about Goodness Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 2.3. There Are No Deep Fault Lines on Neutral Grounds 2.3.1. A Fault Line on Neutral Grounds Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 2.3.2. Impossibility and Modesty Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 3. Structural Descriptions of Cases and Standard Consequentialism 3.1. The Logical Structure of Cases Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 3.2. Standard Consequentialism and the Ubiquity of Fault Lines Fault Lines in Ethical Theory (p. 76) 3.3. Nonneutral Grounds Fault Lines in Ethical Theory 3.4. Modest Grounds Fault Lines i Consequentialism is a major moral theory in contemporary philosophy: it is the view that the only thing that matters when making moral decisions is the outcome of those decisions. Consequentialists hold that to morally assess an act, we must first evaluate and rank the various ways that things could turn out depending on whether it or some alternative act is performed. Whether we should perform that act thus depends on how its outcome ranks relative to those of its alternatives. Consequentialism rivals deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics, but, more importantly, it has influenced contemporary moral philosophy such that the consequentialist/non-consequentialist distinction is one of the most central in normative ethics. After all, every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters, even if it's not the only thing that matters. Thus, all plausible moral theories will accept that both 1) an act's producing good consequences constitutes a moral reason to perform it, and 2) the better its consequences, the more of a moral reason there is to perform it. In this way, much of consequentialist ethical theory is important for normative ethics in general. This Oxford Handbook contains thirty-two previously unpublished contributions by top moral philosophers examining the current state of play in consequentialism and pointing to new directions for future research. The volume is organized into four major sections: foundational issues; objections to consequentialism; its forms and limits; and consequentialism's implications for policy, practice, and social reform. Consequentialism is a major moral theory in contemporary philosophy: it is the view that the only thing that matters when making moral decisions is the outcome of those decisions. Consequentialists hold that to morally assess an act, we must first evaluate and rank the various ways that things could turn out depending on whether it or some alternative act is performed. Whether we should perform that act thus depends on how its outcome ranks relative to those of its alternatives. Consequentialism rivals deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics, but, more importantly, it has influenced contemporary moral philosophy such that the consequentialist/non-consequentialist distinction is one of the most central in normative ethics. After all, every plausible moral0theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters, even if it's not the only thing that matters. Thus, all plausible moral theories will accept that both 1) an act's producing good consequences constitutes a moral reason to perform it, and 2) the better its consequences, the more of a moral reason there is to perform it. In this way, much of consequentialist ethical theory is important for normative ethics in general. 0This Oxford Handbook contains thirty-two previously unpublished contributions by top moral philosophers examining the current state of play in consequentialism and pointing to new directions for future research. The volume is organized into four major sections: foundational issues; objections to consequentialism; its forms and limits; and consequentialism's implications for policy, practice, and social reform "This handbook contains thirty-two previously unpublished contributions to consequentialist ethics by leading scholars, covering what's happening in the field today as well as pointing to new directions for future research. Consequentialism is a rival to such moral theories as deontology, contractualism, and virtue ethics. But it's more than just one rival among many, for every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters even if it's not the only thing that matters. Thus, all plausible moral theories will accept both that the fact that an act would produce good consequences constitutes a moral reason to perform it and that the better that act's consequences the moral reason there is to perform it. Now, if this is correct, then much of the research concerning consequentialist ethics is important for ethics in general. For instance, one thing that consequentialist researchers have investigated is what sorts of consequences matter: the consequences that some act would have or the consequences that it could have-if, say, the agent were to follow up by performing some subsequent act. And it's reasonable to suppose that the answer to such questions will be relevant for normative ethics regardless of whether the goodness of consequences is the only thing matters (as consequentialists presume) or just one of many things that matter (as non-consequentialists presume)"-- Provided by publisher