The origins of democracy in tribes, city-states and nation-states. Volume I

Annotation This four-part work describes and analyses democracy and despotism in tribes, city-states, and nation states. The theoretical framework used in this work combines Weberian, Aristotelian, evolutionary anthropological, and feminist theories in a comparative-historical context. The dual nature of humans, as both an animal and a consciously aware being, underpins the analysis presented. Part One covers tribes. It uses anthropological literature to describe the "campfire democracy" of the African Bushmen, the Pygmies, and other band societies. Its main focus is on the tribal democracy of the Cheyenne, Iroquois, Huron, and other tribes, and it pays special attention to the role of women in tribal democracies. Part Two describes the city-states of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Canaan-Phoenicia, and includes a section on the theocracy of the Jews. This part focuses on the transition from tribal democracy to city-state democracy in the ancient Middle East - from the Sumerian city-states to the Phoenician. Part Three focuses on the origins of democracy and covers Greece--Mycenaean, Dorian, and the Golden Age. It presents a detailed description of the tribal democracy of Archaic Greece - emphasizing the causal effect of the hoplite-phalanx military formation in egalitarianizing Greek tribal society. Next, it analyses the transition from tribal to city-state democracy--with the new commercial classes engendering the oligarchic and democratic conflicts described by Plato and Aristotle. Part Four describes the Norse tribes as they contacted Rome, the rise of kingships, the renaissance of the city-states, and the parliamentary monarchies of the emerging nation-states. It provides details of the rise of commercial city states in Renaissance Italy, Hanseatic Germany and the Netherlands Front Matter....Pages i-xciii Front Matter....Pages 1-3 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal Typicalities....Pages 5-7 Social Structure and Conflict Groups....Pages 9-19 Political Institutions....Pages 21-44 Legitimacy....Pages 45-54 Economy and Polity....Pages 55-62 Warfare and Religion....Pages 63-64 Front Matter....Pages 65-65 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities....Pages 67-68 Social Structure and Conflict Groups....Pages 69-74 Political Institutions....Pages 75-87 Horticulture, Matrilineal Clans, and the Rise of Status and Power of Women....Pages 89-93 Warfare and Politics....Pages 95-103 The Confederacy of Tribes....Pages 105-109 Tribal Games....Pages 111-114 Religion and Politics....Pages 115-126 Legitimation Processes....Pages 127-129 Economy and Polity....Pages 131-133 Conclusions on Band and Tribal Societies....Pages 135-156 Front Matter....Pages 157-157 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities....Pages 159-162 Social Structure and Conflict Groups....Pages 163-169 Religion and Politics....Pages 171-177 Front Matter....Pages 157-157 Women and Politics in Horticultural Societies....Pages 179-184 Warfare in Horticultural Village Societies....Pages 185-190 Political Institutions: Theocratic Despotism....Pages 191-205 Legitimation Processes....Pages 207-210 Front Matter....Pages 211-211 Civilizational Peculiarities Versus Ideal-Typicalities....Pages 213-214 Herding Tribes, Patri-Clans, and the Rise of the Military Kingship....Pages 215-219 Social Structure and Conflict Groups....Pages 221-233 Warfare, Women, Religion, and Politics....Pages 235-240 The Political Institutions of Herding Society: Despotic Military Kingship....Pages 241-249 Military Kingship and State Violence....Pages 251-256 The Legitimacy Processes of Herding Societies....Pages 257-260 Economy and Polity....Pages 261-262 Some Impediments to Democracy in Horticultural and Herding Societies....Pages 263-276 Front Matter....Pages 277-277 The Paradox of Tribes....Pages 279-289 Front Matter....Pages 291-293 Introduction to the Middle Eastern Grain, Agricultural, and Animal Herding Societies....Pages 295-301 Democracy in the Sumerian City States: The Assembly, the Elders, and the King....Pages 303-314 Projections of the Tribal Assembly in the World of the Sumerian Myths....Pages 315-323 The Status and Role of Women in Ancient Sumer....Pages 325-347 The Emergence of the Temple Economy Overseen by Priests and Priestesses in the River-Flood Areas....Pages 349-357 The Rise of the Kingship: Expansionary, Genocidal Warfare....Pages 359-366 Front Matter....Pages 291-293 From the Theocratic State to the Kingly-Bureaucratic State....Pages 367-386 The Reform Movements and the Ethic of Social Justice....Pages 387-400 The Pastoral Tribal Invasions and the Partial De-Legitimation of The Kings....Pages 401-403 The Revival and Expansion of the Private Economic Sector in Mesopotamia....Pages 405-417 Front Matter....Pages 419-419 The Early Agricultural City-States....Pages 421-430 The City-State, Ugarit: A Great Coastal Trading City....Pages 431-434 West Semitic Myths and Legends....Pages 435-452 Ebla....Pages 453-471 The Political Structure of the Canaanite City-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy....Pages 473-477 From Canaanites to Phoenicians....Pages 479-494 The Political Institutions of the Phoenician City-States....Pages 495-513 Carthage....Pages 515-535 Religion and Women in Phoenician Society....Pages 537-546 Front Matter....Pages 547-549 The Pastoral Origins of the Hebrews: “Those Who Crossed the River”....Pages 551-557 Egypt and the Hebrews....Pages 559-564 Egypt After the Hyksos Invasion: The New Kingdom and the New Religious Ideas....Pages 565-577 Creation and the Supreme Deity in the Theology of Egypt....Pages 579-592 The Hebrews Enter the Nile Delta....Pages 593-596 From Joseph to Moses....Pages 597-627 Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan....Pages 629-642 Front Matter....Pages 643-643 The Rise of the Monarchy....Pages 645-673 The Prophets: Moralistic Monotheism, Social Justice, and the Doomsday Theodicy....Pages 675-689 Front Matter....Pages 691-691 The Babylonian Exile....Pages 693-704 Return from Exile: Theocracy Established....Pages 705-720 Front Matter....Pages 721-721 Monotheism and the Jews....Pages 723-729 The Status of Women in Societies Embracing a Patriarchal Monotheistic God....Pages 731-740 Front Matter....Pages 741-743 Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations....Pages 745-758 The Expansion of Mycenaean Greek Civilization....Pages 759-769 Front Matter....Pages 771-771 The Doric Invasions and the Regression to Tribalism....Pages 773-784 Doric Tribalism and the Culture of Greece and, Doric Tribalism and the Revival of Mycenaean Tribalism During the Dark Age....Pages 785-804 Doric Religion....Pages 805-813 The Olympic Games: Doric Tribal Culture Engenders a Pan Hellenic Cultural Complex....Pages 815-848 Front Matter....Pages 849-849 From Aristocratic Champions to the Phalanx of the Common Men....Pages 851-872 The Cavalary Aristocrats—“Hippeis,” and Their Declining Role in Mainland Greek Warfare....Pages 873-877 Sparta: The Re-Crudescence of Tribal Democracy on a Hoplite Base....Pages 879-899 The Spartan Women: Economic Control, Sexual Liberation, and Olympic Athletics....Pages 901-906 Some Notes on the Democratization of Argos and Crete....Pages 907-912 The Political Paradox Involved in the Transition from the Tribe to the City-State: The Greek Case....Pages 913-918 Front Matter....Pages 919-919 The Revival of Trade in the Aegean Region....Pages 921-946 Trade and the Changing Class Structure of Greece....Pages 947-967 Front Matter....Pages 969-969 The Rise of the Greek Trading Cities....Pages 971-977 The Transition from Tribal to City-State Political Organization....Pages 979-997 The Rise of Democracy in Syracuse....Pages 999-1008 A Note on Democracy in Kroton and Korinthos....Pages 1009-1013 Class Conflicts in the Greek City States During the Era of Expansionary Trade....Pages 1015-1037 Conclusions on the Causes of Democracy in Greece: The Hoplite Phalanx Military Innovation, and, the Trade-Capitalist Economic Revolution....Pages 1039-1044 Front Matter....Pages 1045-1045 The Ideology of Equality and Democracy....Pages 1047-1068 The Rise of Legal Authority in the Greek City States....Pages 1069-1098 Front Matter....Pages 1099-1099 The Ionians of Asia Minor Make Contact with the Civilizations of the Middle East and the Tribes of the Black Sea....Pages 1101-1111 The Decline of Greek Religion After Homer and Hesiod....Pages 1113-1121 The Rise of the Rational-Scientific World View....Pages 1123-1142 The Rise of the Social Sciences....Pages 1143-1164 Front Matter....Pages 1165-1165 Doric Women....Pages 1167-1174 The Status of Ionian Women....Pages 1175-1194 The Women Philosophers, Scientists, Doctors, and Mathematicians of the Greek World....Pages 1195-1216 Women and Religion....Pages 1217-1221 Front Matter....Pages 1223-1233 Comparison Between the German Tribes and the Celtic Tribes....Pages 1235-1247 The German or Norse Tribes....Pages 1249-1259 The Economy of the Norse Tribes: Herding and Agriculture....Pages 1261-1267 The Religion of the Norse Tribes: No Official Priesthood....Pages 1269-1275 Front Matter....Pages 1223-1233 Marriage, Clans, and Clan Retribution....Pages 1277-1280 Language and Runes....Pages 1281-1282 Debt Slavery and War Captive Slavery....Pages 1283-1284 Civilizational Influences....Pages 1285-1288 Feasts, Celebrations, and Guest Friendship....Pages 1289-1290 German or Norse Tribal Assemblies and Courts, and the Rise of the Monarchies....Pages 1291-1297 The Political Structure of the Norse Tribes: The Assembly of Warriors with Aristocratic Domination....Pages 1299-1301 A Closer Look at the Germanic, or Norse, Assemblies....Pages 1303-1315 War Chiefs and Military Aristocrats....Pages 1317-1320 Iceland: Nobles and Freemen Flee the Centralizing Power of the Norwegian King and Reestablish Tribal Democracy (with Aristocratic Domination)....Pages 1321-1327 The Anglo-Saxon-Jute Tribal Confederation and Its Moot and Folk-Moot....Pages 1329-1333 The Court Councils of the Centralizing Monarchies....Pages 1335-1337 Front Matter....Pages 1339-1339 Creation of the World and the Gods....Pages 1341-1350 The Class Structure of the Norse Tribes as Shown in “The Song of Rig”....Pages 1351-1356 Women in the Myths and Sagas....Pages 1357-1361 Games and Individual Competitions....Pages 1363-1368 Magic and Runes....Pages 1369-1372 The Volsung Myths....Pages 1373-1388 Beowulf....Pages 1389-1397 The Icelandic Sagas....Pages 1399-1436 Front Matter....Pages 1437-1437 The Netherlands....Pages 1439-1447 The Norse Tribes in the High Mountain Valleys of Switzerland....Pages 1449-1461 Front Matter....Pages 1463-1463 Roman Catholic Bishops and Priests Kings and Bishops....Pages 1465-1478 The Celtic Gauls and the Romans....Pages 1479-1484 The Invasions of the Norse Tribes....Pages 1485-1497 Front Matter....Pages 1499-1499 The Importance of City-States in the Evolution of Democratic Political Processes....Pages 1501-1506 The Transitions from Tribal Democracy to City-State Democracy in Post-Feudal Europe: Italy....Pages 1507-1516 The Germanic City States....Pages 1517-1526 The Cities of the Low Countries....Pages 1527-1542 The Trade-Capitalist City-States of Switzerland....Pages 1543-1548 The German Trade-Capitalist City-States....Pages 1549-1563 Front Matter....Pages 1565-1565 The German Kings Against the Pope and the Italian-Dominated Catholic Church....Pages 1567-1576 Front Matter....Pages 1577-1577 The Centralizing Monarchies Become Dependent on Money from the City-States....Pages 1579-1580 The Swiss Confederation....Pages 1581-1586 The Parliament in the Netherlands: The “States General” and the King’s Council....Pages 1587-1595 Front Matter....Pages 1597-1597 The Romanized Celtic Colony of Britain....Pages 1599-1609 The Invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxon-Jute Confederation: Norse Tribal Democracy in England—The Moot and the Folkmoot....Pages 1611-1616 The Second Danish Invasion and the Norman Invasion: King Canute and William the Conqueror....Pages 1617-1623 The Establishment of the Commercial Trade-Capitalist Economy in Britain: The Rise of the Merchant-Gentry....Pages 1625-1630 The Rise of the English Parliament....Pages 1631-1633 Front Matter....Pages 1597-1597 The Reformation in England and Scotland: Before Luther and Calvin....Pages 1635-1637 The Beginnings of the English Civil War....Pages 1639-1645 The English Revolution: “Civil War;” “Puritan Revolt”....Pages 1647-1655 With Monarchy and Feudalism Defeated, the Struggle Between the Rich, the Poor, and the Middle Classes Takes Center Stage....Pages 1657-1665 Rational-Legal Authority in England....Pages 1667-1670 The Rise of the Rational-Scientific Worldview in Britain....Pages 1671-1679 Front Matter....Pages 1681-1681 The United States: The English Revolution Continues; Frontier Property and the Emergence of a Majority Middle Class....Pages 1683-1685 France: The Stalemate of Classes; Anarchic and Anomic Violence....Pages 1687-1691 Germany: Feudalism/Kingship and the Warrior Cynosure Remain Culturally Dominant....Pages 1693-1693 Spain: The Conquest of the Muslims and the New World Empires Empowers the Monarchy and Weakens the Commercial Classes....Pages 1695-1696 Conclusions on the Rise of Commercial Capitalism, Parliamentary Democracy, and the Decline of Feudalism....Pages 1697-1698 Front Matter....Pages 1699-1699 From Trade Capitalism to Industrial Capitalism....Pages 1701-1704 The Class Structure of Industrial Capitalism....Pages 1705-1717 Front Matter....Pages 1719-1719 Women’s Gender Roles: From Horticultural Tribes to Modern Technocratic “White Collar” Work....Pages 1721-1728 Back Matter....Pages 1729-1737 "This four-part work describes and analyses democracy and despotism in tribes, city-states, and nation states. The theoretical framework used in this work combines Weberian, Aristotelian, evolutionary anthropological, and feminist theories in a comparative-historical context. The dual nature of humans, as both an animal and a consciously aware being, underpins the analysis presented. Part One covers tribes. It uses anthropological literature to describe the "campfire democracy" of the African Bushmen, the Pygmies, and other band societies. Its main focus is on the tribal democracy of the Cheyenne, Iroquois, Huron, and other tribes, and it pays special attention to the role of women in tribal democracies. Part Two describes the city-states of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Canaan-Phoenicia, and includes a section on the theocracy of the Jews. This part focuses on the transition from tribal democracy to city-state democracy in the ancient Middle East - from the Sumerian city-states to the Phoenician. Part Three focuses on the origins of democracy and covers Greece--Mycenaean, Dorian, and the Golden Age. It presents a detailed description of the tribal democracy of Archaic Greece - emphasizing the causal effect of the hoplite-phalanx military formation in egalitarianizing Greek tribal society. Next, it analyses the transition from tribal to city-state democracy--with the new commercial classes engendering the oligarchic and democratic conflicts described by Plato and Aristotle. Part Four describes the Norse tribes as they contacted Rome, the rise of kingships, the renaissance of the city-states, and the parliamentary monarchies of the emerging nation-states. It provides details of the rise of commercial city states in Renaissance Italy, Hanseatic Germany and the Netherlands" (ed.)