The Orbitofrontal Cortex

The orbitofrontal cortex comprises the ventral surface of the frontal lobe, and is critical for functions ranging from olfaction and emotion to learning and behavioral flexibility. Since the time of Phineas Gage, this enigmatic brain region has intrigued clinicians due to its association with personality. Recent research has started to unmask the specific operational principles of the area. Simultaneously, advances in the clinical neurosciences increasingly implicate the orbitofrontal cortex and adjacent ventral frontal regions in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions including anxiety, mood and addictive disorders, as well as frontotemporal dementia. This volume provides the first comprehensive review of the orbitofrontal cortex, and should be a standard reference for established clinicians and researchers as well as trainees in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, and neuroscience. The book starts with a review of the structure of the ventral frontal lobes in human and nonhuman primates and the current state of knowledge regarding the region's neurocircuitry. This is followed by a series of chapters addressing the precise functions of the orbitofrontal cortex, with coverage spanning animal and human research. The book continues with chapters detailing methodological issues in neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment of the region, and concludes with reviews of the area's contribution to psychiatric and neurological conditions. With chapters throughout by leading experts, and a foreword from Marsel Mesulam, the volume provides both a basic foundation that will be useful to students, and critical reviews that capture the sophisticated nuances, controversies, and emerging concepts in the field. Pt. 1. Anatomy. Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. -- Edmund T. Rolls ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. -- Edmund T. Rolls ; -- Jay A. Gottfried, -- Dana M. Small, -- and -- David H. Zald ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. -- Edmund T. Rolls ; -- Jay A. Gottfried, -- Dana M. Small, -- and -- David H. Zald ; -- Wolfram Schultz -- and -- Leon Tremblay ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. -- Edmund T. Rolls ; -- Jay A. Gottfried, -- Dana M. Small, -- and -- David H. Zald ; -- Wolfram Schultz -- and -- Leon Tremblay ; -- Matthew Roesch -- and -- Geoffrey Schoenbaum ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. -- Edmund T. Rolls ; -- Jay A. Gottfried, -- Dana M. Small, -- and -- David H. Zald ; -- Wolfram Schultz -- and -- Leon Tremblay ; -- Matthew Roesch -- and -- Geoffrey Schoenbaum ; -- Angela C. Roberts -- and -- John Parkinson ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. -- Edmund T. Rolls ; -- Jay A. Gottfried, -- Dana M. Small, -- and -- David H. Zald ; -- Wolfram Schultz -- and -- Leon Tremblay ; -- Matthew Roesch -- and -- Geoffrey Schoenbaum ; -- Angela C. Roberts -- and -- John Parkinson ; -- John P. O'Doherty -- and -- Raymond J. Dolan ; Pt. 1. Anatomy. -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Michael Petrides -- and -- Scott Mackey ; -- Joseph L. Price ; -- Helen Barbas -- and -- Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions and methods. -- Edmund T. Rolls ; -- Jay A. Gottfried, -- Dana M. Small, -- and -- David H. Zald ; -- Wolfram Schultz -- and -- Leon Tremblay ; -- Matthew Roesch -- and -- Geoffrey Schoenbaum ; -- Angela C. Roberts -- and -- John Parkinson ; -- John P. O'Doherty -- and -- Raymond J. Dolan ; -- Matthias Brand -- and -- Hans J. Markowitsch ; Pt. 1. Anatomy.-- Joseph L. Price ;-- Michael Petrides-- and-- Scott Mackey ;-- Joseph L. Price ;-- Helen Barbas-- and-- Basilis Zikopoulos.-- Pt. 2. Functions and methods.-- Edmund T. Rolls ;-- Jay A. Gottfried,-- Dana M. Small,-- and-- David H. Zald ;-- Wolfram Schultz-- and-- Leon Tremblay ;-- Matthew Roesch-- and-- Geoffrey Schoenbaum ;-- Angela C. Roberts-- and-- John Parkinson ;-- John P. O'Doherty-- and-- Raymond J. Dolan ;-- Matthias Brand-- and-- Hans J. Markowitsch ;-- Christine I. Hooker-- and-- Robert T. Knight ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; -- V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; -- V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. -- David H. Zald ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; -- V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. -- David H. Zald ; -- Rita Z. Goldstein, -- Nelly Alia-Klein, -- Lisa A. Cottone, -- and -- Nora D. Volkow ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; -- V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. -- David H. Zald ; -- Rita Z. Goldstein, -- Nelly Alia-Klein, -- Lisa A. Cottone, -- and -- Nora D. Volkow ; -- Mohammed R. Milad -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; -- V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. -- David H. Zald ; -- Rita Z. Goldstein, -- Nelly Alia-Klein, -- Lisa A. Cottone, -- and -- Nora D. Volkow ; -- Mohammed R. Milad -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Carolyn A. Fredericks, -- Jessica H. Kalmar, -- and -- Hilary P. Blumberg ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; -- V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. -- David H. Zald ; -- Rita Z. Goldstein, -- Nelly Alia-Klein, -- Lisa A. Cottone, -- and -- Nora D. Volkow ; -- Mohammed R. Milad -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Carolyn A. Fredericks, -- Jessica H. Kalmar, -- and -- Hilary P. Blumberg ; -- Pamela Blake -- and -- Jordan Grafman ; Nasir Naqvi, -- Daniel Tranel, -- and -- Antoine Bechara ; -- Ralph Adolphis, -- Hiroto Kawasaki, -- Hiroyuki Oya, -- and -- Matthew A. Howard ; -- Darin D. Dougherty, -- Lisa M. Shin, -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Trevor W. Robbins, -- Luke Clark, -- Hannah Clarke, -- and -- Angela C. Roberts ; -- V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. -- David H. Zald ; -- Rita Z. Goldstein, -- Nelly Alia-Klein, -- Lisa A. Cottone, -- and -- Nora D. Volkow ; -- Mohammed R. Milad -- and -- Scott L. Rauch ; -- Carolyn A. Fredericks, -- Jessica H. Kalmar, -- and -- Hilary P. Blumberg ; -- Pamela Blake -- and -- Jordan Grafman ; -- Michael Koenigs -- and -- Daniel Tranel ; Nasir Naqvi,-- Daniel Tranel,-- and-- Antoine Bechara ;-- Ralph Adolphis,-- Hiroto Kawasaki,-- Hiroyuki Oya,-- and-- Matthew A. Howard ;-- Darin D. Dougherty,-- Lisa M. Shin,-- and-- Scott L. Rauch ;-- Trevor W. Robbins,-- Luke Clark,-- Hannah Clarke,-- and-- Angela C. Roberts ;-- V. Andrew Stenger.-- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry.-- David H. Zald ;-- Rita Z. Goldstein,-- Nelly Alia-Klein,-- Lisa A. Cottone,-- and-- Nora D. Volkow ;-- Mohammed R. Milad-- and-- Scott L. Rauch ;-- Carolyn A. Fredericks,-- Jessica H. Kalmar,-- and-- Hilary P. Blumberg ;-- Pamela Blake-- and-- Jordan Grafman ;-- Michael Koenigs-- and-- Daniel Tranel ;-- Po H. Li,-- Negar Khanlou,-- and-- Jeffrey L. Cummings. This Comprehensive Review Of The Orbitofrontal Cortex Starts With A Review Of The Structure Of The Ventral Frontal Lobes In Human And Nonhuman Primates And The Current State Of Knowledge Regarding The Region's Neurocircuitry. This Is Followed By A Series Of Chapters Addressing The Precise Functions Of The Orbitofrontal Cortex, With Coverage Spanning Animal And Human Research. The Book Continues With Chapters Detailing Methodological Issues In Neuroimaging And Neuropsychological Assessment Of The Region, And Concludes With Reviews Of The Area's Contribution To Psychiatric And Neurological Conditions. Pt. 1. Anatomy. Architectonic Structure Of The Orbital And Medial Prefrontal Cortex / Joseph L. Price ; The Orbitofrontal Cortex: Sulcal And Gyral Morphology And Architecture / Michael Petrides And Scott Mackey ; Connections Of Orbital Cortex / Joseph L. Price ; Sequential And Parallel Circuits For Emotional Processing In Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex / Helen Barbas And Basilis Zikopoulos. -- Pt. 2. Functions And Methods. The Neurophysiology And Functions Of The Orbitofrontal Cortex / Edmund T. Rolls ; The Chemical Senses / Jay A. Gottfried, Dana M. Small, And David H. Zald ; Involvement Of Primate Orbitofrontal Neurons In Reward, Uncertainty, And Learning / Wolfram Schultz And Leon Tremblay ; From Associations To Expectancies: Orbitofrontal Cortex As Gateway Between The Limbic System And Representational Memory / Matthew Roesch And Geoffrey Schoenbaum ; A Componential Analysis Of The Function Of Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex / Angela C. Roberts And John Parkinson ; The Role Of Human Orbitofrontal Cortex In Reward Prediction And Behavioral Choice: Insights From Neuroimaging / John P. O'doherty And Raymond J. Dolan ; Memory Processes And The Orbitofrontal Cortex / Matthias Brand And Hans J. Markowitsch ; The Role Of Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex In The Inhibitory Control Of Emotion / Christine I. Hooker And Robert T. Knight. Visceral And Decision-making Functions Of The Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex / Nasir Naqvi, Daniel Tranel, And Antoine Bechara ; Intracranial Electrophysiology Of The Human Orbitofrontal Cortex / Ralph Adolphis, Hiroto Kawasaki, Hiroyuki Oya, And Matthew A. Howard ; Orbitofrontal Cortex Activation During Functional Neuroimaging Studies Of Emotion Induction In Humans / Darin D. Dougherty, Lisa M. Shin, And Scott L. Rauch ; Neurochemical Modulation Of Orbitofrontal Cortex Function / Trevor W. Robbins, Luke Clark, Hannah Clarke, And Angela C. Roberts ; Technical Consideration For Bold Fmri Of The Orbitofrontal Cortex / V. Andrew Stenger. -- Pt. 3. Neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychological Assessment Of The Orbitofrontal Cortex / David H. Zald ; The Orbitofrontal Cortex In Drug Addiction / Rita Z. Goldstein, Nelly Alia-klein, Lisa A. Cottone, And Nora D. Volkow ; The Orbitofrontal Cortex And Anxiety Disorders / Mohammed R. Milad And Scott L. Rauch ; The Role Of The Ventral Prefrontal Cortex In Mood Disorders / Carolyn A. Fredericks, Jessica H. Kalmar, And Hilary P. Blumberg ; Effect Of Orbitofrontal Lesions On Mood And Aggression / Pamela Blake And Jordan Grafman ; Pseudopsychopathy: A Perspective From Cognitive Neuroscience / Michael Koenigs And Daniel Tranel ; Frontotemporal Dementia And The Orbitofrontal Cortex / Po H. Li, Negar Khanlou, And Jeffrey L. Cummings. Edited By David H. Zald And Scott L. Rauch. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The orbitofrontal cortex comprises the ventral surface of the frontal lobe, and is critical for functions ranging from olfaction and emotion to learning and behavioral flexibility. Since the time of Phineas Gage, this enigmatic brain region has intrigued clinicians due to its association with personality. Recent research has started to unmask the specific operational principles of the area. Simultaneously, advances in the clinical neurosciences increasingly implicate the orbitofrontal cortex and adjacent ventral frontal regions in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions including anxiety, mood and addictive disorders, as well as frontotemporal dementia. This volume provides the first comprehensive review of the orbitofrontal cortex, and should be a standard reference for established clinicians and researchers as well as trainees in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, and neuroscience. The book starts with a review of the structure of the ventral frontal lobes in human and nonhuman primates and the current state of knowledge regarding the region's neurocircuitry. This is followed by a series of chapters addressing the precise functions of the orbitofrontal cortex, with coverage spanning animal and human research. The book continues with chapters detailing methodological issues in neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment of the region, and concludes with reviews of the area's contribution to psychiatric and neurological conditions. With chapters throughout by leading experts, and a foreword from Marcel Mesulam, the volume provides both a basic foundation that will be useful to students, and critical reviews that capture the sophisticated nuances, controversies, and emerging concepts in the field. ## Abstract The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) comprises the ventral surface of the frontal lobe, and is critical for functions ranging from olfaction and emotion to learning and behavioral flexibility. Since the time of Phineas Gage, this enigmatic brain region has intrigued clinicians due to its association with personality. Recent research has started to unmask the specific operational principles of the area. Simultaneously, advances in the clinical neurosciences increasingly implicate the OFC and adjacent ventral frontal regions in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions including anxiety, mood, and addictive disorders, as well as frontotemporal dementia. This book provides a review of the orbitofrontal cortex. The book starts with a review of the structure of the ventral frontal lobes in human and nonhuman primates and the current state of knowledge regarding the region's neurocircuitry. This is followed by chapters addressing the precise functions of the OFC including its role in emotion, reward, learning, inhibitory control, decision making, chemosensory processing, autonomic regulation, and social functioning. The book continues with chapters detailing methodological issues in neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment of the region, and concludes with reviews of the area's contribution to psychiatric and neurological conditions. The orbitofronal cortex plays a critical role in emotion, learning, and behavioural flexibility. This volume provides a reference for established clinicians and researchers as well as trainees in neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, and neuroscience