The North Caucasus Borderland : Between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605

## Explores the role of the North Caucasus as the first borderland between the Ottoman and Russian Empires in the 16th century * Presents an innovative, engaging and well-documented study of the North Caucasus and the process of the imperial rivalry that turned the region into a contested borderland * Addresses the story of imperial entanglements from multiple perspectives including folkloric and cultural sources * Analyses the actions of both empires and considers the motivations of the peoples caught in between * Includes key primary sources such as the extant Ottoman registers of important affairs (__mühimme defterleri__) and the Muscovite collections of diplomatic records (__posol’skie knigi__) From the Muscovites’ annexation of the nearby Khanate of Astrakhan in 1556 to their expulsion from the region by the Ottomans and their allies in 1605, the North Caucasus was a contested borderland. This book considers the poorly understood first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Muscovy, drawing on both documentary and narrative primary sources. These Ottoman and Muscovite sources show the contrasting subject- and territory-making strategies in the early modern period. They also show how their rivalry brought about changes to the internal dynamics and strategies of the polities within the North Caucasus, shaping the region, its political structures and the lives of its peoples in the following centuries. Contents 5 List of Illustrations 7 Acknowledgements 8 A Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Terms and Names 10 Introduction: Sources, Methodology and Terminology 11 1. The Land and Peoples of the North Caucasus in the Sixteenth Century: An Overview 29 2. Tracing the Milky Way: The North Caucasus and the Two Empires 59 3. Bargaining for the Milky Way: The Astrakhan Campaign and the North Caucasus Borderland 96 4. The Milky Way Fades: Post-Astrakhan Ottoman and Muscovite Strategies in the North Caucasus 125 5. The Milky Way Vanishes: The Denouement of the Ottoman–Muscovite Rivalry in the North Caucasus, 1605 165 6. Searching for the Milky Way: A Tale of Five Narts 187 Conclusion: Imperial Entanglements and Borderlandisation of the North Caucasus 212 Appendix I: Selected Ottoman Documents from Mühimme Registers 228 Appendix II: Selected Muscovite Documents from Posol’skii Prikaz Records 242 Appendix III: Glossary of Terms 254 Appendix IV: Chronology 257 Bibliography 260 Index 276