The noblest animate motion : speech, physiology, and medicine in pre-Cartesian linguistic thought

The Body Of Theory On Speech Production And Speech Disorder Developed Prior To Descartes Has Been So Neglected By Historians That Its Very Existence Is Practically Unknown Today. Yet It Provides A Framework For Understanding The Speech Process Which Is Not Only Comprehensive And Coherent, But Of Great Relevance To Current Debates On Issues Of Language Performance And Applied Linguistics. Current Theoretical Difficulties Stem Largely From Initial Errors Of Descartes; Whereas Earlier Theoretical Formulations, While Outlining A Bio-mechanics Of Speech, Retain The Central Role Of The Human Agent. The Discussions Explicated In This Book Come Mainly From The Natural-philosophic And Medical Literature Of Greco-roman Antiquity, The Middle Ages, And The Renaissance And Early 17th Century. This Uncharted Territory Is Mapped By Tracing Its Textual History And Diffusion As Well As Explaining The Theory On Its Own Terms But In Clear And Comprehensible Language. Interdisciplinary In Perspective, The Book Encompasses Topics Of Interest Not Only To The Language Sciences, But Also To The Biosciences, Medicine, Philosophy Of Human Movement, Psychology And Behavioral Sciences, Neurosciences, Speech Pathology, Experimental Phonetics, Speech And Rhetoric, And The History Of Science In General -- Provided By The Publisher. Introduction -- Traditional Concepts Of Speech And Speech Defect -- Classification Of Speech Defect In The Aristotelian Problems -- Galenic Classification Of Speech Defect And Disorder -- Thin Voice Or Checked Voice? Galen's Lost Theory -- Moisture And The Tongue, Place And Manner Of Articulation: The Tradition Of Aphorism Vi.32 Up To The Renaissance -- Moisture And The Tongue In The Renaissance -- Speech Disorder And Melancholy In The Classical And Medieval Period -- Speech Disorder And Melancholy In The Renaissance -- Sanctorius: Galenus Contra Galenum. Jeffrey Wollock. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. SIHOLS 83 THE NOBLEST ANIMATE MOTION: SPEECH, PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN PRE-CARTESIAN LINGUISTIC THOUGHT 2 Editorial page 3 Title page 4 Copyright page 5 Dedication 6 Table of contents 8 List of Illustrations 12 List of Abbreviations 14 Introduction 16 1. The Problem 16 1.1. The Transformational-generative Theory of Language Use 21 1.2. The Historian's Contribution 27 1.3. A Different Approach Suggested by Grammar's "Missing Voice" 30 2. Speech in Natural Philosophy and Medicine 36 2.1. Intellectual Significance of the History of Ideas on Speech and Speech Pathology 36 2.2. A Method for Appreciating Ancient Theories of Speech 40 2.3. Previous Studies 43 3. The Present Work 45 3.1. Scope 46 3.2. Apologies 47 3.3. Acknowledgments 49 Chapter 1. Traditional Concepts of Speech and Speech Defect 52 1. The Word 52 2. Definitions of Voice and Speech 57 2.1. Aristotle 58 2.2. Galen (A.D. 130-c. 200) 61 3. The Causes of Speech 63 3.1. Final Cause 64 3.2. Formal Cause 68 3.3. Exemplary Cause 69 3.4. Material Cause 70 3.5. Efficient Cause 72 3.5.1. Doubts about the Muscles of the Tongue 81 4. Defects of Speech (Vitia Loquelae) 91 Chapter 2. Classification of Speech Defect in the Aristotelian Problems 100 1. Philosophical Origins 100 2. Is the Speech of Infants Defective? 114 3. The Problems in the Middle Ages 120 4. The Problems in the Renaissance 128 4.1. The Rival Translations of Trebizond and Gaza 128 4.2. Terminological Confusion 130 4.3. Renaissance Editions and Commentaries 138 5. Conclusions 140 Chapter 3. Galenic Classification of Speech Defect and Disorder 148 1. Diseases 148 1.1. Diseases of the Similar Parts 150 1.2. Diseases of the Instrumental or Dissimilar Parts 154 1. DISEASES OF CONFORMATION 155 a. improper shape 155 b. improper capacity of any pore, tube, or concavity 155 2. DISEASES OF NUMBER 156 a. when a similar part or parts is present which should be absent 156 b. when a similar part or parts is absent which should be present 156 3. DISEASES OF MAGNITUDE 157 4. DISEASES OF ARRANGEMENT 158 a. improper position, when the organ is in other than its natural site 158 b. improper agreement, or preternatural conjunction of adjacent parts 158 5. SOLUTION OF CONTINUITY 158 2. Symptoms 159 2.1. General Description 159 2.2. The Process of Animate Motion 164 2.3. Animate Motion Disordered by Humoral Imbalance 186 2.4. Injuries of Speech from Faulty Mental Actions 189 3. Speech Disorders: The Parts Affected 198 4. Conclusions 202 Chapter 4. "Thin" Voice or "Checked" Voice? Galen's Lost Theory 204 1. The Problem 204 1.1. Herodotus 206 1.2. Ischnophonos or Ischophonos? 210 2. Galen's Lost Theory of "Checked Voice" 219 2.1. Classical and Medieval Period 219 2.2. Renaissance Period 230 2.3. Conclusions 237 Chapter 5. Moisture and the Tongue, Place and Manner of Articulation:The Tradition of Aphorism vi.32 up to the Renaissance 240 1. Aphorism vi.32 240 2. Classical Commentaries 242 2.1. Galen (130-C.200 A.D.) 242 3. The Early Middle Ages 253 3.1. Theophilus Protospatharius (prob. first half 7th A.D.) 253 3.2. The Earliest Latin Commentary (probably first half 7th cent. A.D.) 254 3.3. Masarjuwayh of Basra (fl. 685 A.D.) 257 3.4. Ibn Balam of Toledo (second half 11th cent.) 258 3.5. Avicenna (980-1037) 259 3.6. Constantinus Africanas (1010/15-ca. 1087) 261 3.7. Commentary to the "Nova Editio" (early 12th cent.) 268 3.8. The Alphita (ca. 13th cent.) 269 3.9. Urso of Calabria (d.ca. 1225) 269 3.10. The Fasciculus Morum (ca. 1272-1307) 271 4. The High and Late Middle Ages 272 4.1. Taddeo Alderotti (ca. 1210-1295) 272 4.2. Martin de Saint-Gille (fl. 1362-1365) 276 4.3. John of Trevisa (1326-1412) 277 4.4. Ugo Benzi (ca. 1360-1439) 278 Chapter 6. Moisture and the Tongue in the Renaissance 282 1. The Renaissance 282 1.1. Antonio Musa Brasavola (1500-1555) 283 1.2. Terminological Confusion: Textor (1480-1524) and Erasmus (1466?-1536) 288 1.3. Girolamo Cardano (Hieronymus Cardanus, 1501-1576) 289 1.4. Christoph Wirsung (1500-1571) 294 1.5. Jacques Houllier (Jacobus Hollerius Stempanus, 1504-1562) 295 1.6. Francisco Vallés (1524-1592) 295 1.7. Girolamo Mercuriali (Hieronymus Mercurialis, 1530-1606) 297 1.8. Jan van Heurne (Johannes Heurnius 1543-1601) 302 1.9. Rodrigo da Fonseca (Rodericus à Fonseca, mid-1500s-1622) 303 1.10. Giulio Cesare Chiodini (Julius Caesar Claudinus, d. 2 Feb. 1618) 304 1.11. Caspar Hofmann (1572-1648) 306 1.12. Jacques Guillemeau (1550-1613) and Luigi Settala (1552-1633) 308 1.13. Martin Lister (1638-1712) 310 2. Conclusions 311 Chapter 7. Speech Disorder and Melancholy in the Classical and Medieval Period 312 1. Introduction 312 2. Tradition of Aphorisms vii.40 314 3. Tradition of Epidemics II.5 and 6 325 3.1. Before 1300 325 3.2. Later Medieval Period 342 4. Tradition of Problems, xi.38 346 5. Conclusions 356 Chapter 8. Speech Disorder and Melancholy in the Renaissance 358 1. Introduction 358 2. Tradition of Aphorisms vii.40 359 3. Epidemics ii.5 & 6 and Problems xi.38 369 4. Conclusions 392 Chapter 9. Sanctorius: Galenus contra Galenum 396 1. The Dawn of Mechanism in the Speech Sciences 396 2. Sanctorius and his "Methods for Avoiding all Errors" 397 3. Sanctorius on the Cause of Speech Disorder 403 4. Implications for the History of Speech Therapy 406 5. Conclusions 413 Appendix. Five Galenic Classifications of Speech Defect and Disorder, 1305-1595 416 Bibliography 424 I. Manuscripts 424 1.1. Oxford, Bodleian Library 424 1.2. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale 424 II. PRINTED WORKS 425 2.1. Primary Sources before 900 A.D. 425 2.2. Primary Sources, 10th-18th century 433 2.3. Secondary Sources 449 Index: Names 476 Index: Subjects 490 This volume looks at the body of theory on speech production and speech disorder developed prior to Descartes, arguing that it provides a framework for understanding the speech process which is relevant to current debates on issues of language performance and applied linguistics.