<The> new Oxford companion to economics in India

In today's complex and fast evolving environment, understanding India's economy is not just an intellectual challenge, but, with the country emerging as a major global player, also a requirement. The Oxford Companion to Economics in India (2007) was the first comprehensive A-Z guide to contemporary Indian economy. This new edition of the Companion has more than 80 revised entries that take into account recent developments in the field, policy changes, and latest data. It also includes about 25 fresh entries on topics that have grown in significance since the first edition came out, such as 'Growth during the Global Crisis', 'Financial Inclusion', 'Land Acquisition for Industry', and 'Unique Identification'. Culled from the collective wisdom of distinguished contributors, including economists, policymakers, and corporate chiefs, the volume provides diverse perspectives on of the trends and issues across various sectors of the Indian economy. More than 325 pertinent entries cover the evolution of the Indian economy from relative obscurity to an emergent global force. The New Oxford Companion To Economics In India 3 Copyright 4 Contents 5 Preface to the New Edition 11 Introduction 13 Entries A - Z 7 A 17 Academic Research 17 Affirmative Action 23 Agribusiness 24 Agricultural Labour 25 Agriculture Development 28 Dhirubhai Ambani and Reliance Industries 33 B.R. Ambedkar 35 Antitrust Law 36 Aviation 38 B 40 Balance of Payments 40 Banking 44 Krishna Bharadwaj 49 Biodiversity 51 G.D. Birla 54 Bonded Labour 56 Brain Drain 57 Budget Making 60 Business and Growth Rate Cycles 64 Business Policy 69 C 72 Call Centres 72 Caste 74 Sukhamoy Chakravarty 75 Sachin Chaudhuri 77 Child Labour 78 Child Malnutrition and Feeding Practices 81 Chronic Illnesses 83 Cities 85 Constitution and Economic Reforms 88 Contract Farming 90 Convertibility 94 Corporate Ethics 97 Corporate Governance 100 Corporate Ownership and Performance 106 Corruption 110 Credit Market Regulation, Evolution of 115 D 119 Dams 119 V.M. Dandekar 121 M.L. Dantwala 122 Amiya Dasgupta 124 Data Sets 125 Defence Expenditure 131 Defence Strategy 134 Democracy and Social Welfare 138 Demographic Dividend 142 Derivatives 146 Disaster Management 150 Discretionary Centre–State Transfers 157 Disinvestment, The Economics of 158 Doctoral Education 160 Dowries 166 E 170 Education and Religious Minorities 170 Elections and Political Business Cycles 173 Employment 176 Employment Guarantee Scheme 179 Employment and Poverty 182 Employment Trends 185 Energy 189 Entrepreneurs in India and Abroad 193 Entrepreneurship 196 Environment and Law 201 Environment Policy 203 Equity Premium 206 Exchange Rates 210 Exogamy and Endogamy 213 Exports and Export Policy 215 External Debt 218 F 223 Famines 223 Farmers’ Distress and Suicides 227 Finance and Law 230 Finance Commissions 234 Financial Crisis 237 Financial Inclusion 240 Financial-sector Reforms 245 Fiscal Defiicit 249 Fiscal Federalism 255 Fiscal Policy Reforms since 1991 258 Food and Nutrition 262 Food Procurement Policy 266 Food Security 270 Foreign Direct Investment 275 Foreign Direct Investment for Media 277 Foreign Exchange Markets 279 Foreign Exchange Reserves 283 Foreign Institutional Investment 288 Forest Policy 291 G 293 G-20 and Multilateral Economic Cooperation 293 Indira Gandhi 298 Mahatma Gandhi 300 Gender and Empowerment 302 Gender Inequality 304 Genetically Modified Crops 308 Global Warming 311 Globalization and the Poor 313 Government Subsidies 314 Green Revolution 317 Growth Experience 321 Low-carbon Growth and Development 326 India’s Growth Turnaround 333 H 339 Handicrafts 339 Health Indicators 341 Higher Education 347 Higher Education: Regulation and Control 351 HIV/AIDS, Economics of 354 Home-based Work 358 Household Welfare and Decision Making 359 Housing Finance 361 Human Development Index 364 Human Rights 367 I 374 IMF Conditionality 374 Income Mobility 377 Industrial Clusters 379 Industrial Growth 381 Industrialization 384 Industry 387 Inequality 391 Infant and Child Mortality 394 Inflation 397 Inflation: Experience and Policy 398 Informal Labour 404 Infrastructure 407 Intellectual Property Rights 415 Interest Rates 418 International Finance 422 International Migration 425 International Migration from India: Economic Impact 430 International Trade 433 Irrigation 436 IT-enabled Sectors 440 K 444 Raj Krishna 444 L 446 Labour Laws 446 Labour Turnover in the High-technology Sector 450 Land Acquisition for Industry 452 Land Reform 458 Land Rights and Acquisition 462 Law and Legal System 466 Liability Rules 470 Licensing 472 Literacy 474 M 479 Prashanta Chandra Mahalanobis 479 Manufacturing Hub 481 Medical Care, Quality of 482 Middle Class 486 Millennium Development Goals 488 Mobility of Population 492 Monetary Policy 495 Monsoon 499 Monsoon and Economic Activity 500 N 504 National Income 504 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 507 National Sample Surveys 510 NCAER’s Household Survey 513 Jawaharlal Nehru 514 Non-banking Financial Companies 516 O 520 Oil 520 Oil Price Shocks 522 Outsourcing 524 P 528 Panchayats 528 I.G. Patel 531 Patents 532 Pensions 535 Petroleum Product Pricing 538 Pharmaceutical Industry 544 Planning 546 Political Economy 552 Population Policy 555 Ports and Shipping 557 Poverty 559 Poverty and Exclusion 563 Power Industry 567 Power Sector and Regulation 574 Primary Education 575 Privatization 580 Public Distribution System 583 Public Goods 587 Public Health 589 Public-sector Enterprises 594 R 600 Railways 600 Krishna Raj 603 V.K. Ramaswami 604 V.K.R.V. Rao 606 Regional Disparities 606 Religion and Economic Well-being 610 Rent Control Acts 611 Repo Market 613 Reserve Bank of India 615 Roads 616 Ashok Rudra 617 Rural Credit 620 S 623 Savings and Investment 623 Scientific Research 626 Secondary Education 628 Securities Markets 632 Self-employed Women, The Organization of 635 Self-help Groups 637 Services-led Growth 640 Sex Work 649 Slums 651 Small-scale Industries 653 Social Protection for Informal-sector Workers 656 Software and Services Exports 661 Space Satellites 665 Special Economic Zones 667 State Bank of India 670 Steel Industry 672 Stock Exchange 679 Stock Market Indexes 685 Street Vendors 686 Sustainable Development 688 T 692 Tariffs 692 Tata, The House of 693 Tax System and Reform 695 Teacher Absenteeism 701 Teacher and Medical Worker Incentives 703 Technology Diffusion 705 Technology Transfer 707 Telecommunications 711 Textile and Apparel Industry 714 Tourism 719 Trade Barriers in Manufacturing 721 Trade Unions 723 Tribal Development 726 U 730 Undernutrition 730 Unemployment, The Measurement of 734 Unique Identification 737 Urbanization and Its Management 741 V 744 Value-added Tax in the States 744 Voluntary Retirement Schemes 749 W 751 Wage Inequality 751 Water 754 Women in the Labour Force 758 Worker Benefits 760 World Trade Organization 763 Contributors 767 Name Index 779 Subject Index 783 This new edition of the Oxford Companion to Economics is India is an updated and comprehensive resource on contemporary Indian economy. With more than 80 revised entries and 25 new entries, this volume takes into account recent developments, policy changes, and latest data, as well as new topics that have grown in significance since the first edition came out.