The New Diversity of Family Life in Europe : Mobile Ethnic Groups and Flexible Boundaries

The authors focus on families who organize their lives in transnational social spaces within and at the outer borders of Europe, to offer a new perspective on transnational family life and to advance the knowledge on borders drawn by social inequality, discrimination and political exclusion. They also discuss social mobility as inheriting different life worlds, while crossing borders. The research on the socialization of children, raised in different societies provides a better understanding of the new generations in Europe from the beginning of the XXI c. The variety of methods presented in this book is also a contribution to link Western and Eastern European perspectives as well as sociology and anthropology in order to capture a wider spectrum of social reality. Contents • Transnational Family Life • Urban Sociology • European Sociology Target Groups • Researchers and students in the social sciences, migration research, social work, anthropology and sociology • Practitioners in the field of migration, family, community and social work The Editors Dr. Banu Çıtlak, Assoc. Prof., University of Applied Science and Arts Dortmund, Germany. Dr. Sebastian Kurtenbach, research assistant, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG), Bielefeld University, Germany. Megan Lueneburg, fulbright researcher, architect, curator, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Dr. Meglena Zlatkova, Assoc. Prof., Department of Ethnology, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria Table of Contents 5 1 Introduction. The new diversity of family life in Europe. Mobile ethnic groups and flexible boundaries 7 References 11 2 Studying transnationalism. On the empirical assessment and the overarching ­connections between diverse transnational activities 12 1 The Problem 12 2 Variety of research on transnationalism 13 2.1 Economics 14 2.2 Culture and Religion 17 2.3 Social ties 19 2.4 Political activism 21 3 Two distinct strategies of studying transnational ­activities 23 4 Conclusion 27 References 28 3 Spatial Transnationalism: An analytical approach 33 1 Introduction 33 2 Transnationalism and transnational social spaces 34 2.1 Transnationalism 34 2.2 Transnational social spaces 37 3 Transnationalism and the city: The local-global 38 3.1 Sending places 40 3.2 Places of destination: arrival areas 41 3.3 Spatial transnationalism 42 4 Conclusion 44 References 45 4 Spatial segregation and the unequal educational pathways of children in urban areas 48 1 Introduction 48 2 Ethnic and social segregation in the Ruhr Area 51 3 Local disparities in children ́s pathways through the educational institutions 53 4 Conclusion and policy implications 57 References 59 5 Development of participation in early childhood education and care in Europe in relation to social inequality and migration 63 1 Introduction 63 2 Research on the effect of ECEC 64 3 Empirical analysis about the participation in ECEC with regard to the legal framework 68 3.1 PISA as a database about the participation in ECEC by immigrant background and social deprivation 68 3.2 Legal framework 71 3.3 Results of participation in ECEC 72 3.4 Participation in ECEC by immigrant background 74 3.5 Participation in ECEC by parental education 77 4 Conclusion 79 References 80 6 Moving in together and marrying for the first time. A comparison between European countries 83 1 Introduction 83 2 The concept of transition to adulthood 84 3 The current state of literature 85 3.1 Macro-level factors and the transition to adulthood 85 3.2 Micro-level factors and the transition to adulthood 88 4 Moving in with and getting married in comparative perspective: German cases 92 5 Institutional differences or cultural influence? Why typical life courses in Western European ­countries still differ 98 References 99 7 Migration, family life and cultural inheritance. Perspectives from both sides of the Bulgarian-Turkish border 101 1 Introduction 101 2 Mobility and/or migration: methodological contexts 103 3 Family and education: cultural inheritance and ­inheriting in the situation of mobility after migration 106 4 Socio-demographic characteristics of Turkish ­students, children of Bulgarian re-settlers, studying in Bulgaria: social milieu, forms of cohabitation and social values 109 4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics 110 4.2 Social positions and social status 111 4.3 Social values and attitudes 112 4.4 Education and occupation – the inherited cultural ­capital 114 4.5 After university – to return to Turkey, to stay in Bulgaria, or to go to somewhere else? 116 4.6 Strategies of playing with ‘dual citizenship’ 116 4.7 Strategies for ‘double play’ on behalf of the parents 117 4.8 Strategies for transforming economic into cultural ­capital 117 4.9 Strategies for mediated justification of the choice to migrate 118 5 In lieu of conclusion 118 References 119 8 Socialist family as a biopolitical dispositive 124 1 Introduction 124 2 The Bulgarian society in the period 1944-1968 in the context of the historical sociology of socialism 126 3 The family in the context of the socialist biopolitics: “an institutional consequence” of this society3 128 4 Instituting of the new identity of the woman: the female emancipation as an instrument of bio­politics 131 5 The instrumentalization of childhood 132 6 Summary 134 References 134 9 More than to Raise a Child from a Distance. Mobile Parents and Their Children Left Behind in Bulgaria 136 1 Introduction 136 2 The head burrowed deep in the sand... or about ­neglecting the problem 138 3 Methods 139 4 Profile of the studied group 141 5 Why is it better to go to Cyprus without children? 142 6 “When the state is stepmother, the mother’s warmth is in... Skype” 144 7 Left in Belogradchik 146 8 Conclusion 147 References 148 10 Women and Families: Mobility Strategies 150 1 Introduction 150 2 Some preliminary remarks: Roma people and gender 152 3 Mobilities, Strategies, Families 155 4 Cases and families 157 5 Final remarks 160 References 162 11 Children and Socialization: Crossing Social and Cultural Boundaries 164 1 Introduction 164 2 Crossing Boundaries 167 3 Freerunning 169 4 Dance 1 171 5 Dance 2 173 6 Football 175 References 178 12 Parents’ neighborhood integration in two ethnically diverse low-income neighborhoods 181 1 Introduction 181 2 Research questions and sample area 183 2.1 Research Design and Measures 185 2.2 Results 186 2.3 Individual characteristics: 190 3 Conclusions 191 References 193 13 Comparing seemingly different living environments. Focusing on children`s perspectives 195 1 Introduction 195 2 Unequal childhood against the background of social and physical spaces 197 3 Socialization in the context of space 199 4 Research with children – methodological approaches to compare different childhoods 199 5 Focusing on children’s perspectives: participatory photo interview and group discussion 201 6 Analyzing of Photo Interview Material 202 7 Similarities of living environments: An example 203 8 Discussion of approach – Perspective of comparative research with children 207 References 208 14 Growing up in a disadvantaged. Preventing neighborhood effects and promoting positive youth development through sports using the example Plovdiv-Stolipinovo 211 1 Introduction 211 2 Discrimination and segregation of Roma in Europe 213 3 Neighborhood effects 216 4 Research question and design 219 5 Research conditions, description and limitations 221 6 Results 223 7 Results: Interview with the trainer of a football club 223 7.1 Structure of the organization and conditions for entry 223 7.2 Restrictions of the everyday life in Stolipinovo 223 7.3 Positive effects of being member in a sports offering 224 8 Results: View of the youth 225 8.1 Everyday life in Stolipinovo 225 8.2 Places they like 225 8.3 Places they do not like 226 9 Conclusion 227 References 229 Authors 233 The authors focus on families who organize their lives in transnational social spaces within and at the outer borders of Europe, to offer a new perspective on transnational family life and to advance the knowledge on borders drawn by social inequality, discrimination and political exclusion. They also discuss social mobility as inheriting different life worlds, while crossing borders. The research on the socialization of children, raised in different societies provides a better understanding of the new generations in Europe from the beginning of the XXI c. The variety of methods presented in this book is also a contribution to link Western and Eastern European perspectives as well as sociology and anthropology in order to capture a wider spectrum of social reality. Contents • Transnational Family Life • Urban Sociology • European Sociology Target Groups • Researchers and students in the social sciences, migration research, social work, anthropology and sociology • Practitioners in the field of migration, family, community and social work The Editors Dr. Banu Çıtlak, Assoc. Prof., University of Applied Science and Arts Dortmund, Germany. Dr. Sebastian Kurtenbach, research assistant, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG), Bielefeld University, Germany. Megan Lueneburg, fulbright researcher, architect, curator, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Dr. Meglena Zlatkova, Assoc. Prof., Department of Ethnology, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria Front Matter....Pages I-VI Introduction....Pages 1-5 Studying transnationalism....Pages 7-27 Spatial Transnationalism: An analytical approach....Pages 29-43 Spatial segregation and the unequal educational pathways of children in urban areas....Pages 45-59 Development of participation in early childhood education and care in Europe in relation to social inequality and migration....Pages 61-80 Moving in together and marrying for the first time....Pages 81-98 Migration, family life and cultural inheritance....Pages 99-121 Socialist family as a biopolitical dispositive....Pages 123-134 More than to Raise a Child from a Distance....Pages 135-148 Women and Families: Mobility Strategies....Pages 149-162 Children and Socialization: Crossing Social and Cultural Boundaries....Pages 163-179 Parents’ neighborhood integration in two ethnically diverse low-income neighborhoods....Pages 181-194 Comparing seemingly different living environments....Pages 195-210 Growing up in a disadvantaged neighborhood....Pages 211-232 Back Matter....Pages 233-235