The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 2, c.700–c.900 (The New Cambridge Medieval History, Series Number 2)

This volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers most of the period of Frankish and Carolingian dominance in western Europe. It was one of remarkable political and cultural coherence, combined with crucial, very diverse and formative developments in every sphere of life. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the authors examine the interaction between rulers and ruled, how power and authority actually worked, and the society and culture of Europe as a whole. The volume is divided into four parts. Part I encompasses the events and political developments in the whole of the British Isles, the west and east Frankish kingdoms, Scandinavia, the Slavic and Balkan regions, Spain, Italy, and those aspects of Byzantine and Muslim history which impinged on the west between c. 700 and c. 900. Parts II, III and IV cover themes and topics concerning church and society, and cultural and intellectual developments. Title Copyright CONTENTS MAPS TABLES PLATES CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS PART I POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: SOURCES AND INTERPRETATION CHAPTER 2(a) ENGLAND, 700-900 CHAPTER 2(b) IRELAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES, f.700 TO THE EARLY ELEVENTH CENTURY IRELAND SCOTLAND WALES CHAPTER 2(c) ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT CHAPTER 3 FRANKISH GAUL TO 814 CHAPTER 4 THE FRANKISH KINGDOMS, 814-898: THE WEST SCANDINAVIANS AND OTHERS REGNUM AND REGNA AFTER CHARLES THE BALD CHAPTER 5 THE FRANKISH KINGDOMS, 817-911: THE EAST AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS CHAPTER 6 FINES IMPERII: THE MARCHES CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE DEFINING THE FRONTIER THE POLITICS OF THE PERIPHERY THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE PERIPHERY CHAPTER 7 THE VIKINGS IN FRANCIA AND ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND TO 911 CHAPTER 8 SCANDINAVIA, c. 700-1066 EARLY ATTEMPTS TO INTRODUCE CHRISTIANITY END OF THE FIRST DANISH EMPIRE HARALD FAIRHAIR IN NORWAY ICELAND DANISH RECOVERY: THE JELLINGE DYNASTY OLAV TRYGGVESSON IN NORWAY THE DANISH CONQUEST OF ENGLAND OLAV HARALDSSON IN NORWAY MAGNUS THE GOOD AND HARALD HARDRADA IN NORWAY SVEIN ESTRIDSON IN DENMARK CHAPTER 9 SLAVS AND BULGARS CHAPTER 10 THE MUSLIMS IN EUROPE THE MUSLIMS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN THE MUSLIMS IN SICILY AND SOUTHERN ITALY THE MUSLIM WEST: THE CONQUEST AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ALANDALUS(711—912) CHAPTER 11 SPAIN: THE NORTHERN KINGDOMS AND THE BASQUES, 711-910 THE KINGDOM OF THE ASTURIAS, 718-910 THE KINGDOM OF PAMPLONA, 799-905 CHAPTER 12 LOMBARD AND CAROLINGIAN ITALY THE LOMBARD STATE THE KINGS AND ITALY THE DOMINATION OF THE FRANKS THE AUTONOMOUS KINGDOM CHAPTER 13 BYZANTINE ITALY, c. 680-c. 876 BYZANTINE ITALY IN 680 THE LAST DECADES OF BYZANTINE RULE 751 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES ROME AND ITS DUCHY THE EXARCHATE AND THE PENTAPOLIS VENICE AND ISTRIA THE DUCHY OF NAPLES THE DUCHIES OF CALABRIA AND OTRANTO SICILY SARDINIA CONCLUSION CHAPTER 14 BYZANTIUM AND THE WEST, 700-900 EARLY MEDIEVAL BYZANTIUM BYZANTINE-WESTERN TRADE? POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS CULTURAL INTERACTION BETWEEN BYZANTIUM AND THE WEST CONCLUSIONS PART II GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER 15 KINGSHIP AND ROYAL GOVERNMENT INTRODUCTION THE BASES OF POWER THE SOCIOLOGY OF POWER THE LOGISTICS OF POWER THE IDEOLOGY OF POWER CHAPTER 16 THE ARISTOCRACY CHAPTER 17 SOCIAL AND MILITARY INSTITUTIONS INTRODUCTION THE SOCIAL ORDER Problems in applying modern categories to social history: the character oj early medieval society Early medieval' theories' of social classification Social reality in the early middle ages: some main features SOCIAL BONDS Family and kindred The warrior retinue and 'feudal institutions' Landlordsbip and estate management Community life and local associations SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MILITARY INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER 18 ECONOMIC ORGANISATION DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES STRUCTURE AND EXPLOITATION CRAFT AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION TRADE AND TOWNS CHAPTER 19 RURAL SOCIETY IN CAROLINGIAN EUROPE URGELL AND PALLARS EAST BRITTANY DIENHEIM COLOGNO MONZESE CHAPTER 20 MONEY AND COINAGE THE RETREAT OF GOLD THE NEW SILVER CURRENCY COINAGE IN THE NINTH CENTURY THE BULLION ECONOMIES OF NORTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE PART III CHURCH AND SOCIETY CHAPTER 21 THE PAPACY IN THE EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES THE SOURCES FOR PAPAL HISTORY THE PAPACY IN ITS ROMAN AND ITALIAN SETTING THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE ROMAN CHURCH THE PAPACY AND THE CHRISTIAN WORLD THE IDEA OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL PAPACY CHAPTER 22 THE ORGANISATION, LAW AND LITURGY OF THE WESTERN CHURCH, 700-900 ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANISATION Territorial structures in the organisation of the western church Ecclesiastical structures THE ORGANISATION OF PERSONNEL IN THE CHURCH Personnel in the church in Spain Personnel in the Gallo-Frankish churches Personnel in the church of Rome THE LAW OF THE WESTERN CHURCH FROM 700—900 THE LITURGY OF THE WESTERN CHURCH FROM 700—900 CHAPTER 23 CAROLINGIAN MONASTICISM: THE POWER OF PRAYER MONASTERIA Royal abbeys Abbots and bishops, monks and clerics Reform Lay abbots VITA COMMUNIS Claustrum versus saeculum Recruitment Discipline Communities of prayer CHAPTER 24 RELIGION AND LAY SOCIETY BAPTISM AND COMMUNITY Festivals and worship SIN AND SALVATION INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY AND SOCIAL ORDER DEATH AND BURIAL PART IV CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS CHAPTER 25 EIGHTH-CENTURY FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 26 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN CAROLINGIAN EUROPE LINGUISTIC FRONTIERS EUROPEAN LANDMARKS BREAKS AND CONTINUITIES LINGUISTIC LATTICES AND CULTURAL NEBULAE ORDER FROM CHAOS CHAPTER 27 THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE: EDUCATION AND LITERARY CULTURE THE IMPETUS FOR LEARNING SCHOOLS AND LEARNING THE CURRICULUM LITERARY CULTURE CHAPTER 28 THEOLOGY AND THE ORGANISATION OF THOUGHT ADOPTIONISM THE DEBATE ON THE TRINITY THE DEBATE ON PREDESTINATION ICONOCLASM AND THE TOOLS OF SALVATION DEFINING THE EUCHARIST THE DEBATE ON THE SOUL THE PHOTIAN SCHISM THE NATURE OF DEBATE CHAPTER 29 BOOK PRODUCTION IN THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE AND THE SPREAD OF CAROLINE MINUSCULE CHAPTER 30 ART AND ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION PATRONAGE THE PERSONALITY OF IMAGES ICONOCLASM AND THE IMAGE QUESTION ICONOGRAPHY ARCHITECTURE SCULPTURE, IVORY CARVING, METALWORK AND TEXTILES PAINTING AND BOOK ILLUMINATION CONCLUSION APPENDIX: GENEALOGICAL TABLES PRIMARY SOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SECONDARY WORKS ARRANGED BY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: SOURCES AND INTERPRETATION 2(a) ENGLAND, 700—900 2(b) IRELAND, SCOTLAND, AND WALES, C. 7OO TO THE EARLY ELEVENTH CENTURY 2(c) ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT 3 FRANKISH GAUL TO 814 4 THE FRANKISH KINGDOMS, 814-898: THE WEST 5 THE FRANKISH KINGDOMS, 817-911: THE EAST AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS 6 FINES IMPERII: THE MARCHES General Brittany Septimania and Hispania Bohemia - Moravia - Pannonia Venice - Friuli - Istria - Dalmatia Central-southern Italy Frisians - Danes - Elbe Slavs 7 THE VIKINGS IN FRANCIA AND ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND TO 911 8 SCANDINAVIA, c. 700-1066 9 SLAVS AND BULGARS 10 THE MUSLIMS IN EUROPE The eastern Mediterranean The Muslims in southern Italy and Sicily The Muslims in the Iberian peninsula 11 SPAIN: THE NORTHERN KINGDOMS AND THE BASQUES, 711-910 12 LOMBARD AND CAROLINGIAN ITALY I History of Italy, general II, 1 The Lombards, general II, 2 The Lombard state II, 3 Lombard duchies II, 4 Ecclesiastical structures and life II, 5 Political history in the eighth century III, 1 Carolingians: political history III, 2 Institutions of the state III, 3 Ecclesiastical organisation III, 4 Society in the ninth century III, 5 Town and regional histories 13 BYZANTINE ITALY, c.6S0-c. 876 14 BYZANTIUM AND THE WEST 15 KINGSHIP AND ROYAL GOVERNMENT 16 THE ARISTOCRACY 17 SOCIAL AND MILITARY INSTITUTIONS General works The social order Social theory Social classes Minorities Women Social bonds Family and kindred Follower ship and feudal institutions The seigneurial system Local associations Military institutions 18 ECONOMIC ORGANISATION General and regional Demography (including alimentation, clearances) Technique (including landscape, settlement Manorial organisation General and regional Sources Monographs Mansus Special problems (demesne, services, etc.) Royal domains Economic aspects Craft and industry Towns and trade 19 RURAL SOCIETY IN CAROLINGIAN EUROPE 20 MONEY AND COINAGE 21 THE PAPACY IN THE EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES 22 THE ORGANISATION, LAW AND LITURGY OF THE WESTERN CHURCH, 700-900 23 CAROLINGIAN MONASTICISM: THE POWER OF PRAYER 24 RELIGION AND LAY SOCIETY Introductory and general Baptism and community Festivals and worship Sin and salvation Individual identity and social order Death and burial 25 EIGHTH-CENTURY FOUNDATIONS General guides Works mentioned in the text 26 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN CAROLINGIAN EUROPE 27 THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE: EDUCATION AND LITERARY CULTURE 28 THEOLOGY AND THE ORGANISATION OF THOUGHT 29 BOOK PRODUCTION IN THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE AND THE SPREAD OF CAROLINE MINUSCULE 30 ART AND ARCHITECTURE This volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers most of the period of Frankish and Carolingian dominance in western Europe. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the authors consider developments in Europe as a whole, from Ireland to the Bosphorus and Iceland to Gibraltar. The chapters offer an examination of the interaction between rulers and ruled, of how power and authority actually worked, and of the impact of these on the society and culture of Europe as a whole. The volume is divided into four parts. Part I encompasses the events and political developments in the whole of the British Isles, the west and east Frankish kingdoms, Scandinavia, the Slavic and Balkan regions, Spain, Italy, and those aspects of Byzantine and Muslim history which impinged on the west between c.700 and c.900. Parts II, III and IV cover common themes and topics within the general categories of government and institutions, the church and society, and cultural and intellectual development The complete seven volumes of The New Cambridge Medieval History provides all those interested in the medieval world with the definitive work of reference on the subject. Authoritative and written by leading scholars in the field, the History is a landmark in the field of historical publishing. Volume 4 is divided into two parts.