عصب‌شناسی افسردگی: ویژگی‌ها، تشخیص و درمان

__The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment__, is a comprehensive reference to the diagnosis and treatment of depression. This book provides readers with the mechanisms of depression reflecting on the interplay between depression and the biological and psychosocial processes. A detailed introduction to various episodes of depression, from PTSD to post-partum depression is provided, followed by a thorough discussion on biomarkers in depression and how to diagnose depression including the Hamilton Depression Rating scale. This book also includes three full sections on treatment options for depression, including pharmacological, behavioral and other novel regimes. __The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment__ is the only resource for researchers and practitioners studying, diagnosis and treating of depression. Front Cover The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment Copyright Contents Contributors Foreword Preface Part I: Depression: Introductory chapters Chapter 1: Clinical staging in depression Introduction Clinical staging in depression Clinical staging and progression in depression First clinical staging model proposal for unipolar depression Staging model proposed by Hetrick Potential interventions according to clinical stages Clinical staging and treatment-resistant depression The Thase and Rush staging model The Massachusetts General Hospital staging method The Maudsley staging method The Dutch measure for quantification of treatment resistance in depression Conclusion Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 2: Neurodevelopmental theory of depression Introduction Early childhood experience and personality traits The affective and rational system-The basis for personality formation Epigenetics Emotional immunity or immune emotionality?-The key to understanding depression Mothers fear as well as grandmothers fear as a source of depression Early childhood trauma Glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis-Epigenetics again? Personality of the 21st century Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 3: Depression after pregnancy Introduction Preamble Definition Epidemiology Magnitude of the problem Risk factors Protective factors Consequences of postpartum depression Neurobiological basis of PPD Neurobiological theories Conclusion Management of PPD Prevention of PPD Key facts in screening for PPD Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 4: Modeling maternal depression during pregnancy: Rodent models of major depressive disorder with peripartum onset Introduction Characteristics of animal models of maternal depression Several strains of rats proved amiable in studies of maternal depression Mice strains frequently used in models of maternal depression Face validity of animal models of maternal depression; symptoms and other physiological markers that resemble those found i ... Time equivalence of human and animal pregnancy and the relative chronology of human and rat development concerning the embr ... The delay of physiological response to stress is a critical aspect of a stress-induced animal model of depression Construct validity of maternal models of depression: The mode of induction of depression Predictive validity of rodent models of maternal depression: Response to antidepressants Summary of studies addressing the impact of maternal depression on preadolescent and adolescent offspring Future animal models of maternal depression Conclusions Key facts of maternal depression during pregnancy Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 5: Depression in mothers and mental health in their children: Impact, risk factors, and interventions List of abbreviations Introduction Effects of maternal depression on mental health of children Mother-child bonding Attachment Child development Sleep disturbances Externalizing problems Internalizing problems Suicidal ideation Risk factors Demographic factors Child factors Family factors Illness factors Resilience factors Interventions to reduce the impact of maternal depression on children Screening of mother for PPD Screening children for psychological well-being Effective treatment of the mother Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) High-quality childcare School-based interventions Home visitation Conclusion Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 6: The neuroscience of depression: Mechanisms and treatments Introduction Overview of depression in students Screening depression Treatment and management The setting Targeting depressive symptoms The biopsychosocial intervention Risk behaviors in students Suicidal thoughts and attempt Non-suicidal self-injury Substance abuse Conclusion Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 7: Depression in disasters and traumatic events Introduction Clinical diagnosis and standardized assessment instruments for depression Clinical diagnosis of depressive disorder Standardized scales of depression Depression after natural disasters and traumatic events Consequences of depression after natural disasters and traumatic events Causes and risk factors of depression Risk factors for depression after natural disasters among different population Risk factors for depression among different trauma types Biological factors and depression after disaster events Implications and suggestions Key facts of depression Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 8: Depression and associated Alzheimers disease Introduction Coexistence of depression and Alzheimers disease Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Chronic inflammation in depression and Alzheimer ́s disease Impairment of neurotrophin signaling in depression and Alzheimer ́s disease Alteration in monoamines level TGF signaling Long-term potentiation alteration Oxidative stress Therapeutic management of AD Conclusion Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 9: Comorbidities of depression and Parkinsons disease Introduction Depression in Parkinsons disease Pathophysiology of stress leading to depression Biochemical scheme of depression Coexistence of Parkinson disease and depression 5HT receptors and Parkinsons disease Role of serotonin in depression associated with Parkinsons disease Clinically available serotonergic drugs Noradrenergic systems in the central nervous system The locus coeruleus (LC) Role of NA in PD symptoms Indication for the interaction between DA and NA in PD The locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in PD Conclusion Key facts of comorbidities of depression and Parkinsons disease Mini-dictionary of terms Summary points References Chapter 10: Understanding the relationship between depression and alcohol among students Introduction Examining the association between alcohol and depression in students Alcohol-related variables and depression: Which ones do correlate and among who? Interventions regarding alcohol and depression among students Exploring the causal relationships between alcohol and depression among students Influence of mental health on alcohol and depression Alcohol and depression: How do they relate to suicidal ideation? The relationship between alcohol, depression, and anxiety Influence of sociodemographic variables on alcohol and depression The role of gender in the relationship between alcohol and depression Other factors related to alcohol and depression Influence of drinking motives on alcohol and depression Relationship between depressive symptoms, drinking to cope, and other variables Coping motives as a hindering factor for nonpharmacological interventions Other drinking motives and its relationship with depressive symptoms Key facts of alcohol and depression among students Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 11: Depression in obesity Introduction Obesity Depression in obesity Cross-sectional or prospective studies Systematic reviews Commit suicide attempts/suicides, depression, and obesity Conclusion Key facts of obese people in bariatric surgeries Summary points Examples of mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 12: Heart rate variability and depression Introduction HRV measurement Association of depression and HRV Indices of HRV that are associated with depression HRV and depression, cause and consequence Heart rate variability as a marker of depression Influence of gender and age in HRV of depressed and nondepressed subjects HRV in depression and cardiovascular comorbidity The effect of antidepressants on HRV HRV and response to depression treatment Treating depression by intervention on the autonomic system Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 13: Neuroinflammation and depression General aspects of neuroinflammation Evidence about neuroinflammation in depression Preclinical research Human subjects research Mechanisms whereby neuroinflammation leads to alterations in brain structure/function in depression: Lessons from animal models Peripheral inflammation and brain function in depression Possible origins of increased neuroinflammation in depression Neuroinflammation-related mediators as biomarkers of depression Neuroinflammation as commonplace for stress and depression Anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants Antiinflammatory agents in depression Clinical implications and future research Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 14: Interlinking antidepressants and the immune system Introduction The immune system in the depression Innate immunity in the depression Adaptive immunity in the depression Influence of antidepressants on the immune system Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Tricyclicantidepressants Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants and others Conclusions Key facts Key facts of the immune system in the depression Key facts of the influence of antidepressants on the immune system Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Part II: Biomarkers and diagnosis Chapter 15: Assessment scoring tools of depression Introduction Depression as a public health issue Overview Screening depression The diagnosis of depression Rating scales Comments Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 16: The Beck depression inventory: Uses and applications Introduction Versions Content description Target population Application Guidelines Interpretation of scores Validity Criterion validity Construct validity Structural validity Item response theory BDI-II in medical settings Factors that affect the score Limitations Comments How to obtain Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 17: Hamilton depression rating scale: Uses and applications Introduction Administration and uses Scoring and interpretation Indication for the use of the HDRS Validity and reliability Limitations Key facts of the Hamilton depression rating scale Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 18: The patient health questionnaire (PHQ) Introduction Content and scoring Abbreviated versions Psychometric characteristics Screening and case-finding properties Comparison with other psychometric instruments Special populations Conclusions Key facts of PHQ Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 19: Screening for antenatal depression (AND) using self-report questionnaires: Conceptual issues and measurement ... Introduction The etiological paradox of PDD Screening for AND: Measurement issues Measuring continuity of PDD across the reproductive spectrum Psychometric characteristics Screening measure item content and overlaps Screening for AND: Which measures perform best? The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) The ``Whooley questions ́ ́ Beyond guidelines: Other questionnaires for the detection of depression Conclusion Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 20: Edinburgh postnatal depression scale: Description and applications Introduction Edinburgh postnatal depression scale Applications Neuroscience research Case detection Clinical characterization Case formulation and treatment implementation Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 21: The death depression scale: Description and applications The death depression scale (DDS) The DDS items Death depression, death anxiety, and death obsession Heterogeneity of DDS items Correlates of DDS scores Religiosity Age Sex Other correlates Interventions The death depression scale-revised (DDS-R) Reliability Heterogeneity of items Associations with death anxiety and death obsession Correlates of DDS-R scores Comment Discussion Key facts of the death depression scale (DDS) Mini-dictionary of terms References Further reading Chapter 22: The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale: Features and applications Introduction Test description Theoretical basis Test development Psychometric properties Reliability Validity Validity of extending the DASS to additional populations and administration formats Age of administration Translations Computerized administration Applications Research applications Clinical applications Screening Measuring treatment outcomes Progress monitoring Summary Strengths Limitations and future directions Conclusion Key facts of translations/adaptations of tests or measures Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Further reading Chapter 23: Arabic version of the two-question quick inventory of depression (QID-2-AR): Description and applications Introduction Human plague Negative impacts of depression Depression undetected and undiagnosed Burden time and effort to screening of depression Difficulty of detecting depression Depressed mood and anhedonia Effective screening Multiple cultures recommended of QID-2 QID-2 test alternative of scales Utility of QID-2 Description of QID-2 Description of diagnostic cutoff value for the QID-2 Recommendations the threshold score of QID-2 Applications of QID-2 and recommendations Discussion Implications of QID-2 in care for good clinical practice QID-2, depression, clinicians, patients, busy clinics, and wartime Conclusion Key facts of depression Key facts of QID-2 Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 24: Depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease Depression and cardiovascular disease What is a biomarker? Associations between depression and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease Functional biomarkers Autonomic dysfunction Cardiac vagal tone Heart rate variability Metabolic dysfunction Endothelial dysfunction Circulating biomarkers Inflammation Oxidative stress Brain natriuretic peptide Cortisol Catecholamines Structural biomarkers Coronary artery calcification Carotid intima-media thickness Psychosocial factors impacting the depression-biomarkers relationship Limitations of measuring biomarkers Future directions Summary and conclusions Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 25: Thioredoxin as an antioxidant protein as a marker in depression Introduction Role of oxidative stress in depressive disorder Thioredoxin antioxidant system Trx system in neurodegenerative diseases Trx system in depression Key facts of thioredoxin Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 26: Methods of neuroimaging in depression: Applications to resting-state functional connectivity Introduction Default mode network Central executive network (CEN) Salience network Childhood and adolescence Default mode network Central executive network Salience network Other approaches Adulthood Default mode network Central executive network Salience network Conclusions Summary points References Chapter 27: Neural markers of depression in MRI Introduction Introduction and concept of MRI and FMRI Hypothetic model in depression Structural neural marker in MDD: GM aspect Structural neural marker in MDD: WM aspect Functional neural marker in MDD: Task FMRI aspect Functional neural marker in MDD: Rs-FMRI aspect Key facts of neural MRI markers in MDD Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Part III: Pharmacological treatments for depression Chapter 28: Angiotensin receptor 1 blockade as an antidepression strategy Introduction Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the brain Experimental data and clinical studies Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Diabetes and comorbid depression Key facts of role of RAAS in mood disorders Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 29: The link between cannabinoids and depression Introduction Distribution of cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system Cannabinoid receptor signaling pathways Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Clinical evidence Cannabinoids and depression disorder: Preclinical evidence Possible mechanisms in the effects of cannabinoids on depression Conclusion Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 30: Agomelatine: Profile and applications to depression Introduction Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and drug interactions Clinical efficacy in depressive episodes Major depression Bipolar depression Depression in medical comorbidities Side effect profile Serious adverse events Liver function abnormalities Withdrawal syndrome Safety on overdose Conclusions Key facts of agomelatine Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 31: Bumetanide and use in depressive states Summary points Key facts Mini-dictionary of terms Chloride homeostasis and depression Hippocampal plasticity Hippocampal neurogenesis Hippocampal apoptosis during depression GABAergic neurotransmission impairment Depression and chloride homeostasis hypothesis Perspective in the use of bumetanide as a therapeutic agent Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced depression What is bumetanide? Way of action Analogs Postischemic depression and bumetanide Bumetanide in epilepsy Bumetanide and autism Parkinson ́s disease and bumetanide Bumetanide and schizophrenia References Chapter 32: Linking citalopram, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and depressed pregnant women Introduction Development of serotonergic systems Role of 5-HT in neural development and behavior Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs Prenatal exposure to SSRIs in humans Deficits in early development Behavior Effects of prenatal SSRI administration in normal pregnant rodents Early development Behavior 5-HT signaling SSRI administration to stressed mothers: Effect on offspring behavior Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 33: Citalopram and its use in sleep-deprivation-induced depression Introduction Prevalence of SD Sleep loss as a risk factor for depression Sleep deprivation-induced molecular deficits-Effects of antidepressants Calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Synaptic plasticity and SD Effects of CTM on SD-induced depression Concluding remarks Key facts about sleep deprivation Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 34: Monoaminergic system and antidepressants Introduction Serotonin Serotonin and noradrenaline transporters and antidepressants Monoamine oxidase and antidepressants Serotonin receptors and antidepressants Noradrenaline and adrenaline NE and antidepressants Tricyclics antidepressants (TCA) NRI (noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors) SNRI (serotonin-noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors) NDRI (noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitors) NaSSA (noradrenergic and specific serotoninergic antidepressants) Triple reuptake inhibitors (TRI) MAO-Is Other NE-related drugs having antidepressant actions Dopamine and antidepressants DA and first-line antidepressants DA and norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) Dopamine and triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs) DA and rapid-acting antidepressants Other monoamines (histamine, melatonin, and tryptamine hallucinogens) Histaminergic system and antidepressants Melatonergic system and antidepressants Serotonergic hallucinogens and antidepressants Conclusion Key facts of antidepressants Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 35: Duloxetine usage in depression Introduction Pharmacokinetic profile Duloxetine for depression and its associated symptoms Effects of duloxetine on depression in gynecology and obstetrics Effects of duloxetine on treatment-resistant depression Effects of duloxetine on depression with comorbidities Side effects Key facts of duloxetine Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 36: Escitalopram and blonanserin as antidepressant agents linking in neurotrophic mechanisms Introduction: Modern molecular theory of depression BDNF as a leading player in depression Role of BDNF in corticosterone hormone stress-induced depression model BDNF signaling activation and underlying mechanisms Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression-Early life adversity Trophic mechanism in chronic, recurrent depression-Adolescent Possible antidepressant activity as adjunctive agent Potential mechanism of antidepressant action induced by blonanserin Possible BDNF/GABA activation by blonanserin through D3 receptors Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 37: (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine as a novel antidepressant and its role in the antidepressant actions of (R,S)-ketamine Introduction Metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine Antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK Mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of (2R,6R)-HNK Role of (2R,6R)-HNK in the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine Does (2R,6R)-HNK have antidepressant potential? Is formation of (2R,6R)-HNK essential for (R)-ketamine to exert its antidepressant effects? Conclusion Key facts of major depressive disorder Summary points Mini-directory of terms References Chapter 38: Linking 5-hydroxytryptamine to antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine and social stress model Introduction 5-Hydroxytryptamine, synthesis, and metabolism 5-HT processing (R,S)-Ketamine Brief history of (R,S)-ketamine Antidepressant-like effect of (R,S)-ketamine in rodents Antidepressant effect of (R,S)-ketamine in humans (R)-Ketamine Linking 5-HT and the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in a chronic social stress model Chronic social defeat stress Role of 5-HT in antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and its enantiomers Conclusion Key facts Summary points References Chapter 39: Mirtazapine: Multitarget strategies for treating substance use disorder and depression Introduction Substance use disorder (SUD) MDD-SUD comorbidity Neurobiological mechanisms of DD (MDD-SUD) Mirtazapine Mirtazapine-SUD Preclinical studies Clinical trials Preclinical studies in models of polydrug Selective agent therapies Multitarget therapy Conclusion and future perspectives Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Part IV: Counselling, psychotherapy and behavioural treatments for depression Chapter 40: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression Overview Mindfulness-based interventions and depression MBCT for prevention of depressive relapse MBCT in the treatment of current depression MBCT for TRD Mechanisms of change in MBCT MBCT for depression associated with chronic illness Summary and future directions in the use of MBCT Key facts of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 41: Online programs for depression Introduction The structure and function of online programs Self-guided vs clinician-supported programs Evidence for the effectiveness of online programs Examples of effective programs Opportunities and challenges in delivering online programs The future of online programs Conclusion Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 42: Clay art therapy on emotion regulation: Research, theoretical underpinnings, and treatment mechanisms Introduction Section one: Emotion regulation: Research and theories relating visual art to neuroscience Constructs of emotion regulation Emotion regulation in relation to the left/right hemispheric brain Treatment efficacy of art therapy on emotion regulation Section two: Therapeutic functions of clay on emotion regulation Haptic and proprioceptive sensations in clay work helps build mindful awareness of the physical environment Sensational processes of touch from creating clay art attunes the psychobiological arousal system Facilitation of soothing and expressing difficult emotions Increasing cognitive abilities and expressing abstract ideas by creating three-dimensional objects Section three: Treatment mechanisms of clay art therapy for emotion regulation Theoretical underpinnings: Expressive therapies continuum Bottom-up approach of clay art therapy for emotion regulation Goals and stages of clay art therapy Stage one Stage two Concluding comments Future research direction Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Further Reading Chapter 43: Solution-focused counseling and its use in postpartum depression List of abbreviations Introduction Solution-focused brief therapy and counseling Solution-focused brief therapy principles How are the solutions made? Solution-focused brief therapy methods and techniques Highlighting strengths and resources Admiration Using future language or taking a presuppositional position Changing the attitude Finding and highlighting exceptions Miracle questions Using the important word The structure of solution-focused brief therapy and counseling Solution-focused brief therapy as a practical skill in preventing postpartum blues and depression Mini-dictionary of terms Key facts of solution-focused brief therapy Summary points References Chapter 44: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive emotional training (CET) as a novel tr ... Introduction Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) Clinical effects of tDCS in MDD Rationale for combining tDCS and CET in MDD Cognitive emotional training (CET) Clinical effects of CET Preliminary evidence for clinical effects of tDCS combined with CET Neurophysiological effects of tDCS combined with CET Electroencephalography (EEG) Frontal alpha asymmetry Frontal theta Task-related EEG Event-related potentials Event-related synchronization and desynchronization Preliminary EEG results of tDCS combined with CET Conclusions and future research Key facts of tDCS and CET Summary points References Part V: Other aspects of treatment: Specific groups, monitoring and novel regimens Chapter 45: Putative effects of cannabidiol in depression and synaptic plasticity Introduction Cannabidiol pharmacology and therapeutic potential The effects of CBD in animal models of depression CBD effects on depressed patients Final considerations Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 46: Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression Introduction Clinical trials on taVNS treatment of depression Potential side effects of taVNS Potential mechanisms underlying taVNS treatment of depression Modulating the brain network associated with the pathophysiology of depression Modulating default mode network Modulating reward/motivation network Modulating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Modulating interoception Modulating the inflammation system Other potential mechanisms Challenges and future directions Locations Stimulation frequency Dose effect Future directions Key facts of taVNS Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 47: Exercise for depression as a primary and comorbid with obesity disorder: A narrative Introduction Clinical evidence for exercise for MDD as a primary disorder Meta-analytic studies for exercise and MDD Clinical attributes of trials reviewed by meta-analyses Meta-analysis for AE in adult MDD patients in mental health services Pragmatic evidence for exercise and depression Ideographic vs nomothetic exercise Pragmatic trial ideographic vs nomothetic exercise for depression Individual clinical significant analysis Exercise for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder Additional exercise trials for depression as a comorbid with obesity disorder Collective evidence Key facts of the safety of exercise for depressed patients Summary points References Examples of mini-dictionary of terms Chapter 48: Acupressure and depression: A scientific narrative Introduction Basic concepts of acupressure Traditional Chinese medicine perspectives Biomedical perspectives Application of acupressure Acupressure techniques General guidelines Safety and precautions Research evidences for the effect of acupressure on depression Acupressure techniques, frequency, and duration Common acupoints for depression Implications for clinical practice and research Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 49: Potential beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium breve A1 on cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders Microbiota-gut-brain axis MGB axis in Alzheimers disease MGB axis in schizophrenia Bifidobacterium breve A1 as probiotics Administration of B. breve A1 to subjects with mild cognitive impairment Effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia No significant change in the gut microbiota was observed, but B. breve A1 may have affected gut epithelial barrier function Dietary habits and baseline gut microbiota could influence the effect of B. breve A1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms Conclusions and perspectives Key facts Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 50: Coenzyme Q10 and depression A brief introduction to depression treatment regimens CoQ10 and its pharmacological application Toxicity Therapeutic uses of CoQ10 Correlation of CoQ10 with depression Conclusion Key facts of mice behavioral tests Key facts of human depression studies Key facts of oxidative stress and antioxidants Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 51: Gene expression in major depressive disorder: Peripheral tissue and brain-based studies Introduction Gene expression and its measurement Candidate gene vs whole-genome approaches Confounding, expression, and causality Differential expression (DE) studies Gene expression as mediators of genetic risk Tissue specificity and the use of surrogate markers Peripheral tissue studies in MDD Brain-based studies in MDD Single-cell sequencing Emerging themes Integration with genetic risk Future directions Triangulation and strengthening of causal claims Summary Summary points Mini-dictionary of terms References Chapter 52: Electroconvulsive therapy for depression: Effectiveness, cognitive side-effects, and mechanisms of action Summary of ECT effectiveness research Cognit The Neuroscience of Depression: Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behaviour and Diet is a comprehensive reference to the aspects, features and effects of depression. This book provides readers with the behavior and psychopathological effects of depression, linking anxiety, anger and PSTD to depression. Readers are provided with a detailed outline of the genetic aspects of depression including synaptic genes and the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression, followed by a thorough analysis of the neurological and imaging techniques used to study depression. This book also includes three full sections on the various effects of depression, including diet, nutrition and molecular and cellular effects. The Neuroscience of Depression: Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behaviour and Diet is the only resource for researchers and practitioners studying depression.

The Neuroscience of Depression: Features, Diagnosis and Treatment

• Covers a pharmacological and behavioral treatment options
• Features sections on diagnosis and biomarkers of depression
• Discusses depression in children, teens and adults
• Contains information on comorbidity of physical and mental conditions
• Includes more than 250 illustrations and tables

The Neuroscience of Depression: Genetics, Cell Biology, Neurology, Behaviour and Diet

• Features a section on neurological and imaging, including SPECT Neuroimaging
• Analyzes how diet and nutrition effect depression
• Examines the molecular and cellular effects of depression
• Covers genetics of depression
• Includes more than 250 illustrations and tables