The Nature of Peace and the Morality of Armed Conflict

This book explores topical issues in military ethics by according peace a central role within an interdisciplinary framework. Whilst war and peace have traditionally been viewed through the lens of philosophical enquiry, political issues and theological ideas - as well as common sense - have also influenced people’s understanding of armed conflicts with regards to both the moral issues they raise and the policies and actions they require. Comprised of fourteen essays on the role and application of peace, the book places emphasis on it’s philosophical, moral, theological, technological, and practical implications. Starting with an overview of Kantian perspectives on peace, it moves to discussions of the Just War debates, religious conceptualizations of peace, and the role of peace in modern war technology and cyber-security. Finally concluding with discussions of the psychological and medical impacts of war and peace on both the individual and the larger society, this collection offers a contribution to the field and will be of interest to a wide audience.__Chapters 4, 6 and 10 of this book are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.__ Acknowledgements 5 Contents 6 Editor and Contributors 9 List of Figures 13 List of Tables 15 1 Introduction 16 Kantian Perspectives 19 Just War Debates 20 Religious Perspectives on Peace 22 Technology, War and Peace 24 Peace in the Real World 26 Concluding Remarks 28 References 31 Part I Kantian Perspectives 32 Part I Kantian Perspectives 32 2 Recognition Theory and Kantian Cosmopolitanism 33 I 34 II 41 References 50 3 Pax Kantiana and Res Militaris: Kant’s Views on Peace, War and Military Affairs Revisited 53 Kant’s Understanding of War and Peace in the Context of the Enlightenment 55 Kant’s Views on War and Military Affairs 57 War, Military Affairs and the Categorical Imperative 60 The Military in the Framework of a Republican Constitution 62 Pax Kantiana and Res Militaris Yesterday and Today 65 References 72 Part II Just War Debates 76 Part II Just War Debates 76 4 Standards of Risk in War and Civil Life 77 Background 77 Consent, Benefit, and Reciprocation 80 Comparative Duties of Care 87 Conclusion 91 References 93 5 Military Necessity Through Peace? 95 Introduction 95 The Medical Analogy 99 The Peace-as-Happiness Thesis 104 References 116 6 Just War Thought and the Notion of Peace 117 Jus in Bello: Peace as the Absence of War 118 Jus in Bello: War and Peace as States-of-Affairs 118 Jus ad Bellum’s Paradox: War Intends Peace 120 Like War, Peace Emerges from a Context 121 The Practical Goal of Imperfect Peace 124 Building the Peace-Relation 129 Peace: What Kind of Good? 130 References 133 7 Terrorism, jus post bellum and the Prospect of Peace 135 Introduction 135 Terrorism and Prospect of Success 138 Terrorism and jus post bellum 142 Conclusion 147 References 151 Part III Religious Perspectives on Peace 153 Part III Religious Perspectives on Peace 153 Part III Religious Perspectives on Peace 153 8 Peace, Justice and Religious Humanism: A Jewish Perspective 154 Jewish Teachings: Torah, Bible and Rabbis 155 War, Peace and Justice in the Hebrew Bible 156 Rabbinic Teachings on Human Life, Justice and Self-Defense 162 World Peace as a Historical Goal: A Regime of International Justice 165 References 169 9 Once the Buddha Was a Warrior: Buddhist Pragmatism in the Ethics of Peace and Armed Conflict 170 Compassion Protects 175 Mahāyāna Sources 179 The Satyakaparivarta Sūtra 181 References 187 Part IV Technology, War and Peace 190 Part IV Technology, War and Peace 190 Part IV Technology, War and Peace 190 10 Civic Virtue and Cybersecurity 191 Introduction: The Problematic Landscape 191 Failures of the Rights Framework 193 Rights Versus Virtues 195 Moral Virtues and Civic Virtues 196 Rights and Virtues Reconsidered 199 Civil Rights, Civic Virtues, and Cybersecurity 202 Conclusion: Duties as Well as Rights 208 References 210 11 Weapons for Pacifism: Reconciling Ideas in Conflict 212 Making Sense of a Pacifist Weapon: What is a Weapon? 213 Value Sensitive Design and Weapons Technologies 215 Pacifism: No War and no Violence 217 Value Sensitive Design: “Designing in” and “Designing for” 218 Nuclear Weapons: Designing for/Anti-War Pacifism 219 Star Wars and the Iron Dome Defenses: Designing in/Anti-War Pacifism 221 Lethal Autonomous Robots: Designing for/Non-Violent Pacifism 224 Cyberweapons: Designing in/Non-Violent Pacifism 226 Pacifist Weapons: Signifying Existing Beliefs About Pacifism and VSD 227 References 230 12 Virtues for Peace: What Soldiers Can Do and Where Military Robotics Fails 232 References 249 13 Is Cyberpeace Possible? 252 Introduction 252 The Insecure Design of Cyberspace 255 Rise of the Cyberwar Discussion 258 Problems of Defining Cyberwar 261 Cyberpeace as a System Property 266 References 270 Part V Peace in the Real World 273 Part V Peace in the Real World 273 14 Psychological Contributions to Philosophy: The Cases of Just War Theory and Nonviolence 274 Psychology’s Seat at the Philosophical Table 275 Just War 278 Do Laypeople Think that “Just War” is Just? 279 Moral Values and Just War Theory 281 Do People’s Moral Foundations Influence Their Just War Judgments? 281 Does Personal Connection to a Conflict Affect Just War Judgements? 283 Identifying Limitations in Laypeople’s Application of Just War Principles 285 Fighting Violence with Nonviolence 286 Is Nonviolence a More Successful Strategy? and if so, Why? 288 Do Past Failed Nonviolent Movements and Personal Connection to the Conflict Decrease Support for Nonviolence? 292 The Success of Nonviolence Through the Moral High Ground 293 Summary 294 Conclusion 295 References 297 15 Medical Care During War: A Remainder and Prospect of Peace 299 Introduction 299 Acquis: lus in bello and the Care for the Wounded as a Remnant of Peace 301 Peace as the Aim of War 302 The Principle of Humanity as Leitmotiv of the ius in bello 303 Principles of IHL 304 Interim Conclusion: Legal Acquis and the Separate Spheres of War and Peace 306 Attacks on the Theoretical Acquis and on Health Care in Reality 308 Non-respect for Medical Care in Reality 308 Philosophical Attacks on the Protection of Medical Care 311 Arguments Against the Neutrality of Medicine 311 Medicine Seen as Contribution to an Unjust Threat 312 Affirmation: Medical Care as a Remainder of Peace During War 315 The Legal View: IHL on Direct Participation in Hostilities 316 The Philosophical Argument: Medical Care Does not Belong to the Sphere of Conflict 317 Summary: Impartial Medical Care is No Contribution to War Efforts 319 Conclusions 320 References 324 Bibliography 328 Index 330 Front Matter ....Pages i-xvii Introduction (Florian Demont-Biaggi)....Pages 1-16 Front Matter ....Pages 17-17 Recognition Theory and Kantian Cosmopolitanism (Paul Giladi)....Pages 19-38 Pax Kantiana and Res Militaris: Kant’s Views on Peace, War and Military Affairs Revisited (Franz Kernic)....Pages 39-61 Front Matter ....Pages 63-63 Standards of Risk in War and Civil Life (Saba Bazargan-Forward)....Pages 65-82 Military Necessity Through Peace? (Florian Demont-Biaggi)....Pages 83-104 Just War Thought and the Notion of Peace (James G. Murphy)....Pages 105-122 Terrorism, jus post bellum and the Prospect of Peace (Anne Schwenkenbecher)....Pages 123-140 Front Matter ....Pages 141-141 Peace, Justice and Religious Humanism: A Jewish Perspective (Noam Zohar)....Pages 143-158 Once the Buddha Was a Warrior: Buddhist Pragmatism in the Ethics of Peace and Armed Conflict (Stephen Jenkins)....Pages 159-178 Front Matter ....Pages 179-179 Civic Virtue and Cybersecurity (Don Howard)....Pages 181-201 Weapons for Pacifism: Reconciling Ideas in Conflict (Adam Henschke)....Pages 203-222 Virtues for Peace: What Soldiers Can Do and Where Military Robotics Fails (Bernhard Koch)....Pages 223-242 Is Cyberpeace Possible? (Markus Christen, Endre Bangerter)....Pages 243-263 Front Matter ....Pages 265-265 Psychological Contributions to Philosophy: The Cases of Just War Theory and Nonviolence (Levi Adelman, Bernhard Leidner, Seyed Nima Orazani)....Pages 267-291 Medical Care During War: A Remainder and Prospect of Peace (Daniel Messelken)....Pages 293-321 Back Matter ....Pages 323-333 This book explores topical issues in military ethics by according peace a central role within an interdisciplinary framework. Whilst war and peace have traditionally been viewed through the lens of philosophical enquiry, political issues and theological ideas - as well as common sense - have also influenced people’s understanding of armed conflicts with regards to both the moral issues they raise and the policies and actions they require. Comprised of fourteen essays on the role and application of peace, the book places emphasis on it’s philosophical, moral, theological, technological, and practical implications. Starting with an overview of Kantian perspectives on peace, it moves to discussions of the Just War debates, religious conceptualizations of peace, and the role of peace in modern war technology and cyber-security. Finally concluding with discussions of the psychological and medical impacts of war and peace on both the individual and the larger society, this collection offers a contribution to the field and will be of interest to a wide audience. Chapters 4, 6 and 10 of this book are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com. -- Publisher's description