The Natural and Modified History of Congenital Heart Disease

Exhaustive in its scope, this book provides a comprehensive study of the natural and modified history of congenital heart disease. Focusing particularly on the discussion of fetal and post-natal outcomes, the contributors seek to place developments in historical perspective. Virtually all surgical and catheter-based strategies to enhance outcomes of all forms of congenitally malformed heart are analysed, covering the morphology and genetic basis of each particular abnormality, and issues that were germane to evolving different therapeutic strategies. Using data from the records of the Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, contributors highlight the complications of the various forms of therapies and identifies particular risk factors for mortality and morbidity. Cover......Page 1 Frontmatter......Page 2 ISBN 1-4051-0360-4......Page 5 Foreword......Page 8 Preface......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 12 Contributors......Page 14 Contents......Page 18 1 Historical Overview A Brief Narrative of the Modern Era of Congenital Heart Disease......Page 21 2 The Prevalence of Congenital Cardiac Lesions......Page 28 3 Ventricular Septal Defect......Page 36 4 Atrial Septal Defect......Page 51 5 Atrioventricular Septal Defect......Page 64 6 Common Arterial Trunk......Page 76 7 Anomalous Origin of One Pulmonary Artery from the Ascending Aorta......Page 84 8 Distal Ductal or Ligamental Origin of the Pulmonary Artery......Page 88 9 The Patent Arterial Duct......Page 92 10 Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery......Page 103 11A Ebstein's Malformation of the Tricuspid Valve......Page 111 11b Uhl's Anomaly of the Right Ventricle......Page 117 12 Congenital Abnormalities of the Mitral Valve......Page 119 13a Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis and Isolated Congenital Pulmonary Insufficiency......Page 127 13b Peripheral Pulmonary Artery Stenosis......Page 139 13c Pulmonary Artery Sling......Page 155 14a Congenital Aortic Valve Stenosis or Regurgitation......Page 158 14b Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis......Page 189 14c Fixed, Short-Segment Subaortic Stenosis......Page 194 15a Aortocameral Communications......Page 201 15b Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm......Page 203 16 Tetralogy of Fallot......Page 206 17 Tetralogy of Fallot With Absent Pulmonary Valve......Page 232 18 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia (Pulmonary Atresia and Ventricular Septal Defect)......Page 237 19a The Divided Right Ventricle......Page 252 19b Isolated Right Ventricular Hypoplasia......Page 256 20 Aortopulmonary Window......Page 257 21 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy......Page 261 22 Coarctation of the Aorta......Page 271 23 Interruption of the Aortic Arch......Page 296 24a Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections......Page 302 24b The Scimitar Syndrome or Hypogenetic Right Lung Complex......Page 310 24c The Divided Left Atrium (Cor Triatriatum)......Page 315 24d Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections......Page 319 24e Congenital Stenosis of the Individual Pulmonary Veins......Page 322 25a Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries History of Palliation and Atrial Repair......Page 326 25b Transposition of the Great Arteries Arterial Repair......Page 343 25c The Rastelli and Other Procedures for Complex Transposition of the Great Arteries......Page 368 26a Conditions with Double Discordance (Congenitally Corrected Transpositionof the Great Arteries)......Page 376 26b Isolated Atrioventricular Discordance......Page 386 27 Anatomically Corrected Malposition of the Great Arteries......Page 388 28 Double-Outlet Ventricle......Page 390 29 Tricuspid Atresia......Page 401 30 Pulmonary Atresia and Intact Ventricular Septum......Page 406 31 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome......Page 417 32 Double-Inlet Ventricle......Page 428 33 The Syndrome of Isomeric Right Atrial Appendages and Visceroatrial Heterotaxy Associated with Congenital Asplenia......Page 443 34 The Syndrome of Isomeric Left Atrial Appendages, Often Associated With Polysplenia......Page 450 35 The Cavopulmonary Shunt......Page 455 36 The Fontan-kreutzer Procedure......Page 469 37 Complications of the Fontan Procedure......Page 480 38 Coronary Arteriovenous Fistula......Page 491 39 Cardiac Diverticulum and Aneurysm......Page 495 40 Cardiac Tumors......Page 499 41a Conjoined Twins......Page 504 41b Ectopia Cordis (Exteriorization of the Heart)......Page 506 41c Idiopathic Arterial Calcification of Infancy......Page 507 41d Persistent Fifth Aortic Arch......Page 508 41e Superoinferior Ventricles and Hearts with Twisted Atrioventricular Connections......Page 512 41f Kartagener's Syndrome......Page 515 41g Myocardial Noncompaction......Page 517 41h Systemic Venous Anomalies Including Divided Right Atrium......Page 521 41i Isolation of the Subclavian, Innominate, or Left Common Carotid Artery......Page 526 42 Pulmonary Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery Conduits......Page 528 43 Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease......Page 533 44 Pulmonary Vascular Disease......Page 538 45 Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Ventricular Assist for Congenital Heart Disease......Page 548 46 Dilated Cardiomyopathy......Page 557 47 Heart Transplantation......Page 570 48 Congenital Heart Block......Page 582 49 Long QT Syndrome......Page 589 50 Supraventricular Arrhythmias......Page 595 51 Ventricular Tachycardia......Page 607 52 Epilogue......Page 617 References......Page 621 Index......Page 889 THIS BOOK PROVIDES A COMPREHENSIVE AND EXHAUSTIVE STUDY OF THE NATURAL AND MODIFIED HISTORY OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, FROM THE FETUS TO THE ADULT. This work is devoted to the discussion of outcomes, placed into a historical perspective. It reviews virtually all surgical and catheter-based strategies to enhance outcomes of all forms of congenitally malformed hearts. It analyses these outcomes by era, discussing those issues that were germane to evolving different therapeutic strategies. It discusses those complications of the various forms of therapies and identifies particular risk factors for mortality and morbidity. Much of the data is based on the cardiac records of the Toronto Hospital for Sick Children. These results are discussed in comparison to similar studies published from all the major institutions devoted to the care of neonates, infants and children with congenital heart disease. This work focuses on the morphology of the particular congenital cardiac abnormality as it influences outcomes; the genetics and mode of transmission, and most importantly fetal and post-natal outcome. 1.; Focuses on morphology, genetics, and outcomes of congenital heart disease, both natural and modified, from the fetus to the adult 2. Discusses outcomes by era, reviewing in detail, evolving strategies to enhance outcomes and provides Kaplan-Meier curves for survival and freedom from re-intervention for most forms of congenital heart disease. Discusses in depth risk factors for adverse outcomes 3. Exhaustive in scope of topics covered and bibliography Pediatric cardiovascular medicine and surgery are wonderfully exciting and rewarding specialties, and what is so remarkable is how much has been accomplished in these arenas in such a brief time, indeed in less than seven decades, the era in which effective surgery for congenital heart disease began.