The Mongols and the Armenians 1220-1335 (Brill's Inner Asian Library, 24)

In the thirteenth century, the Armenians of Greater Armenia and of the Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia were invaded by Mongol nomads of the Inner Asian steppe. The ensuing Mongol-Armenian relations were varied. The Greater Armenians became subjects of the Mongol Empire, whereas the Cilician Armenians, by entering into vassalage, became allies and furthered the Mongol conquests. In order to enhance our understanding of this turning point in medieval history, the effects of long distance military raids, missions, diplomacy, collaboration, administrative assistance and confrontation as well as the reasons for invading Greater Armenia and motives for establishing an alliance, are considered. The Mongols and the Armenians(1220-1335) 3 CONTENTS 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS 9 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATIONS 10 INTRODUCTION 16 Previous Scholarship 17 Primary Sources 21 CHAPTER ONE A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THEARMENIANS AND MONGOLS 46 The Armenians in Greater Armenia 46 The Armenians in Cilician Armenia 49 The Mongols 52 CHAPTER TWO MONGOL NOYANS IN GREATER ARMENIA (1220-1245) 58 The First Mongols in the Lands of the Armenians 58 The Advance of Chormaghan on Greater Armenia (1222−1242) 65 The Mongol Noyans in the Land of the Armenians 70 The Final Mongol Conquest of Armenia by Baiju and Its Impact onthe Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1242−1245) 75 Factors that Impacted the Mongol Conquest of Armenia 81 CHAPTER THREE STRATEGIC SUBMISSIONS BY THE ARMENIANS 85 Individual Submissions and Contacts of Greater Armenian Princeswith the Mongol Khans and Il-Khans 85 State Submission and Its Development: The Armenian Kingdomof Cilicia 93 Conflicts of Local Interests in Greater Armenia in the 1240s−1270s 104 Other Factors Influencing Mongol-Armenian Relations 107 CHAPTER FOUR MONGOL ADMINISTRATION IN GREATER ARMENIA (1243-1275) 112 Darughachis in Greater Armenia 113 Mongol Census-taking in Greater Armenia 120 Tributes and Taxes 124 CHAPTER FIVE MONGOLARMENIAN MILITARY COOPERATION:STAGE I: THE CONQUEST OF THE MIDDLE EAST (1258-1260) 134 Hűlegű (r. 1256–1265) and the Greater Armenian Forces against theMuslim Supremacies 135 The Mongol Penetration into Upper Mesopotamia 145 The Implementation of a Cilician Armenian Dream 148 CHAPTER SIX THE IL-KHANS’ WARS AND MONGOL-CILICIANARMENIAN COLLABORATION: STAGE II (1260-1265) 156 Joint Ventures of Hűlegű and Het‘um I in Syria 156 The Participation of the Armenians in the Il-Khanid Waragainst the Golden Horde 162 CHAPTER SEVEN MONGOL-ARMENIAN COOPERATION: STAGE III (1265-1295) 171 The Strongest Pairing of Abaqa and Het‘um I against Baybars 172 Greater Armenia and the Struggle with the Golden Horde 178 Lewon III and Abaqa against Baybars 181 The Mongols ’ Appeal to Latin Christendom 183 Mongol-Armenian Relations in the Time of Tegűder A mad (r. 1282–1284) 187 The Second Pairing of Arghun and King Lewon III against SultanQalāwūn 191 The Weakest Link: Het‘um II and the Mongol Il-Khans: Geikhatu (r. 1291–1295) and Baidu (1295) 196 CHAPTER EIGHT THE END OF MONGOL-ARMENIAN RELATIONS (1295-1335) 204 The Last Chance to Save the Alliance: Het‘um II and the Il-KhanGhazan (r. 1295–1304) 204 The Vanquished Armenian Hope: Öljeitű (r. 1304–1316) and HisArmenian Counterparts 214 The Aftermath of Cooperation: Lewon V (r. 1320–1341/1342) andAbū Saīd (r. 1316–1335) 219 CONCLUSION 230 DYNASTIC TABLES 237 GLOSSARY 240 BIBLIOGRAPHY 242 Primary Sources 242 Secondary Literature 247 INDEX 268 A Brief Historical Background Of The Armenians And Mongols -- Mongol Noyans In Greater Armenia (1220-1245) -- Strategic Submissions By The Armenians -- Mongol Administration In Greater Armenia (1243-1275) -- Mongol-armenian Military Cooperation, Stage I : The Conquest Of The Middle East (1258-1260) -- The Il-khans' Wars And Mongol-armenian Collaboration, Stage Ii (1260-1265) -- Mongol-armenian Cooperation, Stage Iii (1265-1295) -- The End Of Mongol-armenian Relations (1295-1335). By Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [233]-258) And Index.