The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline (Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage)

The aim of the Ottoman educational reforms was to raise a class of educated bureaucrats as a means of administrative centralization, and a design to inculcate authoritarian and religious values among the population for the legitimization of state authority. This study, which deals with the modernization of Ottoman public education during the period of reform, is based on sources such as Ottoman archives, published documents, textbooks, and memoirs. It discusses the main factors that led to Ottoman educational reforms. The topics in this volume include the expansion of provincial education, financial policies, curricular issues, the educational ideology of the Tanzimat (1839-1876) and the Hamidian periods (1878-1908), ethnic groups in the Balkans, Anatolia and Arabia, and the process of socialization. The book particularly addresses those readers interested in the educational, social and administrative history of the late Ottoman period. Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Abbreviations Note on Writing Style and Transcriptions Preface Introduction I. The Emergence of Government Primary Education (1838-1869) Traditional Schools Antecedents to the Development of Government Schools Conditions for the Emergence of Government Primary Schools: Social Disciplining, Modernization and Early Educational Administration (1825-1845) Early Developments of Government Education and Rüşdiyye schools The Reform Edict of 1856 and Institutional Developments Educational Policies and Educational Ideology: Modernism and Social Disciplining II. Beginnings of Government Education in the Provinces (1849-1869) Rüşdiyye Schools Quran schools The State of the Administration of Provincial Education III. Institutionalisation of Provincial Education: Legal Steps, Educational Councils, Provincial Schools, Instructors (1869-1908) Legal Steps and the Regulation of Public Education of 1869 The Ministry of Public Education The Emergence of Provincial Educational Councils The Expansion of Provincial Councils The Bureaucratization of Provincial Educational Administration Primary Education in the Provinces Provincial İdȃdȋ Schools State of Primary School Teachers Ethnic Characteristics of Teachers and Educational Officials Teachers' Seminaries The Educational Administration and other Government Institutions in the Provinces IV. Financial Problems: Taxation Measures, Local Resistance Against Taxation, Local Resources, Salaries (1869-1908) Financial Conditions Between 1869 and 1876 The Educational Contribution-Tax (Maȃrif Hisse-i İȃnesi) and its Application in the Provinces (1877-1908) Local Financial Resources Schools Financed by the State Budget The Problem of Rüşdiyye Schools and Local Educational Administrations Salaries V. Professional Schools or Public Education: Curricular Issues Late Tanzȋmȃt Educational Policies and the Usȗl-i Cedȋd A Hamidian Dilemma: The Question of Practical Education versus Education for Raising Civil Servants The Hamidian Policy of Social Disciplining Schoolbooks and the Hamidian Ideology Foreign Schools and the Hamidian Education VI. Ethnic Aspects: Difficulties of Integration Non-Turkish Sunni Muslims Non-Sunni Populations Tribal Populations Non-Muslim Students in Public Schools VII. Children's Impressions of School and the Process of Early Socialization (1869-1908) Socialization at Pre-School Age Primary Education Rüşdiyye Schools, Secondary Education and Adolescence Conclusion Appendixes Bibliography Index This first comprehensive study on Ottoman educational reform is based on archival material and providing new information on curricular policies applied in the provinces and toward different ethnic groups.