The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) (A Bradford Book)

The state-of-the-art knowledge about knowledge is contained within the MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Its 471 comprehensive entries cover topics as diverse as "Hemispheric Specialization," "Epiphenomenalism," and "Algorithms" in 1,000 to 1,500 words each, thoroughly cross-indexed and extensively referenced to launch further research. A few biographical entries are also included, highlighting such giants as Alan Turing and Santiago RamÃ3n y Cajal. The editors selected their contributors well, assigning "Neurobiology of Consciousness" to Christof Koch and Francis Crick, for example. Even better, six longer essays introduce the Encyclopedia, each providing an overview of one of the six disciplines that overlap to form cognitive science: computational intelligence; culture, cognition, and evolution; linguistics and language; neurosciences; philosophy; and psychology. These are enormously helpful to the researcher, as they are general enough to allow easy entry but still meaty enough to be useful themselves and as pointers to specific entries. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, while not a casual entry into the field, is an essential addition to the reference shelf for anyone seriously interested in AI, consciousness, or other aspects of natural and artificial brains. MITECS......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title......Page 4 CIP......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of Entries......Page 10 Preface......Page 14 Philosophy......Page 16 Psychology......Page 40 Neurosciences......Page 52 Computational Intelligence......Page 74 Linguistics and Language......Page 92 Culture, Cognition, and Evolution......Page 112 Encyclopedia Entires......Page 0 Acquisition, Formal Theories of......Page 134 Adaptation and Adaptationism......Page 136 Affordances......Page 137 Aging and Cognition......Page 139 Aging, Memory, and the Brain......Page 140 AI and Education......Page 142 Algorithm......Page 144 Altruism......Page 145 Ambiguity......Page 147 Amygdala, Primate......Page 148 Analogy......Page 150 Anaphora......Page 153 Animal Communication......Page 155 Animal Navigation......Page 157 Animal Navigation, Neural Networks......Page 159 Animism......Page 161 Anomalous Monism......Page 163 Aphasia......Page 164 Archaeology......Page 165 Articulation......Page 166 Artifacts and Civilization......Page 168 Artificial Life......Page 170 Attention......Page 172 Attention in the Animal Brain......Page 174 Attention in the Human Brain......Page 176 Attribution Theory......Page 179 Audition......Page 181 Auditory Attention......Page 183 Auditory Physiology......Page 185 Auditory Plasticity......Page 189 Autism......Page 191 Automata......Page 193 Automaticity......Page 196 Autonomy of Psychology......Page 197 Bartlett, Frederic Charles......Page 199 Basal Ganglia......Page 200 Bayesian Learning......Page 203 Bayesian Networks......Page 205 Behavior-Based Robotics......Page 207 Behaviorism......Page 210 Bilingualism and the Brain......Page 213 Binding by Neural Synchrony......Page 214 Binding Problem......Page 218 Binding Theory......Page 219 Blindsight......Page 221 Bloomfield, Leonard......Page 223 Boas, Franz......Page 224 Bounded Rationality......Page 225 Brentano, Franz......Page 227 Broadbent, Donald E.......Page 228 Broca, Paul......Page 230 Cajal, Santiago Ramón y......Page 231 Case-Based Reasoning and Analogy......Page 232 Categorial Grammar......Page 234 Categorization......Page 237 Causal Reasoning......Page 239 Causation......Page 241 Cerebellum......Page 243 Cerebral Cortex......Page 244 Chess, Psychology of......Page 246 Chinese Room Argument......Page 248 Church-Turing Thesis......Page 249 Codeswitching......Page 251 Cognitive Anthropology......Page 253 Cognitive Archaeology......Page 255 Cognitive Architecture......Page 257 Cognitive Artifacts......Page 259 Cognitive Development......Page 261 Cognitive Ergonomics......Page 263 Cognitive Ethology......Page 265 Cognitive Linguistics......Page 267 Cognitive Maps......Page 268 Cognitive Modeling, Connectionist......Page 270 Cognitive Modeling, Symbolic......Page 274 Color Categorization......Page 276 Color, Neurophysiology of......Page 278 Color Vision......Page 280 Columns and Modules......Page 281 Comparative Psychology......Page 283 Compositionality......Page 285 Computation......Page 286 Computation and the Brain......Page 288 Computational Complexity......Page 291 Computational Learning Theory......Page 292 Computational Lexicons......Page 293 Computational Linguistics......Page 295 Computational Neuroanatomy......Page 297 Computational Neuroscience......Page 299 Computational Psycholinguistics......Page 301 Computational Theory of Mind......Page 303 Computational Vision......Page 305 Computing in Single Neurons......Page 307 Concepts......Page 309 Conceptual Change......Page 312 Conditioning......Page 315 Conditioning and the Brain......Page 317 Connectionism, Philosophical Issues......Page 319 Connectionist Approaches to Language......Page 321 Consciousness......Page 323 Consciousness, Neurobiology of......Page 326 Constraint Satisfaction......Page 328 Context and Point of View......Page 331 Control Theory......Page 332 Cultural Psychology......Page 344 Cultural Relativism......Page 346 Cultural Symbolism......Page 349 Cultural Variation......Page 350 Cooperation and Competition......Page 334 Cortex......Page 335 Cortical Localization, History of......Page 336 Creativity......Page 338 Creoles......Page 339 Cultural Consensus Theory......Page 341 Cultural Evolution......Page 342 Darwin, Charles......Page 351 Decision Making......Page 353 Decision Trees......Page 356 Deductive Reasoning......Page 358 Dendrite......Page 359 Depth Perception......Page 360 Descartes, René......Page 362 Detectors......Page 363 Discourse......Page 364 Dissonance......Page 366 Distinctive Features......Page 367 Distributed vs. Local Representation......Page 369 Domain Specificity......Page 371 Dominance in Animal Social Groups......Page 373 Dreaming......Page 375 Dynamic Approaches to Cognition......Page 377 Dynamic Programming......Page 379 Dynamic Semantics......Page 380 Dyslexia......Page 382 Ebbinghaus, Hermann......Page 384 Echolocation......Page 386 Ecological Psychology......Page 388 Ecological Validity......Page 390 Economics and Cognitive Science......Page 392 Education......Page 394 Electrophysiology, Electric and Magnetic Evoked Fields......Page 395 Eliminative Materialism......Page 398 Emergentism......Page 400 Emotion and the Animal Brain......Page 402 Emotion and the Human Brain......Page 404 Emotions......Page 406 Epiphenomenalism......Page 408 Episodic vs. Semantic Memory......Page 411 Epistemology and Cognition......Page 413 Essentialism......Page 415 Ethics and Evolution......Page 417 Ethnopsychology......Page 419 Ethology......Page 421 Evolution......Page 423 Evolution of Language......Page 425 Evolutionary Computation......Page 426 Evolutionary Psychology......Page 428 Expertise......Page 431 Explanation......Page 433 Explanation-Based Learning......Page 434 Explanatory Gap......Page 437 Extensionality, Thesis of......Page 438 Eye Movements and Visual Attention......Page 439 Face Recognition......Page 442 Feature Detectors......Page 444 Figurative Language......Page 447 Focus......Page 448 Folk Biology......Page 450 Folk Psychology......Page 452 Formal Grammars......Page 453 Formal Systems, Properties of......Page 455 Frame-Based Systems......Page 457 Frame Problem......Page 459 Frege, Gottlob......Page 460 Freud, Sigmund......Page 461 Functional Decomposition......Page 462 Functional Role Semantics......Page 464 Functionalism......Page 465 Fuzzy Logic......Page 468 Game-Playing Systems......Page 469 Game Theory......Page 471 Generative Grammar......Page 473 Geschwind, Norman......Page 476 Gestalt Perception......Page 477 Gestalt Psychology......Page 479 Gibson, James Jerome......Page 482 Gödel’s Theorems......Page 484 Golgi, Camillo......Page 485 Grammar, Neural Basis of......Page 487 Grammatical Relations......Page 488 Greedy Local Search......Page 490 Grice, H. Paul......Page 492 Haptic Perception......Page 493 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar......Page 495 Head Movement......Page 497 Hebb, Donald O.......Page 499 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von......Page 500 Hemispheric Specialization......Page 502 Heuristic Search......Page 505 Hidden Markov Models......Page 506 High-Level Vision......Page 507 Hippocampus......Page 510 Historical Linguistics......Page 511 Human-Computer Interaction......Page 512 Human Navigation......Page 513 Human Universals......Page 515 Hume, David......Page 517 Illusions......Page 518 Imagery......Page 520 Imitation......Page 522 Implicature......Page 524 Implicit vs. Explicit Memory......Page 527 Indexicals and Demonstratives......Page 528 Individualism......Page 530 Induction......Page 532 Inductive Logic Programming......Page 533 Infant Cognition......Page 535 Information Theory......Page 537 Informational Semantics......Page 539 Innateness of Language......Page 541 Intelligence......Page 542 Intelligent Agent Architecture......Page 544 Intentional Stance......Page 545 Intentionality......Page 546 Intersubjectivity......Page 548 Introspection......Page 552 Jakobson, Roman......Page 554 James, William......Page 555 Judgment Heuristics......Page 556 Justification......Page 558 Kant, Immanuel......Page 560 Knowledge Acquisition......Page 561 Knowledge-Based Systems......Page 563 Knowledge Representation......Page 565 Language Acquisition......Page 567 Language and Communication......Page 571 Language and Culture......Page 574 Language and Gender......Page 575 Language and Thought......Page 577 Language Impairment, Developmental......Page 579 Language, Neural Basis of......Page 581 Language of Thought......Page 584 Language Production......Page 586 Language Variation and Change......Page 589 Lashley, Karl Spencer (1890–1958)......Page 591 Learning......Page 593 Learning Systems......Page 594 Lévi-Strauss, Claude......Page 596 Lexical Functional Grammar......Page 597 Lexicon......Page 600 Lexicon, Neural Basis of......Page 602 Lightness Perception......Page 604 Limbic System......Page 605 Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis......Page 608 Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar......Page 609 Linguistics, Philosophical Issues......Page 611 Literacy......Page 614 Logic......Page 615 Logic Programming......Page 617 Logical Form in Linguistics......Page 619 Logical Form, Origins of......Page 621 Logical Omniscience, Problem of......Page 622 Logical Reasoning Systems......Page 624 Long-Term Potentiation......Page 625 Luria, Alexander Romanovich......Page 627 Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis......Page 628 Machine Learning......Page 630 Machine Translation......Page 631 Machine Vision......Page 634 Magic and Superstition......Page 636 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 638 Malinowski, Bronislaw......Page 640 Manipulation and Grasping......Page 641 Marr, David......Page 644 McCulloch, Warren S.......Page 645 Meaning......Page 646 Memory......Page 647 Memory, Animal Studies......Page 650 Memory, Human Neuropsychology......Page 653 Memory Storage, Modulation of......Page 655 Mental Causation......Page 657 Mental Models......Page 658 Mental Representation......Page 660 Mental Retardation......Page 662 Mental Rotation......Page 664 Metacognition......Page 666 Metaphor......Page 668 Metaphor and Culture......Page 670 Metareasoning......Page 672 Metarepresentation......Page 674 Meter and Poetry......Page 676 Mid-Level Vision......Page 678 Mind-Body Problem......Page 679 Minimalism......Page 681 Minimum Description Length......Page 683 Mobile Robots......Page 684 Modal Logic......Page 687 Modeling Neuropsychological Deficits......Page 688 Modularity and Language......Page 690 Modularity of Mind......Page 691 Moral Psychology......Page 694 Morphology......Page 695 Motion, Perception of......Page 697 Motivation......Page 699 Motivation and Culture......Page 701 Motor Control......Page 703 Motor Learning......Page 704 Multiagent Systems......Page 706 Multisensory Integration......Page 707 Neural Networks......Page 730 Neural Plasticity......Page 731 Neuroendocrinology......Page 734 Neuron......Page 736 Neurotransmitters......Page 738 Newell, Allen......Page 740 Nonmonotonic Logics......Page 741 Numeracy and Culture......Page 744 Naive Mathematics......Page 708 Naive Physics......Page 710 Naive Sociology......Page 712 Narrow Content......Page 714 Nativism......Page 716 Nativism, History of......Page 719 Natural Kinds......Page 721 Natural Language Generation......Page 722 Natural Language Processing......Page 725 Neural Development......Page 727 Object Recognition, Animal Studies......Page 746 Object Recognition, Human Neuropsychology......Page 748 Oculomotor Control......Page 751 Optimality Theory......Page 753 Pain......Page 755 Parameter-Setting Approaches to Acquisition, Creolization, and Diachrony......Page 757 Parsimony and Simplicity......Page 760 Pattern Recognition and Feedforward Networks......Page 762 Penfield, Wilder......Page 764 Perceptual Development......Page 765 Phantom Limb......Page 768 Phonetics......Page 769 Phonological Rules and Processes......Page 770 Phonology......Page 772 Phonology, Acquisition of......Page 774 Phonology, Neural Basis of......Page 776 Physicalism......Page 778 Piaget, Jean......Page 780 Pictorial Art and Vision......Page 781 Pitts, Walter......Page 784 Planning......Page 785 Plasticity......Page 787 Positron Emission Tomography......Page 789 Possible Worlds Semantics......Page 792 Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments......Page 793 Pragmatics......Page 794 Presupposition......Page 797 Primate Cognition......Page 799 Primate Language......Page 802 Probabilistic Reasoning......Page 804 Probability, Foundations of......Page 806 Problem Solving......Page 807 Production Systems......Page 809 Propositional Attitudes......Page 811 Prosody and Intonation......Page 812 Prosody and Intonation, Processing Issues......Page 815 Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Views......Page 816 Psychoanalysis, History of......Page 818 Psycholinguistics......Page 821 Psychological Laws......Page 823 Psychophysics......Page 824 Qualia......Page 826 Quantifiers......Page 827 Radical Interpretation......Page 829 Rational Agency......Page 831 Rational Choice Theory......Page 832 Rational Decision Making......Page 834 Rationalism vs. Empiricism......Page 836 Reading......Page 838 Realism and Antirealism......Page 840 Recurrent Networks......Page 842 Reductionism......Page 845 Reference, Theories of......Page 847 Reinforcement Learning......Page 848 Relational Grammar......Page 850 Relevance and Relevance Theory......Page 852 Religious Ideas and Practices......Page 853 Retina......Page 855 Robotics and Learning......Page 856 Rules and Representations......Page 857 Sapir, Edward......Page 859 Saussure, Ferdinand de......Page 861 Schemata......Page 862 Scientific Thinking and Its Development......Page 863 Self......Page 866 Self-Knowledge......Page 868 Self-Organizing Systems......Page 870 Semantics......Page 872 Semantics, Acquisition of......Page 875 Semiotics and Cognition......Page 877 Sensations......Page 878 Sense and Reference......Page 879 Sentence Processing......Page 881 Sexual Attraction, Evolutionary Psychology of......Page 884 Shape Perception......Page 886 Sign Language and the Brain......Page 889 Sign Languages......Page 891 Signal Detection Theory......Page 893 Similarity......Page 896 Simulation vs. Theory-Theory......Page 898 Single-Neuron Recording......Page 899 Situated Cognition and Learning......Page 900 Situatedness/Embeddedness......Page 902 Situation Calculus......Page 904 Sleep......Page 905 Smell......Page 908 Social Cognition......Page 910 Social Cognition in Animals......Page 911 Social Play Behavior......Page 913 Sociobiology......Page 916 Spatial Perception......Page 917 Speech Perception......Page 920 Speech Recognition in Machines......Page 923 Speech Synthesis......Page 925 Sperry, Roger Wolcott......Page 927 Spoken-Word Recognition......Page 929 Statistical Learning Theory......Page 931 Statistical Techniques in Natural Language Processing......Page 934 Stereo and Motion Perception......Page 935 Stereotyping......Page 937 Stress......Page 939 Stress, Linguistic......Page 941 Structure from Visual Information Sources......Page 943 Supervenience......Page 945 Supervised Learning in Multilayer Neural Networks......Page 947 Surface Perception......Page 949 Symbolism......Page 950 Syntax......Page 951 Syntax, Acquisition of......Page 953 Syntax-Semantics Interface......Page 957 Taste......Page 959 Technology and Human Evolution......Page 961 Temporal Reasoning......Page 962 Tense and Aspect......Page 964 Teuber, Hans-Lukas......Page 965 Texture......Page 966 Thalamus......Page 968 Thematic Roles......Page 970 Theory of Mind......Page 971 Time in the Mind......Page 974 Tone......Page 976 Top-Down Processing in Vision......Page 977 Transparency......Page 978 Turing, Alan Mathison......Page 980 Tversky, Amos......Page 982 Twin Earth......Page 983 Typology......Page 985 Uncertainty......Page 986 Unconscious......Page 988 Unity of Science......Page 989 Unsupervised Learning......Page 990 Utility Theory......Page 992 Vagueness......Page 994 Vision and Learning......Page 996 Visual Anatomy and Physiology......Page 997 Visual Cortex, Cell Types and Connections in......Page 1000 Visual Neglect......Page 1002 Visual Object Recognition, AI......Page 1004 Visual Processing Streams......Page 1006 Visual Word Recognition......Page 1008 von Neumann, John......Page 1009 Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich......Page 1011 Walking and Running Machines......Page 1012 Wh-Movement......Page 1015 What-It’s-Like......Page 1016 Wiener, Norbert......Page 1017 Word Meaning, Acquisition of......Page 1019 Working Memory......Page 1021 Working Memory, Neural Basis of......Page 1023 Writing Systems......Page 1027 Wundt, Wilhelm......Page 1029 X-Bar Theory......Page 1031 Contributors......Page 1034 Name Index......Page 1046 Subject Index......Page 1078 MITECS 1 Half Title 2 Title 4 CIP 5 Dedication 6 Contents 8 List of Entries 10 Preface 14 Introductions 16 Philosophy 16 Psychology 40 Neurosciences 52 Computational Intelligence 74 Linguistics and Language 92 Culture, Cognition, and Evolution 112 Encyclopedia Entires -1 A 134 Aboutness 134 Acquisition, Formal Theories of 134 Acquisition of Language 136 Acquisition of Phonology 136 Acquisition of Semantics 136 Acquisition of Syntax 136 Action 136 Adaptation and Adaptationism 136 Affordances 137 Agency 139 Aging and Cognition 139 Aging, Memory, and the Brain 140 AI 142 AI and Education 142 Algorithm 144 A-Life 145 Altruism 145 Ambiguity 147 Amygdala, Primate 148 Analogy 150 Anaphora 153 Animal Cognition 155 Animal Communication 155 Animal Navigation 157 Animal Navigation, Neural Networks 159 Animism 161 Anomalous Monism 163 Anthropology 164 Antirealism 164 Aphasia 164 Archaeology 165 Architecture 166 Art 166 Articulation 166 Artifacts 168 Artifacts and Civilization 168 Artificial Intelligence 170 Artificial Life 170 Aspect 172 Attention 172 Attention in the Animal Brain 174 Attention in the Human Brain 176 Attribution Theory 179 Audition 181 Auditory Attention 183 Auditory Physiology 185 Auditory Plasticity 189 Autism 191 Autocatalysis 193 Automata 193 Automatic Processing 196 Automaticity 196 Autonomy of Psychology 197 Autopoiesis 199 B 199 Backpropagation 199 Bartlett, Frederic Charles 199 Basal Ganglia 200 Bayesian Learning 203 Bayesian Networks 205 Behavior-Based Robotics 207 Behaviorism 210 Belief Networks 213 Bilingualism and the Brain 213 Binding by Neural Synchrony 214 Binding Problem 218 Binding Theory 219 Blindsight 221 Bloomfield, Leonard 223 Boas, Franz 224 Boltzmann Machines 225 Bounded Rationality 225 Brain Mapping 227 Brentano, Franz 227 Broadbent, Donald E. 228 Broca, Paul 230 C 231 Cajal, Santiago Ramón y 231 Case-Based Reasoning and Analogy 232 Categorial Grammar 234 Categorization 237 Causal Reasoning 239 Causation 241 Cellular Automata 243 Cerebellum 243 Cerebral Cortex 244 Cerebral Specialization 246 Chess, Psychology of 246 Chinese Room Argument 248 Chunking 249 Church-Turing Thesis 249 Civilization 251 Classification 251 Clustering 251 Codeswitching 251 Cognition and Aging 253 Cognitive Anthropology 253 Cognitive Archaeology 255 Cognitive Architecture 257 Cognitive Artifacts 259 Cognitive Development 261 Cognitive Dissonance 263 Cognitive Ergonomics 263 Cognitive Ethology 265 Cognitive Linguistics 267 Cognitive Maps 268 Cognitive Modeling, Connectionist 270 Cognitive Modeling, Symbolic 274 Color Categorization 276 Color, Neurophysiology of 278 Color Vision 280 Columns and Modules 281 Communication 283 Comparative Psychology 283 Competence/Performance Distinction 285 Competition 285 Competitive Learning 285 Compliant Control 285 Compositionality 285 Computation 286 Computation and the Brain 288 Computational Complexity 291 Computational Learning Theory 292 Computational Lexicons 293 Computational Linguistics 295 Computational Neuroanatomy 297 Computational Neuroscience 299 Computational Psycholinguistics 301 Computational Theory of Mind 303 Computational Vision 305 Computer-Human Interaction 307 Computing in Single Neurons 307 Concepts 309 Conceptual Change 312 Conceptual Role Semantics 315 Conditioning 315 Conditioning and the Brain 317 Connectionism, Philosophical Issues 319 Connectionist Approaches to Language 321 Consciousness 323 Consciousness, Neurobiology of 326 Consensus Theory 328 Constraint Satisfaction 328 Context and Point of View 331 Control Theory 332 Cultural Models 344 Cultural Psychology 344 Cultural Relativism 346 Cultural Symbolism 349 Cultural Universals 350 Cultural Variation 350 Cooperation and Competition 334 Cortex 335 Cortical Localization, History of 336 Creativity 338 Creoles 339 Cross-Cultural Variation 341 Cultural Consensus Theory 341 Cultural Evolution 342 Culture 351 Culture and Language 351 Culture and Metaphor 351 Culture and Representations of Self 351 D 351 Darwin, Charles 351 Data Mining 353 Decision Making 353 Decision Theory 356 Decision Trees 356 Decompositional Strategies 358 Deductive Reasoning 358 Deficits 359 Deixis 359 Demonstratives 359 Dendrite 359 Density Estimation 360 Depth Perception 360 Descartes, René 362 Detectors 363 Development 364 Developmental Language Disorders 364 Diachrony 364 Discourse 364 Dissonance 366 Distinctive Features 367 Distributed AI 369 Distributed vs. Local Representation 369 Domain Specificity 371 Dominance in Animal Social Groups 373 Dreaming 375 Dynamic Approaches to Cognition 377 Dynamic Programming 379 Dynamic Semantics 380 Dynamical Systems 382 Dyslexia 382 E 384 Ebbinghaus, Hermann 384 Echolocation 386 Ecological Psychology 388 Ecological Validity 390 Economics and Cognitive Science 392 Education 394 Electric Fields 395 Electrophysiology, Electric and Magnetic Evoked Fields 395 Eliminative Materialism 398 Embeddedness 400 Embodiment 400 Emergent Structuring 400 Emergentism 400 Emotion and the Animal Brain 402 Emotion and the Human Brain 404 Emotions 406 Empiricism 408 Epiphenomenalism 408 Episodic vs. Semantic Memory 411 Epistemology and Cognition 413 Essentialism 415 Ethics 417 Ethics and Evolution 417 Ethnopsychology 419 Ethology 421 Evoked Fields 423 Evolution 423 Evolution and Ethics 425 Evolution of Language 425 Evolutionary Computation 426 Evolutionary Psychology 428 Expert Systems 431 Expertise 431 Explanation 433 Explanation-Based Learning 434 Explanatory Gap 437 Explicit Memory 438 Extensionality, Thesis of 438 Externalism 439 Eye Movements and Visual Attention 439 F 442 Face Recognition 442 Feature Detectors 444 Features 447 Feedforward Networks 447 Figurative Language 447 fMRI 448 Focus 448 Folk Biology 450 Folk Psychology 452 Form/Content 453 Formal Grammars 453 Formal Systems, Properties of 455 Formal Theories 457 Frame-Based Systems 457 Frame Problem 459 Frege, Gottlob 460 Freud, Sigmund 461 Functional Decomposition 462 Functional Explanation 464 Functional Grammar 464 Functional Role Semantics 464 Functionalism 465 Fuzzy Logic 468 G 469 Game-Playing Systems 469 Game Theory 471 Gender 473 Generative Grammar 473 Genetic Algorithms 476 Geschwind, Norman 476 Gestalt Perception 477 Gestalt Psychology 479 Gibson, James Jerome 482 Gödel’s Theorems 484 Golgi, Camillo 485 Good Old Fashioned AI (GOFAI) 487 GPSG 487 Grammar, Neural Basis of 487 Grammatical Relations 488 Grammatical Theory 490 Grasping 490 Greedy Local Search 490 Grice, H. Paul 492 Gustation 493 H 493 Haptic Perception 493 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar 495 Head Movement 497 Hearing 499 Hebb, Donald O. 499 Hebbian Learning 500 Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von 500 Hemispheric Specialization 502 Heuristic Search 505 Heuristics 506 Hidden Markov Models 506 High-Level Vision 507 Hippocampus 510 Historical Linguistics 511 HMMs 512 Hopfield Networks 512 HPSG 512 Human-Computer Interaction 512 Human Nature 513 Human Navigation 513 Human Universals 515 Hume, David 517 I 518 Identity Theory 518 Illusions 518 Imagery 520 Imitation 522 Implicature 524 Implicit vs. Explicit Memory 527 Incompleteness 528 Indexicals and Demonstratives 528 Individualism 530 Induction 532 Inductive Logic Programming 533 Infant Cognition 535 Inference 537 Influence Diagrams 537 Information Processing 537 Information Theory 537 Informational Semantics 539 Inheritance 541 Innateness of Language 541 Inner Sense 542 Integration 542 Intelligence 542 Intelligent Agent Architecture 544 Intentional Stance 545 Intentionality 546 Internalism 548 Interpretation 548 Intersubjectivity 548 Intonation 552 Introspection 552 Intuitive Biology 554 Intuitive Mathematics 554 Intuitive Physics 554 Intuitive Psychology 554 Intuitive Sociology 554 ILP 554 J 554 Jakobson, Roman 554 James, William 555 Judgment Heuristics 556 Justification 558 K 560 Kant, Immanuel 560 Kinds 561 Knowledge Acquisition 561 Knowledge-Based Systems 563 Knowledge Compilation 565 Knowledge Representation 565 L 567 Language Acquisition 567 Language and Cognition 571 Language and Communication 571 Language and Culture 574 Language and Gender 575 Language and Modularity 577 Language and Thought 577 Language Change 579 Language Development 579 Language Evolution 579 Language Impairment, Developmental 579 Language, Innateness of 581 Language, Neural Basis of 581 Language of Thought 584 Language Processing 586 Language Production 586 Language Universals 589 Language Use 589 Language Variation and Change 589 Lashley, Karl Spencer (1890–1958) 591 Laws 593 Learning 593 Learning and Vision 594 Learning Systems 594 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 596 Lexical Access 597 Lexical Functional Grammar 597 Lexicon 600 Lexicon, Neural Basis of 602 LFG 604 Life 604 Lightness Perception 604 Limbic System 605 Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis 608 Linguistic Stress 609 Linguistic Theory 609 Linguistic Universals and Universal Grammar 609 Linguistics, Philosophical Issues 611 Literacy 614 Local Representation 615 Logic 615 Logic Programming 617 Logical Form in Linguistics 619 Logical Form, Origins of 621 Logical Omniscience, Problem of 622 Logical Reasoning Systems 624 Long-Term Potentiation 625 LOT 627 LTP 627 Luria, Alexander Romanovich 627 M 628 Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis 628 Machine Learning 630 Machine Translation 631 Machine Vision 634 Machines and Cognition 636 Magic and Superstition 636 Magnetic Fields 638 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 638 Malinowski, Bronislaw 640 Manipulation and Grasping 641 Markov Decision Problems 644 Marr, David 644 Materialism 645 Maximum Likelihood Density Estimation 645 McCulloch, Warren S. 645 McCulloch-Pitts Neurons 646 Meaning 646 Memory 647 Memory, Animal Studies 650 Memory, Human Neuropsychology 653 Memory Storage, Modulation of 655 Mental Causation 657 Mental Models 658 Mental Representation 660 Mental Retardation 662 Mental Rotation 664 Metacognition 666 Metaphor 668 Metaphor and Culture 670 Metareasoning 672 Metarepresentation 674 Meter and Poetry 676 Mid-Level Vision 678 Mind-Body Problem 679 Mind Design 681 Minimalism 681 Minimum Description Length 683 Mobile Robots 684 Modal Logic 687 Modeling Neuropsychological Deficits 688 Modularity and Language 690 Modularity of Mind 691 Modulation of Memory 694 Monism 694 Monte Carlo Simulation 694 Morality 694 Moral Psychology 694 Morphology 695 Motion, Perception of 697 Motivation 699 Motivation and Culture 701 Motor Control 703 Motor Learning 704 MRI 706 Multiagent Systems 706 Multisensory Integration 707 N 730 Neural Networks 730 Neural Plasticity 731 Neural Synchrony 734 Neuroendocrinology 734 Neuroimaging 736 Neuron 736 Neuropsychological Deficits 738 Neurotransmitters 738 Newell, Allen 740 Nonmonotonic Logics 741 Numeracy and Culture 744 Naive Biology 708 Naive Mathematics 708 Naive Physics 710 Naive Psychology 712 Naive Sociology 712 Narrow Content 714 Nativism 716 Nativism, History of 719 Natural Kinds 721 Natural Language Generation 722 Natural Language Processing 725 Navigation 727 Neural Development 727 O 746 Object Recognition, Animal Studies 746 Object Recognition, Human Neuropsychology 748 Oculomotor Control 751 Olfaction 753 Ontology 753 Optimality Theory 753 Origins of Intelligence 755 P 755 PAC Learning 755 Pain 755 Parallelism in AI 757 Parameter-Setting Approaches to Acquisition, Creolization, and Diachrony 757 Parsimony and Simplicity 760 Parsing 762 Pattern Recognition and Feedforward Networks 762 Penfield, Wilder 764 Perception 765 Perception of Motion 765 Perceptrons 765 Perceptual Development 765 Phantom Limb 768 Philosophical Issues in Linguistics 769 Philosophy of Mind 769 Phonetics 769 Phonological Rules and Processes 770 Phonology 772 Phonology, Acquisition of 774 Phonology, Neural Basis of 776 Physicalism 778 Physiology 780 Piaget, Jean 780 Pictorial Art and Vision 781 Pitts, Walter 784 Planning 785 Play 787 Poetry 787 Polysynthetic Languages 787 Population-Level Cognitive Phenomena 789 Positron Emission Tomography 789 Possible Worlds Semantics 792 Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments 793 Pragmatics 794 Plasticity 787 Presupposition 797 Primate Amygdala 799 Primate Cognition 799 Primate Language 802 Probabilistic Reasoning 804 Probability, Foundations of 806 Problem Solving 807 Procedural Semantics 809 Production Systems 809 Propositional Attitudes 811 Proprioception 812 Prosody and Intonation 812 Prosody and Intonation, Processing Issues 815 Psychoanalysis, Contemporary Views 816 Psychoanalysis, History of 818 Psycholinguistics 821 Psychological Laws 823 Psychology, History of 824 Psychophysics 824 Q 826 Qualia 826 Quantifiers 827 R 829 Radical Interpretation 829 Rational Agency 831 Rational Choice Theory 832 Rational Decision Making 834 Rationalism vs. Empiricism 836 Rationality 838 Reading 838 Realism and Antirealism 840 Reasoning 842 Recognition 842 Recording from Single Neurons 842 Recurrent Networks 842 Reductionism 845 Reference, Theories of 847 Reinforcement Learning 848 Relational Grammar 850 Relativism 852 Relevance and Relevance Theory 852 Religious Ideas and Practices 853 Representation 855 Resolution 855 Retardation 855 Retina 855 Robotics 856 Robotics and Learning 856 Rules and Representations 857 Running Machines 859 S 859 Saccades 859 Sapir, Edward 859 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 861 Satisficing 861 Saussure, Ferdinand de 861 Scheduling 862 Schemata 862 Science, Philosophy of 863 Scientific Thinking and Its Development 863 Scripts 866 Search 866 Self 866 Self-Knowledge 868 Self-Organizing Systems 870 Semantic Memory 872 Semantic Networks 872 Semantics 872 Semantics, Acquisition of 875 Semantics-Syntax Interface 877 Semiotics and Cognition 877 Sensations 878 Sense and Reference 879 Sentence Processing 881 Sexual Attraction, Evolutionary Psychology of 884 Shape Perception 886 Sight 889 Sign Language and the Brain 889 Sign Languages 891 Signal Detection Theory 893 Similarity 896 Simulation vs. Theory-Theory 898 Single-Neuron Recording 899 Situated Cognition and Learning 900 Situatedness/Embeddedness 902 Situation Calculus 904 Sleep 905 Smell 908 Social Cognition 910 Social Cognition in Animals 911 Social Dominance 913 Social Intelligence 913 Social Play Behavior 913 Sociobiology 916 Sociolinguistics 917 Sonar 917 Spatial Perception 917 Speech Perception 920 Speech Recognition in Machines 923 Speech Synthesis 925 Sperry, Roger Wolcott 927 Spoken-Word Recognition 929 Statistical Learning Theory 931 Statistical Techniques in Natural Language Processing 934 Stereo and Motion Perception 935 Stereotyping 937 Stress 939 Stress, Linguistic 941 Structure from Visual Information Sources 943 Superstition 945 Supervenience 945 Supervised Learning in Multilayer Neural Networks 947 Surface Perception 949 Symbolism 950 Synapse 951 Syntax 951 Syntax, Acquisition of 953 Syntax-Semantics Interface 957 Systematicity 959 T 959 Taste 959 Technology and Human Evolution 961 Temporal Reasoning 962 Tense and Aspect 964 Teuber, Hans-Lukas 965 Texture 966 Thalamus 968 Thematic Roles 970 Theorem Proving 971 Theory of Mind 971 Thought and Language 974 Time in the Mind 974 Tone 976 Top-Down Processing in Vision 977 Touch 978 Transparency 978 Turing, Alan Mathison 980 Turing Test 982 Turing’s Thesis 982 Tversky, Amos 982 Twin Earth 983 Typology 985 U 986 Uncertainty 986 Unconscious 988 Understanding 989 Unity of Science 989 Universal Grammar 990 Unsupervised Learning 990 Utility Theory 992 Vagueness 994 V 996 Validity 996 Vision 996 Vision and Learning 996 Visual Anatomy and Physiology 997 Visual Attention 1000 Visual Cortex, Cell Types and Connections in 1000 Visual Information Sources 1002 Visual Neglect 1002 Visual Object Recognition, AI 1004 Visual Processing Streams 1006 Visual Word Recognition 1008 von Neumann, John 1009 Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich 1011 Walking and Running Machines 1012 W 1015 Wh-Movement 1015 What-It’s-Like 1016 Whorfianism 1017 Wiener, Norbert 1017 Word Meaning, Acquisition of 1019 Word Recognition 1021 Working Memory 1021 Working Memory, Neural Basis of 1023 Writing Systems 1027 Wundt, Wilhelm 1029 X 1031 X-Bar Theory 1031 Contributors 1034 Name Index 1046 Subject Index 1078 Cognitive Science

A landmark, comprehensive reference work that represents the methodological and theoretical diversity of this changing field.

Library Journal

Content is king in this electronic title (known as MITECS), which is essentially an Acrobat version of the printed MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Encyclopedia content is itself beyond reproach. Six broad, extended essays set the stage, while 471 signed, crisply written topical entries include useful lists of references and further readings. MITECS's cross-disciplinary approach covers topics ranging from ethnopsychology to game theory to taste. But the publishers haven't exploited the opportunities afforded by electronic access on the disc. Once Acrobat Reader and Searcher software (included on the CD) are installed, you can pull up the text of the Encyclopedia and use a small navigation bar to jump from Title, to CIP, to Dedication, to Preface. When I tried to print the Preface, my command started a printout of the entire volume. (One must use the volume's page numbers to print a desired section.) Entries are indexed A-Z, and clicking on a letter brings you to the first entry for that letter. Name and Subject index buttons bring you to facsimiles of those printed index pages. The Acrobat Searcher software allows full-text keyword searching but is awkward to use. As a CD-ROM, MITECS would be enhanced by the ability to print entries easily, a better keyword searching mechanism, and by dynamic links among related entries. These features are realized in MITECS Online, a web-based product available full text to those who purchase the printed book or CD. An abstracts-only version is provided, after free registration, to the general public (mitpress.mit.edu/ MITECS/). The free version is valuable in itself, as most entries include references and further reading lists. MITECS Online has a number of enhanced features over both the print and CD-ROM: it adds graphic interest with unobtrusive color and design elements and is powered by the Excite search engine. MITECS Online also features the e-mail addresses of authors (although these are not hot links) and a collection of links to other cognitive science resources on the web. The Bottom Line: Skip the CD-ROM MITECS until more functionality is added. Academic and special libraries whose collections include any of the six disciplines that overlap to form cognitive science will want the similarly priced print title and corresponding online access. Site licenses have recently become available for the online product and may be cost-effective for heavy users--check the MIT Press web site above for details.--Beth Ann Zambella, Lamont Lib., Harvard Univ. Copyright 1999 Cahners Business Information.

"Since the 1970s the cognitive sciences have offered multidisciplinary ways of understanding the mind and cognition. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) is a landmark, comprehensive reference work that represents the methodological and theoretical diversity of this changing field. At the core of the encyclopedia are 471 concise entries, from Acquisition and Adaptationism to Wundt and X-bar Theory. Each article, written by a leading researcher in the field, provides an accessible introduction to an important concept in the cognitive sciences, as well as references or further readings. Six extended essays, which collectively serve as a roadmap to the articles, provide overviews of each of six major areas of cognitive science: Philosophy; Psychology; Neurosciences; Computational Intelligence; Linguistics and Language; and Culture, Cognition, and Evolution. For both students and researchers, MITECS will be an indispensable guide to the current state of the cognitive sciences"--MIT CogNet Since the 1970s the cognitive sciences have offered multi-disciplinary ways of understanding the mind and cognition. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) is a landmark, comprehensive reference work that represents the methodological and theoretical diversity of this changing field.At the core of the encyclopedia are 471 concise entries, from Acquisition and Adaptationism to Wundt and X-bar Theory. Each article, written by a leading researcher in the field, provides an accessible introduction to an important concept in the cognitive sciences, as well as references or further readings. Six extended essays, which collectively serve as a roadmap to the articles, provide overviews of each of six major areas of cognitive science: Philosophy; Psychology; Neurosciences; Computational Intelligence; Linguistics and Language; and Culture, Cognition, and Evolution. For both students and researchers, MITECS is an indispensable guide to the current state of the cognitive sciences.