The Middle Income Group in China and Russia (Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path)

This book includes a series of papers that mainly discuss the proposition of “double middle-income traps.” It analyzes various perspectives of middle-income groups of Russia and China including employment, education, consumption, mobility, social insurance, social values and identity, social and political participation. This book further indicates that the expansion of middle-income groups plays an important role in promoting mass consumption, maintaining continuous and stable economic growth, and overcoming the double middle-income traps. The middle class and middle-income group generally owns higher economic capital and cultural capital and is proved to be the main strength in expanding consumption by many empirical studies. However, the middle class and middle-income group has currently encountered hindrance to upward mobility, life quality, social security and class identity, which prevent the expansion of the middle-income group and improvement of social structure. Through comparing the middle-income groups of these two countries, this book gives us a panoramic view of their social and economic condition. Successfully combining theory and concrete practical guidelines, the book offers a valuable resource for all those active in this dynamic field. The book is important for students, scholars, researchers and professionals in economic and social science fields. Series Preface Introduction: China’s Path to Overcome the Double Middle-Income Traps Introduction: The Middle Class: Issues of Emergence and Research Experiences in Modern Russia Contents Editors and Contributors List of Figures List of Graphs List of Tables 1 Chronological Changes of Middle-Income Group in China 1.1 Methodology in Defining Chinese Middle Income Group 1.2 The Changing Trend of Middle-Income Group Defined by Relative Standard Mode 1.3 The Changing Trend of Middle Income Group Defined by Absolute Standard Mode 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Trajectories of the Middle Class’s Evolution in Modern Russia References 3 Analysis of Employment Structure of Middle Income Group: 2006–2015 3.1 Preliminary Formation of Modern Social Stratification with the Transformation of Economic Structure in China 3.2 Analysis of the Multi Sources of Current Employment Structure of Middle Income Group in China 3.3 Future Uncertainty and Vulnerability of the Middle Income Group in China References 4 Employment and Work of Middle Income Groups References 5 Variations in the Income and Education of the Middle Income Group in China 5.1 Background 5.2 Income Level and Distribution Over the Last Decade 5.3 Educational Attainment and Distribution Over the Last Decade 5.4 Definition of the Middle Income Group and Their Trends 5.5 Structured Analysis of the Middle Income Group 5.6 Policy Suggestion References 6 Middle Income Groups: The Correlation Between Education and Material Well-Being References 7 Consumption and Lifestyle of the Middle Income Group 7.1 Main Characteristics of the Middle Income Group in China 7.2 Main Trends of Household Expenditures of the Middle Income Group in China 7.3 Main Characteristics of the Middle Income Group’s Consumption on Durables 7.4 Conclusion and Policy Implications References 8 Consumption and Lifestyle of the Middle Class 9 Intergenerational Mobility of Middle Income Group in China: A Perspective from Household Registration and Education 9.1 Urban–Rural Segmentation and Reproduction of Education in the Perspective of Intergenerational Mobility 9.2 Intergenerational Mobility of Hukou 9.3 Intergenerational Mobility of Education 9.4 Conclusions and Discussions References 10 Intergenerational Mobility of Middle Income Groups and the Role of Family in This Process References 11 Social Insurance of the Middle Income Group in China 11.1 Regional Overall Planning of Social Insurance 11.2 The Middle Income Group and Labor Contract Signing Rate 11.3 Social Insurance Participation Rate of Middle Income Group 11.4 Middle Income Group’s Satisfaction with Social Insurance 11.5 Discussion and Policy Suggestions References 12 Social Security and the Risk Resistance Capacity of Middle Income Groups in Russia References 13 The Analyses of Objective Social Status and Subjective Identification of Middle Income Group in China—Also on the Construction of the Subjective Identified Olive-Shaped Society 13.1 Theoretical and Practical Meanings of the Research on Identification of Middle Income Group 13.2 Literature Review of the Downward Moving of Identification of Current Middle Income Group 13.3 Discussion on Influencing Factors of Middle Income Group Identification—Hypothesis, Data and Models 13.4 The Analyses of Mismatched Subjective Identification of the Middle Income Group in China 13.5 Policy Suggestions on Improving the Identification of Middle Class by the Middle Income Group References 14 The Identities of the Middle Class References 15 Values and Social and Political Attitudes of the Middle Income Group 15.1 Values Orientation of the Middle Income Group 15.2 Social Attitudes of the Middle Income Group 15.3 Political Attitudes of the Middle Income Group 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Social Values of Middle Income Group References 17 Social and Political Participation of Middle Income Group in China 17.1 Social Participation of Middle Income Group in China 17.1.1 The Significance of Social Participation 17.1.2 Social Participation Level and Types 17.2 Political Participation of Middle Income Group 17.2.1 Political Participation Reflects Individual Initiative 17.2.2 Level and Form of Political Participation 17.3 Analyzing the Sense of Political Effectiveness of Chinese Middle Income Group 17.3.1 Definition of Sense of Political Effectiveness 17.3.2 Analysis of Sense of POLITICAL effectiveness of Chinese People 17.4 Analyzing Political and Social Cognition of Chinese Middle-Income Group 17.4.1 Analyzing of Sense of Social Justice 17.4.2 Analyzing How Middle-Income Group Evaluate Governmental Work 17.4.3 Analyzing Social and Political Orientation of Middle-Income Group 17.5 Suggestions Based on the Political Participation of Chinese Middle Income Group References 18 The Level of Social and Political Activities Among Middle Income Groups in Russia References 19 The Rise of the Middle Income Group in China—Take the Megacities Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou for Example 19.1 A Study of the Middle Income Group in Megacities in China 19.2 The Definition, Presumption of Scale and the Constitutive Features of the Middle Income Group 19.3 The Forming Channel of the Middle Income Group 19.4 Conclusions and Discussions References 20 Middle Income Groups in Russian Metropolitan Cities Bibliography Correction to: The Middle Income Group in China and Russia Correction to: P. Li and M. K. Gorshkov (eds.), The Middle Income Group in China and Russia, Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1464-4