The Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar, Second Edition

Written by a prominent expert in the field, this updated and expanded second edition of an Artech House classic includes the most recent breakthroughs in vital sign and gender recognition via micro-radar, as well as covering basic principles of Doppler effect and micro-Doppler effect and describing basic applications of micro-Doppler signatures in radar. The book presents detailed procedures about how to generate and analyze micro-Doppler signatures from radar signals. Readers will learn how to model and animate an object (such as human, spinning top, rotating rotor blades) with movement, simulation of radar returns from the object, and generating micro-Doppler signature.Review The book contains the basic principles of Doppler effect and micro-Doppler effect, and their practical applications in radar; the latest discoveries in vital sign and gesture recognition through micro-Doppler radar; guides to modeling and animating objects with movement; simulation of radar returns.A wealth of charts, graphs, equations, and source codes in MATLAB for programs used to simulate radar backscattering, as well as programs for generating micro-Doppler signatures and analyzing characteristics of targets, enhance this advanced resource and reference. The Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar, second edition is highly recommended especially for college and university library science and technology shelves. --James Cox, Midwest Book Review Artech House Radar Library The Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar Second Edition 1 Contents 6 1 Introduction 18 1.1 Doppler Effect 19 1.2 Relativistic Doppler Effect and Time Dilation 21 1.3 Doppler Effect Observed in Radar 24 1.4 Estimation and Analysis of Doppler Frequency Shifts 27 1.5 Cramer-Rao Bound of the Doppler Frequency Estimation 34 1.6 The Micro-Doppler Effect 35 1.7 Micro-Doppler Effect Observed in Radar 36 1.8 Estimation and Analysis of Micro-Doppler Frequency Shifts 37 1.8.1 Instantaneous Frequency Analysis 38 1.8.2 Joint Time-Frequency Analysis 39 1.9 The Micro-Doppler Signature of Objects 43 1.10 Angular Velocity Induced Interferometric Frequency Shift 45 1.11 Research and Applications of Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures 48 1.11.1 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Space Targets 50 1.11.2 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Air Targets 51 1.11.3 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Vital Signs 52 1.11.4 Through-the-Wall Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures 52 1.11.5 Micro-Doppler Signatures for Indoor Monitoring 53 1.11.6 Micro-Doppler Signatures for Hand Gesture Recognition 54 1.11.7 Micro-Doppler Signatures for Target Classification 54 1.11.8 Other Applications of Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures 55 1.12 The Organization of the Book 55 References 56 2 The Basics of the Micro-Doppler Effect in Radar 68 2.1 Rigid Body Motion 68 2.1.1 Euler Angles 70 2.1.2 Quaternion 75 2.1.3 Equations of Motion 78 2.2 Nonrigid Body Motion 80 2.3 Electromagnetic Scattering from a Body with Motion 83 2.3.1 Radar Cross Section of a Target 84 2.3.2 RCS Prediction Methods 85 2.3.3 EM Scattering from a Body with Motion 87 2.4 Basic Mathematics for Calculating the Micro-Doppler Effect 89 2.4.1 Micro-Doppler Induced by a Target with Micromotion 90 2.4.2 Vibration-Induced Micro-Doppler Shift 92 2.4.3 Rotation-Induced Micro-Doppler Shift 96 2.4.4 Coning Motion-Induced Micro-Doppler Shift 99 2.5 Bistatic Micro-Doppler Effect 104 2.6 Multistatic Micro-Doppler Effect 110 2.7 Cramer-Rao Bound of the Micro-Doppler Estimation 112 References 112 Appendix 2A 115 3 The Micro-Doppler Effect of the Rigid Body Motion 118 3.1 Pendulum Oscillation 120 3.1.1 Modeling Nonlinear Motion Dynamic of a Pendulum 120 3.1.2 Modeling RCS of a Pendulum 125 3.1.3 Radar Backscattering from an Oscillating Pendulum 127 3.1.4 Micro-Doppler Signatures Generated by an Oscillating Pendulum 129 3.2 Helicopter Rotor Blades 132 3.2.1 Mathematic Model of Rotating Rotor Blades 132 3.2.2 RCS Model of Rotating Rotor Blades 140 3.2.3 POFACET Prediction Model 141 3.2.4 Radar Backscattering from Rotor Blades 143 3.2.5 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Rotor Blades 145 3.2.6 Required Minimum PRF 148 3.2.7 Analysis and Interpretation of the Micro-Doppler Signature of Rotor Blades 150 3.2.8 Quadrotor and Multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 152 3.3 Spinning Symmetric Top 157 3.3.1 Force-Free Rotation of a Symmetric Top 160 3.3.2 Torque-Induced Rotation of a Symmetric Top 162 3.3.3 RCS Model of a Symmetric Top 163 3.3.4 Radar Backscattering from a Symmetric Top 164 3.3.5 Micro-Doppler Signatures Generated by a Precessing Top 165 3.3.6 Analysis and Interpretation of the Micro-Doppler Signature of a Precessing Top 166 3.4 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Re-Entry Vehicles 168 3.4.1 Mathematical Model of a Cone-Shaped RV 171 3.4.2 Motion Dynamic Model of a Cone-Shaped RV 172 3.4.3 Micro-Doppler Signature Analysis 174 3.4.4 Summary 174 3.5 Wind Turbines 175 3.5.1 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Wind Turbines 176 3.5.2 Analysis and Interpretation of the Micro-Doppler Signature of Wind Turbines 177 3.5.3 Simulation Study on Wind Turbines 177 References 179 4 The Micro-Doppler Effect of the Nonrigid Body Motion 184 4.1 Human Body Articulated Motion 186 4.1.1 Human Walking 187 4.1.2 Description of Periodic Motion of Human Walking 188 4.1.3 Simulation of Human Body Movements 189 4.1.4 Human Body Segment Parameters 189 4.1.5 Human Walking Model Derived from Empirical Mathematical Parameterizations 191 4.1.6 Capturing Human Motion Kinematic Parameters 207 4.1.7 Three-Dimensional Kinematic Data Collection 208 4.1.8 Characteristics of Angular Kinematics Using the Angle-Cyclogram Pattern 211 4.1.9 Radar Backscattering from a Walking Human 212 4.1.10 Human Body Movement Data Processing 214 4.1.11 Human Body Movements-Induced Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures 216 4.1.12 Motion Captured Data for Human Activities 219 4.2 Bird Wing Flapping 222 4.2.1 Bird Wing Flapping Kinematics 225 4.2.2 Doppler Observations of the Bird Wing Flapping 228 4.2.3 Simulation of the Bird Wing Flapping 229 4.3 Quadrupedal Animal Motion 231 4.3.1 Modeling of Quadrupedal Locomotion 234 4.3.2 Micro-Doppler Signatures of Quadrupedal Locomotion 235 4.3.3 Summary 236 References 237 5 Application to Vital Sign Detection 242 5.1 Vibrating Surface Modeling of Vital Signs 243 5.2 Homodyne Doppler Radar Systems for Vital Sign Detection 245 5.2.1 Homodyne Receivers for Vital Sign Detection 246 5.2.2 Homodyne Receivers with Quadrature Mixer 248 5.3 Heterodyne Doppler Radar Systems for Vital Sign Detection 251 5.3.1 Double-Sideband Mixer and Single-Sideband Mixer 252 5.3.2 The Low-IF Architecture 253 5.4 Experimental Doppler Radar for Vital Sign Detection 254 References 257 6 Application to Hand Gesture Recognition 260 6.1 Modeling of Hand and Finger Movement 261 6.2 Capturing of Hand and Finger Movements 262 6.2.1 Traditional Motion Capture Methods 262 6.2.2 Acoustic Doppler-Based Systems for Hand Gesture Recognition 264 6.2.3 Radar Doppler-Based Systems for Hand Gesture Recognition 265 6.3 Radar Micro-Doppler Signatures for Hand Gesture Recognition 266 6.4 Other Features for Hand Gesture Recognition 271 6.4.1 Time-Varying Range-Doppler Features 272 6.4.2 Azimuth and Elevation Angle Features 273 6.4.3 Fine-Grained Hand Gesture Recognition 274 6.4.4 Radar Frontal Imaging of Hand Gestures 276 References 278 7 Overview of the Micro-Doppler Radar System 282 7.1 Micro-Doppler Radar System Architecture 282 7.2 Signal Waveforms for the Micro-Doppler Radar System 286 7.3 Resolution and Range Coverage 292 7.4 Radar Range Equation 293 7.4.1 CW Radar Range Equation 295 7.4.2 Receive Noise Floor 296 7.4.3 The Required Signal Level 296 7.4.4 Received Signal Power 296 7.4.5 Receiver Sensitivity 297 7.4.6 Receiver Dynamic Range 299 7.4.7 Maximum Detection Range 300 7.5 Data Acquisition and Signal Processing 302 7.5.1 Noise Sources 302 7.5.2 Digital Data Acquisition 302 7.5.3 Signal Conditioning 303 7.5.4 In-Phase and Quadrature Imbalance and Its Compensation 304 References 309 8 Analysis and Interpretation of Micro-Doppler Signatures 310 8.1 Biological Motion Perception 311 8.2 Decomposition of Biological Motion 313 8.2.1 Statistics-Based Decomposition 314 8.2.2 Decomposition of Micro-Doppler Signatures in the Joint Time-Frequency Domain 315 8.2.3 Physical Component-Based Decomposition 316 8.3 Extraction of Features from Micro-Doppler Signatures 320 8.4 Estimation of Kinematic Parameters from Micro-Doppler Signatures 321 8.5 Identifying Human Body Movements 323 8.5.1 Features Used for Identifying Human Body Movements 325 8.5.2 Anomalous Human Behavior 326 8.6 Summary 327 References 327 9 Summary, Challenges, and Perspectives 332 9.1 Summary 332 9.2 Challenges 334 9.2.1 Decomposing Micro-Doppler Signatures 334 9.2.2 Feature Extraction and Kinematic Parameter Estimation from Micro-Doppler Signatures 335 9.3 Perspectives 337 9.3.1 Multistatic Micro-Doppler Analysis 337 9.3.2 Micro-Doppler Signature-Based Classification, Recognition and Identification 338 9.3.3 Deep Learning for Micro-Doppler Signature-Based Classification, Recognition, and Identification 339 9.3.4 Aural Methods for Micro-Doppler-Based Discrimination 339 9.3.5 Through-the-Wall Micro-Doppler Signatures 340 9.3.6 Micro-Doppler Signatures for Detection of Targets in Sea Clutter 341 References 342 About the Author 346 Index 348 Radar;,Doppler,effect;,Micro,Doppler;,Artech,House;,978-1-63081-546-2 Radar,Doppler effect,Micro Doppler,Artech House,978-1-63081-546-2 Written by a prominent expert in the field, this updated and expanded second edition of an Artech House classic includes the most recent breakthroughs in vital sign and gender recognition via micro-radar, as well as covering basic principles of Doppler effect and micro-Doppler effect and describing basic applications of micro-Doppler signatures in radar. The book presents detailed procedures about how to generate and analyze micro-Doppler signatures from radar signals. Readers will learn how to model and animate an object (such as human, spinning top, rotating rotor blades) with movement, simulation of radar returns from the object, and generating micro-Doppler signature. The book includes coverage of the Google project “Soli”, which demonstrated the use of radar micro-Doppler effect to sense and recognize micro motions of human hand gesture for controlling devices. It also discusses noncontact detection of human vital sign (micro motions of breathing and heart beating) using radar, another important application of radar micro-Doppler sensors. Detailed MATLAB source codes for simulation of radar backscattering from targets with various motions are provided, along with source codes for generating micro-Doppler signatures and analyzing characteristics of targets.