The Merchants' Capital: New Orleans and the Political Economy of the Nineteenth-Century South (Cambridge Studies on the American South)

As cotton production shifted toward the southwestern states during the first half of the nineteenth century, New Orleans became increasingly important to the South's plantation economy. Handling the city's wide-ranging commerce was a globally oriented business community that represented a qualitatively unique form of wealth accumulation - merchant capital - that was based on the extraction of profit from exchange processes. However, like the slave-based mode of production with which they were allied, New Orleans merchants faced growing pressures during the antebellum era. Their complacent failure to improve the port's infrastructure or invest in manufacturing left them vulnerable to competition from the fast-developing industrial economy of the North, weaknesses that were fatally exposed during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Changes to regional and national economic structures after the Union victory prevented New Orleans from recovering its commercial dominance, and the former first-rank American city quickly devolved into a notorious site of political corruption and endemic poverty. New Orleans, the nineteenth-century South's only true metropolis, originally derived its prosperity as the chief export point for slave-produced commodities, most notably cotton. This book focuses on the city's merchants and how their conservative investment mentalities contributed to New Orleans' unusually rapid economic downfall during and after the Civil War. This study examines the crucial role of merchants in the rise and decline of New Orleans during the nineteenth century