The many scales in the universe : JENAM 2004 astrophysics reviews

This book gathers the invited conferences presented at the Thirteenth Joint European and National Astronomical Meeting (JENAM) organized by the - ropean Astronomical Society (EAS) and the Spanish Astronomical Society (Sociedad Española de Astronomía, SEA) and hosted by the Instituto de - trofísica de Andalucía (IAA - CSIC). The event, held from September 13 to 17, 2004 in Granada, was at the same time the Sixth Scienti c Meeting of the SEA. The proceedings of such national meetings are traditionally collected in a series of books generically entitled Highlights of Spanish Astrophysics, which will be momentarily interrupted in this occasion as the contributions of the Spanish astronomers to the meeting share the present publication with those of their colleagues from other European countries or, to be more exact, from countries all over the world. The meeting brought together, indeed, more than 450 participants from 30 different countries, making it one of the most successful JENAMs ever celebrated. This success was undoubtedly due to the fact that, as readily seen from the titles of the parallel sessions, the scienti c scope of this JENAM reached, for the st time, all elds of astronomy and astrophysics. In fact, there was still another parallel session opened to tea- ers and professionals of popularisation in astronomy whose proceedings are published elsewhere. Contents......Page 5 Preface......Page 10 Committees......Page 13 The Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies: Open Problems......Page 16 1. Introduction......Page 17 2. CMB temperature anisotropies......Page 19 3. Polarization......Page 23 4. Cosmological parameters......Page 24 5. Cosmological constraints......Page 26 6. Open problems......Page 32 Acknowledgments......Page 35 References......Page 36 1. Basics of gravitational lensing......Page 39 2. Strong lensing in clusters of galaxies......Page 41 3. From weak lensing to masses......Page 44 4. The cosmic shear or lensing by large scale structures......Page 46 5. Conclusions......Page 47 References......Page 48 1. Introduction......Page 49 3. Programmatic aspects......Page 50 4. Scientific performance......Page 52 5. Mission profile......Page 54 Acknowledgments......Page 56 References......Page 57 Surveys of Extragalactic Sources with PLANCK......Page 58 1. Introduction......Page 59 2. Power spectra of foreground emissions......Page 60 3. 30 GHz counts......Page 61 4. 350 GHz counts......Page 64 References......Page 66 1. Introduction......Page 68 2. The concordance model......Page 69 3. Dark matter......Page 73 4. The amplitude of fluctuations......Page 74 5. Summary......Page 80 References......Page 81 1. Introduction......Page 84 2. High redshift......Page 85 3. Physical processes......Page 89 4. Low redshift......Page 90 6. Conclusions and speculations......Page 93 Acknowledgments......Page 96 References......Page 97 1. Introduction......Page 99 2. The inner disk: Fe line diagnostics......Page 101 3. The circumnuclear environment......Page 104 4. Challenges to the unified AGN model......Page 105 5. X-ray surveys, obscured accretion and the X-ray background......Page 106 Acknowledgments......Page 108 References......Page 109 1. Introduction to star complexes......Page 111 2. Formation of star complexes......Page 113 3. Characteristic size versus scale-free?......Page 115 4. Theory of the star formation rate......Page 116 5. Conclusions......Page 120 References......Page 121 1. Introduction......Page 123 2. Model for late-type spiral galaxies......Page 124 3. Correlation between star formation and infrared emission......Page 127 4. Other star formation diagnostics......Page 129 5. Instead of a summary......Page 130 References......Page 131 1. Introduction......Page 132 2. Stellar sample and observational data......Page 133 3. Derived astrophysical parameters......Page 135 4. The key diagnostic relations......Page 137 5. Discussion......Page 139 Acknowledgments......Page 140 References......Page 141 1. Introduction......Page 142 2. Improved observations and models......Page 144 3. The quintuplet cluster......Page 146 4. The arches cluster......Page 149 References......Page 154 1. Introduction......Page 156 2. Establishing black holes......Page 157 3. Mass determination in persistent LMXBs......Page 162 Acknowledgments......Page 164 References......Page 165 1. Introduction......Page 166 3. Indicators of massive stars......Page 167 4. The age of the supernova remnants in M82......Page 171 Acknowledgments......Page 174 References......Page 175 1. Sources of X-ray emission from planetary nebulae......Page 176 2. X-Ray observations of PNe......Page 178 4. Summary......Page 183 References......Page 185 The Hidden Life of Massive Stars......Page 186 2. Search for young massive stars......Page 187 3. Stellar parameters from near-infrared spectra......Page 188 4. Geometry of the circumstellar material......Page 191 5. Case study: NGC2024/IRS2......Page 193 References......Page 195 1. Introduction: magnetometry of the solar photosphere......Page 197 2. Scattering polarization and the hanle effect in the near UV......Page 199 3. Solar magnetometry at high spatial resolution: The role of SUNRISE......Page 203 References......Page 205 1. Introduction......Page 207 2. Overall structure of the Sun......Page 209 3. The corona......Page 211 4. MHD and reconnection......Page 212 5. The solar and heliospheric observatory (SOHO)......Page 214 6. Conclusions......Page 218 References......Page 219 1. Introduction......Page 221 2. Observations of convective storms in jupiter and saturn......Page 223 3. Modelling moist convective storms......Page 224 4. Storm locations and wind relation......Page 226 References......Page 229 1. Introduction......Page 231 2. Current knowledge......Page 233 References......Page 242 1. Introduction and general goals......Page 244 2. Coronography with large telescopes......Page 245 3. Extrasolar planets with the VLTI......Page 248 4. The space interferometry mission......Page 253 5. Darwin and the terrestrial planet finder......Page 254 References......Page 258 1. Introduction......Page 261 2. Astrophysical virtual observatory......Page 262 3. Finding type 2 AGN in the goods fields......Page 263 5. Summary......Page 267 References......Page 268 1. Introduction......Page 269 2. From a Swedish to a European project......Page 270 3. A European ELT – Why?......Page 271 4. A European ELT – How?......Page 284 References......Page 297 Author Index......Page 303 The book gathers the invited talks to the XIII JENAM conference, organized this time by the European Astronomical Society (EAS) and the Spanish Astronomical Society (SEA), and hosted by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC). All branches of astrophysics are encompassed from the largest scales and cosmology to the solar system and the Sun, through the galaxies and the stars, including a section on astronomical instrumentation. Very relevant experts from all over the world speak in a single book about the most recent, exciting results from their fields in a way which is useful for both researchers in these fields and colleagues working in other disciplines. The book is accompanied by a CD-ROM including the remaining contributions of the meeting in PDF format, hence opening a wide panorama of what is going on in astrophysics nowadays All branches of astrophysics are encompassed in this book, from the largest scales and cosmology to the solar system and the Sun, through the galaxies and the stars, including a section on astronomical instrumentation. Experts from across the world ‘speak’ in a single book about the most recent, exciting results from their fields. A CD-ROM accompanies the book opening a panorama of astrophysics today.