The Luwians (Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch Der Orientalistik)

The Luwians played at least as important a role as the Hittites in the history of the ancient Near East during the second and first millennia BCE, but for various reasons they have been overshadowed by and even confused with their more famous relatives and neighbours. Redressing this imbalance, this volume by an international team of scholars offers a comprehensive, state-of-the-art appraisal of the Luwians. A brief introduction sets the context and confronts the problem of defining "the Luwians". Following chapters describe their prehistory, history, writing and language, religion and material culture. Table of Contents 6 Preface 12 List of Abbreviations 14 List of Maps, Figures and Plates 18 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 22 1. Definition: who were the Luwians? 22 2. Sources 24 3. Dating and Chronology 25 4. Geography 26 CHAPTER TWO: Prehistory 29 1. General Considerations 29 2. Luwian as an Indo-European Language 31 3. Indo-European Anatolian Languages in the Late Third Millennium 31 3.1 Palaic 31 3.2 Luwian 32 3.3 Lycian and Carian 35 3.4 Hittite (Nesite) 36 3.5 Lydian 43 4. Indo-European Speakers in Anatolia: when and from where? 44 CHAPTER THREE: History 48 A. Introduction 48 B. The Luwians in their Bronze Age Context 56 1. The Luwian Population Groups of Western Anatolia 56 2. History of Western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age 65 3. The Diffusion of Luwian-speakers 105 4. The Luwians of Southeastern Anatolia 109 C. The Luwians in their Iron Age Context 114 1. The Kingdom of Hartapu 114 2. Tabal 118 3. Luwian Elements in Lycia and Cilicia 122 4. Cilicia in non-Classical Sources 123 5. Cilicia in Classical Sources 127 6. Lycia 128 7. Some Final Observations 145 CHAPTER FOUR: Scripts and Texts 149 1. Introduction 149 2. Recognition 150 2.1 Cuneiform Luwian 150 2.2 Hieroglyphic 151 3. Decipherment of Hieroglyphic 152 3.1 Initial considerations 152 3.2 Successful entry 153 3.3 Seals (Bogazköy) 153 3.4 The Bilingual (KARATEPE) 154 3.5 Further seals (Ras Shamra) 154 3.6 Publications 155 3.7 The 'new readings' 156 4. Luwian united: progress since 1975 158 5. The Texts 159 5.1 Cuneiform Luwian 159 5.2 Hieroglyphic 160 6. The Scripts 173 6.1 Cuneiform 173 6.2 Hieroglyphic 176 CHAPTER FIVE: Language 191 A. Forms of Luwian 191 1. Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Luwian 191 2. Lycian, Carian, Pisidian and Sidetic 196 B. Phonology 198 1. Phonemic Inventory 198 2. Phonological Rules/Variation 200 3. Phonotactics 205 4. Accent 206 C. Morphology 206 1. Nominal Inflection 206 2. Pronouns 210 3. Verbal Inflection 212 4. Word Formation 215 D. Syntax 221 1. Word Order 221 2. Agreement 222 3. Use of Cases 223 4. Adpositions 224 5. Use of Pronouns 224 6. Use of Verbal Categories 225 7. Negation 227 8. Questions 228 9. Subordinate Clauses 228 10. Non-subordinating Conjunctions 229 11. Local Particles 231 CHAPTER SIX: Aspects of Luwian Religion 232 A. Introduction 232 1. Defining 'Luwians' chronologically and geographically 233 2. Defining Luwian Religion as a religion of its own 236 B. The Gods of the Luwians 239 General outline 239 2. Tarhunt and Tiwad: gods of all Luwians 241 3. Some further male gods: Arma, Santa, LAMMA 248 4. The main Luwian goddesses: Kamrusepa, Maliya, Huwassanna 251 C. Festivals and Magical Rituals from Local Luwian Centers 253 1. Greater Arzawa 255 2. The Lower Land 259 3. Luwian rituals from Kizzuwatna 271 4. The function of Luwian religious texts in the Hittite capital 275 D. Religious Experience, Values, and the People 277 1. Approaching the gods' sacredness 277 2. Elements of the Luwian idea of man 281 E. Continuity and Change in the First Millennium 285 1. Western Anatolia and contacts with the '(Pre)-Greek world 286 2. Tabal and the ongoing 'mixed' population in the Lower Land 291 3. Kizzuwatna 296 F. Conclusion: Luwian religion—a fragmentizing approach 298 CHAPTER SEVEN: Art and Architecture 302 A. Scope of this chapter and terminology 302 B. Luwian art and architecture in the Bronze Age? 306 C. Luwian art and architecture in the Iron Age context 309 1. State of research and limits of present overview 309 2. Datings of Luwian art in the Iron Age 314 3. 'Luwian' centers in North Syria: continuity or discontinuity? 318 4. Architecture 319 5. Figured Works of Art 328 Bibliography 359 Indices 385 Persons 385 A 385 B 385 C 385 D 386 E 386 G 386 H 386 I 386 K 386 L 386 M 386 N 387 P 387 R 387 S 387 T 387 U 388 V 388 W 388 X 388 Y 388 Z 388 Deities 388 A 388 B 388 D 388 E 388 G 388 H 388 I 388 K 389 L 389 M 389 N 389 P 389 R 389 S 389 T 390 U 390 W 390 Y 390 Z 390 Lands, Peoples, and Dynasties 390 A 390 B 390 C 391 D 391 E 391 G 391 H 391 I 391 K 391 L 391 M 392 P 392 Q 392 R 392 S 392 T 392 U 392 W 392 Cities and Sites 393 A 393 B 393 C 393 D 393 E 393 G 393 H 393 I 394 K 394 L 394 M 394 N 394 O 394 P 395 Q 395 R 395 S 395 T 395 U 395 W 395 X 395 Y 395 Z 395 Mountains 396 A 396 C 396 G 396 H 396 K 396 M 396 P 396 S 396 T 396 Z 396 Rivers, Lakes, and Seas 396 A 396 B 396 C 396 E 396 H 396 K 396 M 396 O 396 P 396 S 396 V 396 X 396 Languages 397 Cuneiform Luwian 397 Hieroglyphic Luwian 400 Hittite 402 Lycian 403 Lydian 403 Other Languages 404 Plates 410 Table of Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 List of Abbreviations......Page 14 List of Maps, Figures and Plates......Page 18 1. Definition: who were the Luwians?......Page 22 2. Sources......Page 24 3. Dating and Chronology......Page 25 4. Geography......Page 26 1. General Considerations......Page 29 3.1 Palaic......Page 31 3.2 Luwian......Page 32 3.3 Lycian and Carian......Page 35 3.4 Hittite (Nesite)......Page 36 3.5 Lydian......Page 43 4. Indo-European Speakers in Anatolia: when and from where?......Page 44 A. Introduction......Page 48 1. The Luwian Population Groups of Western Anatolia......Page 56 2. History of Western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age......Page 65 3. The Diffusion of Luwian-speakers......Page 105 4. The Luwians of Southeastern Anatolia......Page 109 1. The Kingdom of Hartapu......Page 114 2. Tabal......Page 118 3. Luwian Elements in Lycia and Cilicia......Page 122 4. Cilicia in non-Classical Sources......Page 123 5. Cilicia in Classical Sources......Page 127 6. Lycia......Page 128 7. Some Final Observations......Page 145 1. Introduction......Page 149 2.1 Cuneiform Luwian......Page 150 2.2 Hieroglyphic......Page 151 3.1 Initial considerations......Page 152 3.3 Seals (Bogazköy)......Page 153 3.5 Further seals (Ras Shamra)......Page 154 3.6 Publications......Page 155 3.7 The 'new readings'......Page 156 4. Luwian united: progress since 1975......Page 158 5.1 Cuneiform Luwian......Page 159 5.2 Hieroglyphic......Page 160 6.1 Cuneiform......Page 173 6.2 Hieroglyphic......Page 176 1. Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Luwian......Page 191 2. Lycian, Carian, Pisidian and Sidetic......Page 196 1. Phonemic Inventory......Page 198 2. Phonological Rules/Variation......Page 200 3. Phonotactics......Page 205 1. Nominal Inflection......Page 206 2. Pronouns......Page 210 3. Verbal Inflection......Page 212 4. Word Formation......Page 215 1. Word Order......Page 221 2. Agreement......Page 222 3. Use of Cases......Page 223 5. Use of Pronouns......Page 224 6. Use of Verbal Categories......Page 225 7. Negation......Page 227 9. Subordinate Clauses......Page 228 10. Non-subordinating Conjunctions......Page 229 11. Local Particles......Page 231 A. Introduction......Page 232 1. Defining 'Luwians' chronologically and geographically......Page 233 2. Defining Luwian Religion as a religion of its own......Page 236 General outline......Page 239 2. Tarhunt and Tiwad: gods of all Luwians......Page 241 3. Some further male gods: Arma, Santa, LAMMA......Page 248 4. The main Luwian goddesses: Kamrusepa, Maliya, Huwassanna......Page 251 C. Festivals and Magical Rituals from Local Luwian Centers......Page 253 1. Greater Arzawa......Page 255 2. The Lower Land......Page 259 3. Luwian rituals from Kizzuwatna......Page 271 4. The function of Luwian religious texts in the Hittite capital......Page 275 1. Approaching the gods' sacredness......Page 277 2. Elements of the Luwian idea of man......Page 281 E. Continuity and Change in the First Millennium......Page 285 1. Western Anatolia and contacts with the '(Pre)-Greek world......Page 286 2. Tabal and the ongoing 'mixed' population in the Lower Land......Page 291 3. Kizzuwatna......Page 296 F. Conclusion: Luwian religion—a fragmentizing approach......Page 298 A. Scope of this chapter and terminology......Page 302 B. Luwian art and architecture in the Bronze Age?......Page 306 1. State of research and limits of present overview......Page 309 2. Datings of Luwian art in the Iron Age......Page 314 3. 'Luwian' centers in North Syria: continuity or discontinuity?......Page 318 4. Architecture......Page 319 5. Figured Works of Art......Page 328 Bibliography......Page 359 C......Page 385 M......Page 386 T......Page 387 I......Page 388 S......Page 389 B......Page 390 L......Page 391 W......Page 392 H......Page 393 O......Page 394 Z......Page 395 X......Page 396 Cuneiform Luwian......Page 397 Hieroglyphic Luwian......Page 400 Hittite......Page 402 Lydian......Page 403 Other Languages......Page 404 Plates......Page 410 The Luwians played at least as important a role as the Hittites in the history of the Ancient Near East during the second and first millennia BCE, but for various reasons they have been overshadowed by and even confused with their more famous relatives and neighbours. Redressing this imbalance, the present volume by an international team of scholars offers a comprehensive, state-of-the-art appraisal of the Luwians, the first of its kind in English. A brief introduction sets the context and confronts the problem of defining 'the Luwians'. Following chapters describe their prehistory, history, writing and language, religion, and material culture. Ch. 1. Introduction / H. Craig Melchert -- Ch. 2. Prehistory / H. Craig Melchert -- Ch. 3. History / Trevor R. Bryce -- Ch. 4. Scripts And Texts / J. D. Hawkins -- Ch. 5. Language / H. Craig Melchert -- Ch. 6. Aspects Of Luwian Religion / Manfred Hutter -- Ch. 7. Art And Architecture / Sanna Aro. Edited By H. Craig Melchert. Includes Bibiliographical References (p. [338]-363) And Indexes.