The Lower Limb Tendinopathies: Etiology, Biology and Treatment (Sports and Traumatology)

"This book examines the subject of lower limb tendinopathy and is divided into two main parts: the first covers the general aspects of tendinopathy, while the second focuses on the specific condition in the lower limb. Each chapter has a clear structure: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, imaging, conservative and surgical treatment, and therapeutic indications, making it easy to read. Furthermore, the section on conservative treatment includes important practical application tools. ". Font no determinada Contents 6 Chapter 1: Tendonitis, Tendinosis, or Tendinopathy? 8 1.1 Introduction 8 1.2 The Histological Aspect of the Tendon Affected by Tendinopathy 9 1.3 The Coexistence of Degenerative and Inflammatory Changes 9 1.4 Study Models of Tendinopathy 12 1.4.1 In Vitro Models 12 1.4.2 Ex Vivo Models 13 1.4.3 In Vivo Chemical Induction Models 14 1.4.4 In Vivo Mechanical Induction Models of Tendinopathy 17 1.4.5 Mechanical Induction Models of Tendinopathy Based on Electrical Stimulus 17 1.4.6 Mechanical Induction Model of Tendinopathy Based on Downhill Treadmill Running 18 1.4.7 The Mechanical Induction Model of Tendinopathy Based on Uphill Treadmill Running 18 1.4.8 The Mechanical Induction Model of Tendinopathy Based on Fatigue 19 1.4.9 The Mechanical Induction Model of Tendinopathy Based on Disuse 19 1.5 The Iceberg Theory 19 1.6 Conclusions 21 References 21 Chapter 2: Healing Processes of the Tendon 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 The Inflammatory Phase 28 2.3 The Proliferative Phase 30 2.4 The Remodeling and Maturation Phases 31 2.5 The Role of the Nervous Response in the Healing Processes of the Tendon 32 2.6 The Role of the Apoptosis Process in the Last Stage of the Healing of the Tendon 33 2.7 The Role of Growth Factors in the Healing Process of the Tendon 34 2.8 The Role of Angiogenesis in Cellular Proliferation 35 2.9 The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Healing Processes of the Tendon 36 2.9.1 Extrinsic Healing Mechanisms 36 2.9.2 Intrinsic Healing Mechanisms 36 2.10 The Molecular Bases of Neoformation of the Tendon 37 2.11 Conclusions 40 References 41 Chapter 3: Adductor Tendinopathy 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Anatomy 48 3.2.1 Adductor Muscle 48 3.2.2 Inguinal Region 49 3.3 Definition and Differential Diagnosis 50 3.3.1 Abdominal Groin Pain 50 3.3.2 Hip 51 3.3.3 Other Differential Diagnoses 52 3.4 Etiopathogenesis 52 3.4.1 Intrinsic Factors 53 3.4.2 Extrinsic Factors 55 3.5 Clinic 55 3.5.1 Biology 56 3.5.2 Evolution 56 3.6 Imaging 56 3.6.1 X-Ray 56 3.6.2 MRI 56 3.6.3 Echography 57 3.7 Treatment 58 3.7.1 Conservative Treatment 58 3.7.1.1 Medical 58 3.7.2 Rehabilitation Protocol 59 3.7.2.1 The First Phase 59 3.7.2.2 The Second Phase 60 3.7.2.3 The Third Phase 60 3.7.2.4 The Fourth Phase 61 3.7.3 Surgical Treatment 61 3.8 Prevention 62 3.9 Synthesis and Therapeutic Indications 66 3.9.1 Subject Seen Early: Acute Mode 67 3.9.2 Subject Seen Late: Chronic Mode 67 3.10 Conclusion 68 References 68 Chapter 4: Rectus Femoris Tendinopathy 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Anatomy and Functional Anatomy 73 4.3 Pathophysiology 75 4.4 Clinical Aspects 76 4.5 Differential Diagnosis 78 4.6 Imaging 79 4.7 Conservative Treatment 83 4.8 Surgical Treatment 86 4.9 Conclusions 86 References 87 Chapter 5: Iliopsoas Tendinopathy 90 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Epidemiology and Aetiopathogenesis 91 5.3 Clinical Examination 92 5.4 Imaging in Iliopsoas Tendinopathy 94 5.5 Conservative Treatment of Iliopsoas Tendinopathy 98 5.6 Surgical Treatment of Iliopsoas Tendinopathy 99 5.7 Conclusions 100 References 100 Chapter 6: Quadriceps Tendinopathy 103 6.1 Etiopathogenesis and Clinics 104 6.2 Imaging 106 6.2.1 Quadriceps Tendinopathy 106 6.2.2 Tendon Injuries 107 6.3 Conservative Treatment 108 6.4 Surgical Treatment 111 6.5 Synthesis and Therapeutic Indications 114 References 116 Chapter 7: Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS) 120 7.1 Introduction 120 7.2 Etiopathogenesis 121 7.3 Patient Evaluation 123 7.4 Imaging 124 7.5 Conservative Treatment 125 7.6 Surgical Treatment 126 7.7 Conclusions 128 Bibliography 128 Chapter 8: Hamstring Syndrome 130 8.1 Introduction 130 8.2 Clinical Diagnosis 131 8.3 Imaging 132 8.4 Conservative Treatment 134 8.5 Surgical Treatment 137 8.6 Conclusion 140 Bibliography 140 Chapter 9: Pes Anserine Tendinopathy 142 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 Etiopathogenesis of PA Tendinopathy 143 9.3 Clinical Evaluation 146 9.4 Imaging Assessment 147 9.5 Conservative Treatment 147 9.6 Surgical Treatment 148 9.7 Conclusions 148 References 148 Chapter 10: Achilles Tendinopathy 151 10.1 Introduction 152 10.2 Etiopathogenesis of Achilles Tendinopathy 152 10.3 Achilles Tendinopathy: Why Painful? 154 10.4 Clinical Aspects of Achilles Tendinopathy 155 10.5 Prevention of Achilles Tendinopathy 156 10.6 Conservative Treatment of Achilles Tendinopathy 157 10.7 Minimally Invasive Treatment 158 10.7.1 High-Volume Injections 159 10.7.2 Minimally Invasive Achilles Tendon Stripping 159 10.7.3 Percutaneous Longitudinal Tenotomies 161 10.7.4 Open Surgery 162 10.8 Synthesis and Therapeutic Indications 163 References 163 Chapter 11: Patellar Tendinopathy 167 11.1 Introduction 167 11.2 Epidemiology and Etiopathogenesis 168 11.3 Anatomy and Biomechanics 169 11.4 Pathogenesis 170 11.5 Clinical Examination 171 11.6 Instrumental Diagnosis 172 11.7 Treatment 174 Bibliography 179 Chapter 12: Hindfoot Tendinopathies 182 12.1 Background 182 12.2 Biomechanics and Pathophysiology 183 12.3 Clinical Examination 184 12.4 Instrumental Diagnosis 184 12.5 Treatment 185 12.6 Single Site Tendinopathies 186 12.6.1 Tibialis Posterior Tendon 186 12.6.2 Peroneal Tendons 189 12.6.3 Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon 190 12.7 Conclusions 194 References 195 Index 197 Front Matter....Pages i-vi Tendonitis, Tendinosis, or Tendinopathy?....Pages 1-19 Healing Processes of the Tendon....Pages 21-40 Adductor Tendinopathy....Pages 41-65 Rectus Femoris Tendinopathy....Pages 67-84 Iliopsoas Tendinopathy....Pages 85-97 Quadriceps Tendinopathy....Pages 99-115 Iliotibial Band Syndrome (ITBS)....Pages 117-126 Hamstring Syndrome....Pages 127-138 Pes Anserine Tendinopathy....Pages 139-147 Achilles Tendinopathy....Pages 149-164 Patellar Tendinopathy....Pages 165-179 Hindfoot Tendinopathies....Pages 181-195 Back Matter....Pages 197-202