The Limits of Westernization: A Cultural History of America in Turkey (Columbia Studies in International and Global History)

__The Limits of Westernization__ analyzes the complex local uses of "the West" to explain how the United States could become both the best and the worst in the Turkish political imagination. Gürel traces how ideas about westernization and America have influenced national history writing and policy making, as well as everyday affects and identities. In a 2001 poll, Turks ranked the United States highest when asked: "Which country is Turkey's best friend in international relations?" When the pollsters reversed the question--"Which country is Turkey's number one enemy in international relations?"--the United States came in second. How did Turkey's citizens come to hold such opposing views simultaneously? In The Limits of Westernization , Perin E. Grel explains this unique split and its echoes in contemporary U.S.-Turkey relations. Using Turkish and English sources, Grel maps the reaction of Turks to the rise of the United States as a world-ordering power in the twentieth century. As Turkey transitioned from an empire to a nation-state, the country's ruling elite projected "westernization" as a necessary and desirable force but also feared its cultural damage. Turkish stock figures and figures of speech represented America both as a good model for selective westernization and as a dangerous source of degeneration. At the same time, U.S. policy makers imagined Turkey from within their own civilization templates, first as the main figure of Oriental barbarism (i.e., "the terrible Turk"), then, during the Cold War, as good pupils of modernization theory. As the Cold War transitioned to the War on Terror, Turks rebelled against the new U.S.-made trope of the "moderate Muslim." Local artifacts of westernization--folk culture crossed with American cultural exports--and alternate projections of modernity became tinder for both Turkish anti-Americanism and resistance to state-led modernization projects. The Limits of Westernization analyzes the complex local uses of "the West" to explain how the United States could become both the best and the worst in the Turkish political imagination. Grel traces how ideas about westernization and America have influenced national history writing and policy making, as well as everyday affects and identities. Foregrounding shifting tropes about and from Turkey--a regional power that continues to dominate American visions for the "modernization" of the Middle East--Grel also illuminates the transnational development of powerful political tropes, from "the Terrible Turk" to "the Islamic Terrorist." In a 2001 poll, Turks ranked the United States highest when asked: "Which country is Turkey's best friend in international relations?" When the pollsters reversed the question—"Which country is Turkey's number one enemy in international relations?"—the United States came in second. How did Turkey's citizens come to hold such opposing views simultaneously? In The Limits of Westernization , Perin E. Gürel explains this unique split and its echoes in contemporary U.S.-Turkey relations. Using Turkish and English sources, Gürel maps the reaction of Turks to the rise of the United States as a world-ordering power in the twentieth century. As Turkey transitioned from an empire to a nation-state, the country's ruling elite projected "westernization" as a necessary and desirable force but also feared its cultural damage. Turkish stock figures and figures of speech represented America both as a good model for selective westernization and as a dangerous source of degeneration. At the same time, U.S. policy makers imagined Turkey from within their own civilization templates, first as the main figure of Oriental barbarism (i.e., "the terrible Turk"), then, during the Cold War, as good pupils of modernization theory. As the Cold War transitioned to the War on Terror, Turks rebelled against the new U.S.-made trope of the "moderate Muslim." Local artifacts of westernization—folk culture crossed with American cultural exports—and alternate projections of modernity became tinder for both Turkish anti-Americanism and resistance to state-led modernization projects. The Limits of Westernization analyzes the complex local uses of "the West" to explain how the United States could become both the best and the worst in the Turkish political imagination. Gürel traces how ideas about westernization and America have influenced national history writing and policy making, as well as everyday affects and identities. Foregrounding shifting tropes about and from Turkey—a regional power that continues to dominate American visions for the "modernization" of the Middle East—Gürel also illuminates the transnational development of powerful political tropes, from "the Terrible Turk" to "the Islamic Terrorist." "In a 2001 poll, Turks ranked the United States highest when asked: 'Which country is Turkey's best friend in international relations?' When the pollsters reversed the question--'Which country is Turkey's number one enemy in international relations?'--the United States came in second. How did Turkey's citizens come to hold such opposing views simultaneously? In The Limits of Westernization, Perin E. Gürel analyzes the complex local uses of the 'the West' to explain this unique split and its echoes in contemporary U.S.-Turkey relations. Using Turkish and English sources, Gürel maps Turks' reactions to the rise of the United States in the twentieth century. As Turkey transitioned from an empire to a nation-state, the country's ruling elite projected 'westernization' as a necessary and desirable force but also feared its cultural damage. Turkish stock figures and figures of speech represented America both as a good model for selective westernization and as a dangerous source of degeneration. Meanwhile, U.S. policy makers imagined Turkey first as the main figure of Oriental barbarism and then, during the Cold War, as a good representative for modernization theory. As the Cold War transitioned to the War on Terror, Turks rebelled against the new U.S.-made trope of the 'moderate Muslim.' Local artifacts of westernization--folk culture crossed with American cultural exports--and alternative projections of modernity became tinder for both Turkish anti-Americanism and resistance to state-led modernization projects. Gürel traces how ideas about westernization and America have influenced national history writing and policy making, as well as everyday culture and identities. Foregrounding shifting tropes about and from Turkey--a regional power that continues to dominate American visions for the "modernization" of the Middle east--Gürel also illuminates the transnational development of powerful political tropes, from 'the Terrible Turk' to 'the Islamic Terrorist'."-- Provided by publisher Contents Acknowledgments Introduction: Good West, Bad West, Wild West Over-Westernization Chapter One. Narrating the Mandate: Selective Westernization and Official History Chapter Two. Allegorizing America: Over-Westernization in the Turkish Novel Under-Westernization Chapter Three. Humoring English: Wild Westernization and Anti-American Folklore Chapter Four. Figuring Sexualities: Inadequate Westernization and Rights Activism Postscript. Refiguring Culture in U.S.–Middle East Relations Notes Index