ǂThe ǂlegal protection of the intangible cultural heritage : a comparative perspective

This book describes the global legal framework for safeguarding the “Intangible Cultural Heritage” – as defined by the UNESCO Convention in 2003 – and analyses its use in selected countries in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe. Each of the contributions has been prepared by high profile experts and strategically addresses countries that are representative for their corresponding area. Our understanding of the term “Cultural Heritage” has changed considerably over the past few decades, and it is becoming increasingly clear that the concept also includes traditions and living expressions that we inherit from our ancestors and pass on to our descendants. UNESCO has recognised and responded to this change of perspective, creating through the 2003 Convention an international instrument for safeguarding the “Intangible Cultural Heritage”, a notion including oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe, as well as the knowledge and skills needed to produce traditional crafts. New values, practices and heritages were recognized – from the ancient African rituals to the Mexican Mariachi musical expression to the Brazilian Samba and the Mediterranean Diet – all of which convey strong social and cultural meaning for their community's identity. Intangible Cultural Heritage is a growing, relatively recent field of study and also an emblem of the dialogue between distant populations with different cultures, which is the reason why a comparative approach is the most appropriate basis for conducting an analysis of how the contracting states to the Convention live up to their commitments through national safeguarding measures and enhancement policies or through international cooperation projects. Preface 5 Contents 7 Contributors 9 Part I: Introduction 10 The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. General Remarks 11 1 The Need to Fill a Gap 11 2 The Purposes of the ICH Convention 13 3 The Definition of Intangible Cultural Heritage 14 3.1 The Practice 14 3.2 The Community of People 16 3.3 The Cultural Environment 18 4 Compatibility with Human Rights and Other Requirements 19 5 Two Issues Left Aside by the ICH Convention 20 5.1 The Rights of Indigenous Peoples 20 5.2 Intellectual Property Rights on Intangible Cultural Heritage 21 6 Some Conclusive Remarks 23 References 24 Part II: America 25 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Brazil 26 1 Foreword 26 2 Legal Landmarks and Brazil/UNESCO Relationship. A Brief History 27 3 Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Cultural Policies Related to the ... 30 4 The Samba de Roda no Recôncavo: Cultural Heritage of Brazil and Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity 34 5 Conclusion 40 References 40 The Legal Framework for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Mexico 43 1 Foreword 43 2 Mexico Before UNESCO 44 3 Mexico and the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 48 4 Mexico: Cultural Diversity Expressed in Its Traditional Crafts 54 5 The Ritual Ceremony of the Voladores, a Community Nomination 56 Reference 58 Part III: Asia 59 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Japan 60 1 The Role of the State in the Relationship with UNESCO 60 2 The Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage at the National Level 62 2.1 Important Intangible Cultural Property 65 2.2 Important Intangible Folk-Cultural Property 67 2.3 Selected Preservation Techniques 68 2.4 Some Features of Japanese Law 69 3 ``Bunraku ́ ́ as Example of ICH Safeguarding 70 4 UNESCO ICH Nomination Process in Japan 72 5 Conclusion 73 Reference 73 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Republic of Korea 74 1 Introduction 74 2 Statutory Organizations for the Protection of the Intangible Heritage 75 3 National Protection System 77 4 Case Study: The Inscription of Arirang on the Representative List 83 4.1 Background and Heritage Values 83 4.2 Nomination Process 85 5 Conclusion 86 References 87 Part IV: Middle East and Africa 89 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 90 1 Introduction 90 2 The Role of the State in the Relationship with UNESCO: A Continuous Cooperation 91 3 The Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage at the National Level: The Implementation of the 2003 Convention 93 3.1 Jordan ́s Policy Regarding ICH 94 3.2 Capacity Building 94 The MedLiHer Project as a First Pioneering Step Towards Capacity Building 96 3.3 ICH Inventorying 97 3.4 The First Community Based Inventory in Jordan: The Case of Madaba 98 Why Madaba? 99 The Results of the Inventory and the Future Insights Into Madaba ́s Inventory 101 4 Awareness-Raising Concerning the Convention and ICH 104 5 ICH and Legislations 105 5.1 Jordanian IPRs and the Future of ICH Legislations in Jordan 108 6 The Mansaf: A Manifestation of Jordanian Culinary Traditions and Identity 111 7 Case Study: The Cultural Space of the Bedouins in Petra and Wadi Rum (of Jordan) as ``Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible... 113 8 Conclusion 115 References 116 Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Burkina Faso 119 1 Foreword 119 2 Introduction 120 3 The Legal and Institutional Framework of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 121 3.1 The Legal Framework 121 3.2 The Institutional Framework 122 3.3 Weaknesses of the Institutional Framework and Perspectives of Improvement 124 4 Actions of Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage 125 4.1 Identification, Development and Promotion of the ICH 126 4.2 International Cooperation for the Safeguarding of the ICH 127 5 Safeguarding the ICH: Documentation of Practices and Know-How Related to Traditional Textile Craft. The Case of Weaving and ... 128 6 Case Study: The Elaboration of the Multinational Nomination Entitled ``Cultural Expressions and Practices Related to the Bal... 131 6.1 Importance of the Element for the Senoufo Community 131 6.2 The Nomination Elaboration Process 132 6.3 The Inscription on the List and Its Effects 134 7 Conclusion 135 Part V: Europe 136 The Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Cyprus 137 1 Cyprus and UNESCO 137 2 The 2003 Convention and the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage at the National Level 139 3 Measures Undertaken in Cyprus for the Implementation of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Herit... 141 3.1 The Process of Inventorying 141 3.2 Cyprus ́ Inscriptions on the Representative List 145 Lefkaritiko Embroidery Lace (2009) 145 Tsiattista Poetic Duelling (2011) 147 Mediterranean Diet (2013) 148 3.3 General Policies and Funding for the Protection and Enhancement of the ICH of Cyprus 149 3.4 Activities Promoting the Transmission of the ICH 151 Promoting and Transmitting ICH Through Formal Education. UNESCO Network of Associated Schools in Cyprus 153 Promoting and Transmitting ICH Through Non-formal Education. Lefkaritiko Embroidery Lace. An Apprenticeship Programme of the C... 154 3.5 The Partnerships for Culture and the Regional and International Cooperation 156 The Regional and International Cooperation for the Promotion and Safeguarding of the ICH 157 The Collective and Coordinated Efforts for the Successful Submission of a Multinational Nomination File for the Art of Dry Sto... 158 4 Fourteen Years Since the Ratification of the 2003 UNESCO Convention: Successes and Challenges 160 References 162 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Spain 165 1 Spanish State-UNESCO Relations 165 2 The Development of Regulations Concerning the Intangible Heritage in Spain 166 3 Cultural Policies of Intangible Heritage in Spain 175 3.1 The Creation of Inventories 176 3.2 GCIs (Goods of Cultural Interest, Bienes de interés cultural) 177 3.3 Ethnographic Museums 179 3.4 The National Plan 180 4 The First Proclamation of Intangible Heritage: The Misteri d ́Elx 182 References 184 The Legal Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Italy 186 1 The Role of Italy in the Relationship with UNESCO 186 2 The Position of Italy During the Negotiations for the ICH Convention 191 3 The Legal Framework of ICH in a Multilevel Political System 192 3.1 The National Legal Framework 192 3.2 The Regional Legislation 196 Rules to Protect Languages and Dialects 200 Rules for the Protection of Historical, Artistic or Folkloristic Events 201 Rules to Protect Agricultural and Food Practices 202 Rules for the Protection of Dances, Shows and Popular Music 202 4 Italian Intangible Cultural Heritage Inscribed on the Representative List: Risks and Opportunities 203 4.1 The Domains 203 4.2 Communities 208 Location of the Communities 209 Free, Prior and Informed Consent 214 4.3 Intellectual Property Rights as Safeguarding Measures 215 The Proprietarisation of Culture 218 Freezing Culture 221 Territoriality 223 Authenticity 224 References 225 Part VI: Conclusions 227 Intangible Cultural Heritage and Comparative Law. Towards a Global Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 228 1 Reasons and Method of a Comparative Law Research on Intangible Cultural Heritage 228 2 What Protection Existed Before the UNESCO 2003 Convention? 231 3 Effects and Perspectives of the 2003 Convention on National Legal Systems 234 4 Legal Instruments for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage: Towards a Global Legal Protection of Biocultural Diver... 238 Appendix 246 References 259 Further Reading 261 Front Matter ....Pages i-ix Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. General Remarks (Tullio Scovazzi)....Pages 3-16 Front Matter ....Pages 17-17 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Brazil (Maria Laura Viveiros de Castro Cavalcanti)....Pages 19-35 The Legal Framework for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Mexico (Francisco Javier López Morales, Edaly Guisell Quiroz Moreno)....Pages 37-52 Front Matter ....Pages 53-53 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Japan (Toshiyuki Kono)....Pages 55-68 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Republic of Korea (Jung-eun Park)....Pages 69-83 Front Matter ....Pages 85-85 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Hani Hayajneh)....Pages 87-115 Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Burkina Faso (Sidi Traore)....Pages 117-133 Front Matter ....Pages 135-135 The Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Cyprus (Antigone Polyniki)....Pages 137-164 The Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Spain (Honorio Manuel Velasco Maillo)....Pages 165-185 The Legal Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Italy (Pier Luigi Petrillo, Tullio Scovazzi, Benedetta Ubertazzi)....Pages 187-227 Front Matter ....Pages 229-229 Intangible Cultural Heritage and Comparative Law. Towards a Global Legal Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Pier Luigi Petrillo)....Pages 231-263 Back Matter ....Pages 265-266