The LaTeX Companion: Parts I & II, 3rd Edition (Tools and Techniques for Computer Typesetting)

For nearly three decades The LaTeX Companion has been the essential resource for anyone using LaTeX to create high-quality documents. Just like the earlier editions, this completely updated third edition is designed to serve as the stable core resource for users: covering all aspects of document production, from detailed micro-typography questions and macro-typography (heading design, lists, mathematics, tables, graphics, fonts, page-layout, etc.) to bibliography and index production. All chapters have been thoroughly revised and in many cases largely extended to describe new important functionality and features. More than 5,000 add-on packages have been analyzed in detail, out of which roughly 10% have been chosen for inclusion in The LaTeX Companion . All important aspects of these packages are described to provide the user once again with a satisfying one-stop-shop experience for the decade to come. Following the concept of the earlier versions, the new edition is full of novel tips and tricks for using LaTeX in both traditional and modern typesetting, and also shows you how to customize layout features to your own needs--from phrases and paragraphs to headings, lists, and pages. Inside you will find: Expert advice on using LaTeX's formatting tools to create publications of all types and sizes--memos, articles, books, or even encyclopedias. In-depth coverage of all essential extension packages--e.g., for tabular and technical typesetting, floats and captions, multicolumn layouts, graphics, or font selection--including discussions of the underlying typographic and TeXnical concepts. Detailed techniques for generating and typesetting contents lists, bibliographies, indexes, etc. Full coverage of the latest packages for all types of documents--mathematical, multilingual, and many more. Tips and tricks for LaTeX programmers and systems support. Detailed help on all error messages, including those troublesome low-level TeX errors. New to this edition: Inclusion of, or more details on, important new or changed large-scale packages, e.g., biblatex, fontspec, hyperref, mathtools, siunitx, tcolorbox, tikz, and unicode-math, to name just a few. Coverage of newer engine developments, e.g., the use of Unicode engines with LaTeX. Discussion of all vital changes to LaTeX itself, which is undergoing a transformation to keep it relevant in the years to come. Examples are the new hook management system for LaTeX, the extended document command syntax, and the inclusion of the LaTeX3 programming layer into the LaTeX format. Inclusion of many new, useful (smaller) packages in all chapters--each offering additional functionality. Two new chapters devoted to the use of high-quality fonts for text and math (OpenType, TrueType, and Type 1), now available for use with LaTeX. They offer a comprehensive set of samples to choose from (more than 120 text font families and 40 math font layouts), compiled with the help of an expert font designer. Revised discussions of multi-lingual support by the authors of the babel system to typeset text from a wide range of languages and cultures. The chapter on bibliography generation now also covers the styles made available with biblatex and biber. More than 1,500 fully tested examples (an increase of 30%) that illustrate the text and solve typographical and technical problems--all ready to run! In short, the two parts of The LaTeX Companion, Third Edition, cover all you need to know about LaTeX use in the twenty-first century, while also offering expertly curated discussions of the best add-on packages now available--over 500 are covered! The examples can be downloaded from (https://ctan.org/pkg/tlc3-examples) https://ctan.org/pkg/tlc3-examples . Register your book for convenient access to downloads, updates, and/or corrections as they become available. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents List of Figures List of Tables Part I Foreword Preface Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 A brief history (of nearly half a century) 1.2 Today's systems 1.3 Working with this book 1.3.1 What's where 1.3.2 Typographic conventions 1.3.3 Using the examples Chapter 2: The Structure of a LaTeX Document 2.1 The overall structure of a source file 2.1.1 Spoiler alert—The DocumentMetadata command 2.1.2 Processing of options of the document class and packages 2.1.3 Front, main, and back matter Front matter elements Main matter elements Back matter elements 2.1.4 Splitting the source document into several files 2.1.5 askinclude—Managing your inclusions 2.1.6 tagging—Providing variants in the document source 2.2 Sectioning commands 2.2.1 Numbering headings 2.2.2 Changing fixed heading texts 2.2.3 Introduction to heading design 2.2.4 quotchap, epigraph—Mottos on chapters and sections 2.2.5 indentfirst—Indent the first paragraph after a heading 2.2.6 nonumonpart—No page numbers on parts 2.2.7 titlesec—A package approach to heading design The basic interface The extended interface Conditional heading layouts Changing the heading hierarchy 2.2.8 Formatting headings—LaTeX's internal low-level methods 2.3 Table of contents structures 2.3.1 tocdata—Providing extra data for the TOC 2.3.2 titletoc—A high-level approach to contents list design Designing the layout for a single contents list entry Standard (dotted) layouts More complicated layouts A few design examples Contents entries combined in a paragraph Generating partial table of contents lists 2.3.3 multitoc—Setting contents lists in multiple columns 2.3.4 LaTeX's low-level interfaces Entering information into the contents files Typesetting a contents list Providing additional contents files 2.4 Managing references Fancier labels 2.4.1 varioref—More flexible cross-references Providing your own reference commands Language options Individual customizations Customization for several languages with babel A few things to watch out for Package behavior without the nospace option 2.4.2 cleveref—Cleverly formatted references Customizing the references Support for multiple languages Handling theorem-like environments Other special considerations 2.4.3 nameref—Non-numerical references 2.4.4 showkeys, refcheck—Displaying & checking reference keys 2.4.5 xr—References to external documents 2.4.6 hyperref—Active references Manually and automatically provided links Links to external resources Highlighting links Bookmarks a.k.a. outline view Document properties PDF presentation possibilities (available with some viewers) Other miscellaneous features 2.5 Document source management 2.5.1 Combining several files 2.5.2 Document archival information 2.5.3 snapshot, bundledoc—Document archival and verification 2.5.4 mkjobtexmf—Providing a minimal TeX file tree 2.5.5 The rollback concept for LaTeX and individual packages Typical scenarios The document-level interface The package writer interface Chapter 3: Basic Formatting Tools — Paragraph Level 3.1 Shaping your paragraphs Interword spacing Unjustified text 3.1.1 ragged2e—Improving unjustified text Spurious underfull box warnings 3.1.2 nolbreaks—Preventing line breaks in text fragments 3.1.3 microtype—Enhancing justified text Package options Configuring the machinery Providing context Specifying tracking, extra kerning, and adjusted spacing Disabling selected ligatures Some special considerations when using microtype 3.1.4 parskip—Adjusting the look and feel of paragraphs 3.1.5 setspace—Changing interline spacing 3.1.6 lettrine—Dropping your capital 3.1.7 Alphabets for initials 3.1.8 magaz—Special handling of the first line 3.1.9 fancypar—Fancy layouts for individual paragraphs 3.2 Dealing with special characters 3.2.1 ellipsis, lips—Marks of omission 3.2.2 extdash and amsmath—Dashes in text 3.2.3 underscore—Making that character more usable 3.2.4 xspace—Gentle spacing after a macro 3.3 Generated or specially formatted text 3.3.1 fmtcount—Ordinals and cardinals 3.3.2 acro—Managing your abbreviations and acronyms Plural forms Indefinite forms One-time usage of acronyms Citations for acronyms Foreign acronyms Formatting acronym texts Using acro for abbreviations Listing your acronyms and abbreviations Further possibilities not covered 3.3.3 xfrac—Customizable text fractions 3.3.4 siunitx—Scientific notation of units and quantities Basic number and unit formatting Quantities Complex values as numbers or in quantities Tabulating numbers Customizing numerical data representation Customizing units and quantities Controlling printing 3.4 Various ways of highlighting and quoting text 3.4.1 Change case of text intelligently (formerly textcase) 3.4.2 csquotes—Context-sensitive quotation marks Quotations with formal citations Changes, insertions, and deletions Language support Managing quotes in foreign languages Further configuration possibilities Additional helper commands 3.4.3 embrac—Upright brackets and parentheses 3.4.4 ulem—Emphasize and copy-edit via underline 3.4.5 dashundergaps—Produce fill-in forms 3.4.6 microtype & soul—Letterspacing or stealing sheep 3.4.7 url—Typesetting URLs, path names, and the like Linking URLs to external resources 3.4.8 uri—Typesetting various types of URIs 3.5 Footnotes, endnotes, and marginals 3.5.1 Using standard footnotes 3.5.2 Customizing standard footnotes 3.5.3 footmisc—Various footnotes styles 3.5.4 footnoterange—Referencing footnote ranges 3.5.5 fnpct—Managing footnote markers and punctuation 3.5.6 perpage—Resetting counters on a "per-page" basis 3.5.7 manyfoot, bigfoot—Independent footnotes 3.5.8 parnotes—Present the notes inside the galley 3.5.9 ftnright—Right footnotes in a two-column environment 3.5.10 enotez—Endnotes, an alternative to footnotes 3.5.11 Marginal notes 3.5.12 marginnote—An alternative to marginpar 3.5.13 snotez—Numbered or otherwise marked side notes 3.6 Support for document development 3.6.1 todonotes—Adding todos to your document Customizing todos Defining your own todo commands Package options 3.6.2 fixme—A slightly different approach to todos 3.6.3 changes—A set of typical editorial commands Customizing the list of changes Customizing the editorial markup commands Providing your own editorial commands Managing package option conflicts Managing command name conflicts 3.6.4 pdfcomment—Using PDF annotations and tool tips 3.6.5 vertbars—Adding bars to paragraphs Chapter 4: Basic Formatting Tools — Larger Structures 4.1 Lists 4.1.1 Using and modifying the standard lists Customizing the itemize list environment Customizing the enumerate list environment Customizing the description list environment Modifying shared properties 4.1.2 LaTeX's generic list environments 4.1.3 enumitem—Extended list environments Setting default values Vertical spacing and page breaks The general formatting of the list environment body Defining the item label (or title) and its design The placement of the item label or item text Controlling the list numbering Short labels—mimicking the enumerate package Hooking in code Inline lists Styling description-like lists Size dependent settings 4.1.4 amsthm—Providing headed lists Proofs and the QED symbol Defining the style of headed lists 4.1.5 thmtools—Advanced theorem declarations 4.1.6 tasks—Making horizontally oriented lists 4.1.7 typed-checklist—Developing and maintaining checklists 4.2 Simulating typed text 4.2.1 Displaying spaces in verbatim material 4.2.2 Simple verbatim extensions shortvrb—Streamlining the verbatim input newverbs—Defining verb variants as needed spverbatim—Breaking verbatim text at spaces Other verbatim extensions 4.2.3 upquote—Computer program style quoting 4.2.4 fancyvrb, fvextra—Verbatim environments on steroids Customization keys for typesetting Line breaking within verbatim data Limiting the displayed data Variant environments and commands Defining your own variants Inline verbatim material Inline verbatim material in dangerous places Extension to inline verbatim by fvextra External configuration 4.2.5 listings—Pretty-printing program code 4.3 Lines and columns 4.3.1 lineno—Numbering lines of text 4.3.2 paracol—Several text streams aligned When to use and when not to use paracol 4.3.3 multicol—A flexible way to handle multiple columns Manually breaking columns Floats and footnotes in multicol Actions based on the current column Support for right to left typesetting Customizing the multicols environment Column formatting Balancing control Collecting material Tracing the algorithm 4.3.4 multicolrule—Custom rules for multicolumned pages 4.4 Generating sample texts 4.4.1 lipsum and friends—Generating text samples 4.4.2 blindtext—More elaborate layout testing Chapter 5: The Layout of the Page 5.1 Geometrical dimensions of the layout 5.2 Changing the layout 5.2.1 layouts—Displaying your layout 5.2.2 A collection of page layout packages 5.2.3 typearea—A traditional approach 5.2.4 geometry—Layout specification with auto-completion 5.2.5 lscape—Typesetting individual pages in landscape mode 5.2.6 savetrees—Options to reduce the document length 5.3 Dynamic page data: page numbers and marks 5.3.1 LaTeX page numbers 5.3.2 lastpage—A way to reference it 5.3.3 chappg—Page numbers by chapters 5.3.4 LaTeX's legacy mark commands 5.3.5 LaTeX's new mark mechanism 5.4 Page styles 5.4.1 The low-level page style interface 5.4.2 fancyhdr—Customizing page styles 5.4.3 truncate—Truncate text to a given length 5.4.4 continue—Help with turning pages 5.5 Page decorations and watermarks 5.5.1 draftwatermark—Put a visible stamp on your document 5.5.2 crop—Producing trimming marks 5.6 Visual formatting 5.6.1 Standard tools for page explicit page breaking 5.6.2 Running pages and columns short or long 5.6.3 addlines—Adjusting whole double spreads 5.6.4 nextpage—Extensions to clearpage 5.6.5 needspace—Conditionally start a new page 5.6.6 Avoiding widows and orphans Forcing a page break early and producing a short page. Running the page spread short or long. Adjusting the spacing between words to produce ``tighter'' or ``looser'' paragraphs. Rewriting a portion of the paragraph. Reduce the tracking of the words. Adding a pull quote to the text (more common for magazines). Resizing an existing figure. Summary. 5.6.7 widows-and-orphans—Finding all widows and orphans 5.6.8 looseness—Shortening or lengthening paragraphs 5.7 Doing layout with class 5.7.1 KOMA—A drop-in replacement for article et al. 5.7.2 memoir—Producing complex publications Chapter 6: Tabular Material 6.1 Standard LaTeX environments 6.1.1 Using the tabbing environment 6.1.2 tabto—An alternative way to tab stops 6.1.3 Using the tabular environment 6.2 array—Extending the tabular environments 6.2.1 The behavior of the \ command 6.2.2 Examples of preamble specifiers Typesetting narrow columns Controlling the horizontal separation between columns Tables inside tables or other environments 6.2.3 Defining new column specifiers 6.3 Calculating column widths 6.3.1 tabularx—Automatic calculation of column widths 6.3.2 tabulary—Column widths based on content 6.3.3 Differences between tabular*, tabularx, and tabulary 6.3.4 Managing tables with wide entries 6.3.5 widetable—An alternative to tabular* 6.4 Multipage tabular material 6.4.1 supertabular—Making multipage tabulars 6.4.2 longtable—Alternative multipage tabulars 6.4.3 xltabular—Marriage of tabularx and longtable 6.4.4 Problems with multipage tables (all packages) 6.5 Color in tables 6.6 Customizing table rules and spacing 6.6.1 Colored table rules 6.6.2 boldline—Bolder table rules 6.6.3 arydshln—Dashed rules 6.6.4 hhline—Combining horizontal and vertical lines 6.6.5 booktabs—Formal ruled tables 6.6.6 bigstrut—Spreading individual table lines apart 6.6.7 cellspace—Ensure minimal clearance automatically 6.7 Other extensions 6.7.1 multirow—Vertical alignment in tables 6.7.2 diagbox—Making table cells with diagonal lines 6.7.3 dcolumn—Decimal column alignments 6.7.4 siunitx—Scientific numbers in tables 6.7.5 fcolumn—Managing financial tables 6.8 Footnotes in tabular material 6.8.1 Using minipage footnotes with tables 6.8.2 threeparttable—Setting table and notes together 6.9 keyvaltable—Separating table data and formatting Defining named row styles Formatting the overall table Defining named table styles Table data in external files for reuse Scattering table data across your document Automatic row numbering and referencing Spanning cells Complex table headers 6.10 tabularray—Late breaking news Chapter 7: Mastering Floats 7.1 An overview of LaTeX's float concepts 7.1.1 LaTeX float terminology Float classes Float areas Float placement specifiers Float algorithm parameters Float reference points (aka call-outs) 7.1.2 Basic behavioral rules of LaTeX's float mechanism The basic sequence when placing floats Detailed placement rules Emptying the holding queue at the column or page boundary Parameters influencing the placement 7.1.3 Consequences of the algorithm A float may appear in the document earlier than its location in the source Double-column floats are always deferred first There is only a limited amount of space for deferring floats There is no bottom float area for double-column floats Tendency to produce float pages (unnecessarily) A float may appear on a float page purely based on its position in the source All float parameters (normally) restrict the placement possibilities Locally overwriting placement restrictions "Here" just means "here if it fits" Float specifiers do not define an order of preference Relation of floats and footnotes A final tuning advice 7.1.4 fltrace—Tracing the float algorithm 7.2 Float placement control 7.2.1 fewerfloatpages—Improving LaTeX's float algorithm Improving the float page algorithm Configuring the algorithm with parameters Configuring the algorithm with package options Local (manual) adjustments 7.2.2 placeins—Preventing floats from crossing a barrier 7.2.3 afterpage—Taking control at the page boundary 7.2.4 endfloat—Placing figures and tables at the end Customizing the output 7.3 Extensions to LaTeX's float concept 7.3.1 float—Creating new float types 7.3.2 Captions for nonfloating figures and tables 7.3.3 rotating, rotfloat—Rotating floats rotfloat—Combining float and rotating 7.3.4 wrapfig—Inline floats, wrapping text around a figure 7.4 Controlling the float caption 7.4.1 caption—Customizing your captions Standard customization possibilities for caption Doing it with style Managing list of figures and similar lists Continuing captions across floats Extending the customization possibilities 7.4.2 subcaption—Substructuring floats Customizing the subcaptions Displaying subfloat captions in the "List of ..." Extending subfloats to other float types 7.5 Key/value approaches for floats and subfloats 7.5.1 hvfloat—Sophisticated caption placement control and more Large column or page floats Subfloat and multifloat pages Double-page floats 7.5.2 keyfloat—Bringing most packages under one roof Chapter 8: Graphics Generation and Manipulation 8.1 LaTeX's image loading support 8.1.1 Options for graphics and graphicx 8.1.2 The includegraphics syntax in the graphics package 8.1.3 The includegraphics syntax in the graphicx package 8.1.4 Setting default key values for the graphicx package 8.1.5 Declarations guiding the inclusion of images 8.2 Manipulating graphical objects in LaTeX 8.2.1 Image and box manipulations with graphics and graphicx Scaling a LaTeX box Resizing to a given size Rotating a LaTeX box rotating—Revisited 8.2.2 overpic—Graphic annotation made easy 8.2.3 adjustbox—Box manipulation with a key/value interface Overview about the most important keys Presetting some keys Image inclusion revisited 8.3 Producing (fairly) portable line graphics 8.3.1 A kernel picture environment enhancement 8.3.2 pict2e—An extension of LaTeX's picture environment Extended or changed commands New commands 8.3.3 bxeepic—A differently enhanced picture environment High-level line commands (originating from epic or eepic) 8.3.4 Special-purpose languages 8.3.5 qrcode—Generating Quick Response codes 8.4 Flexible boxes for multiple purposes 8.4.1 tcolorbox—The basic usage Outer box geometry Inner box geometry Text alignment Color and fonts Altering corners 8.4.2 Extending tcolorbox through libraries Skins and styles—altering the look and feel Breakable and unbreakable boxes Title box maneuvers Adding Shadows Adding border lines Adding overlays, watermarks, and other backgrounds Hyperlinks to internal and external resources Formatting and text changes based on verso/recto pages 8.4.3 Defining new tcolorbox environments and commands Numbering newly defined color boxes 8.4.4 Special tcolorbox applications Turning the boxes into floats Raster applications Poster applications 8.5 tikz—A general-purpose graphics system 8.5.1 Basic objects 8.5.2 Transformations and other operations 8.5.3 Going further Chapter 9: Font Selection and Encodings 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 The history of LaTeX's font selection scheme (NFSS) 9.1.2 Input and output handling in TeX systems over the years The 8-bit days The Unicode days Unicode-enabled TeX extension programs 9.2 Understanding font characteristics 9.2.1 Monospaced and proportional fonts 9.2.2 Serifed and sans serif fonts 9.2.3 Font families and their attributes Font shapes Weight and width Font sizes 9.2.4 Font encodings 9.3 Using fonts in text 9.3.1 Standard LaTeX font commands Standard font families Standard font series Standard font shapes Standard font sizes The main document font 9.3.2 Font commands versus declarations 9.3.3 Combining standard font commands 9.3.4 Accessing all characters of a font 9.3.5 LaTeX 2.09 font support—Compatibility for really ancient documents 9.3.6 Changing the default text fonts Adjusting the main document families Adjusting the font encoding default Adjusting the font series defaults Adjusting the font shape defaults 9.3.7 relsize, scalefnt—Relative changes to the font size 9.4 Using fonts in math 9.4.1 Special math alphabet identifiers Predefined alphabet identifiers The character scope of math alphabet identifiers Defining new alphabet identifiers 9.4.2 Text font commands in math 9.4.3 Mathematical formula versions 9.5 Standard LaTeX font support 9.5.1 Computer Modern, Latin Modern—The LaTeX standard fonts 9.5.2 PSNFSS and TeX Gyre—Core PostScript fonts for LaTeX 9.5.3 A note on baselines and leading 9.5.4 inputenc—Explicitly selecting the input encoding 9.5.5 fontenc—Selecting font encodings 9.5.6 Additional text symbols not part of OT1 or T1 encodings Special features Managing missing glyphs Altering the subencoding setup for individual glyphs 9.5.7 exscale—Scaling large Computer Modern math operators 9.5.8 tracefnt—Tracing the font selection 9.5.9 nfssfont.tex—Displaying 8-bit font tables and samples 9.6 fontspec—Font selection for Unicode engines 9.6.1 Setting up the main document font families 9.6.2 Setting up additional font families 9.6.3 Setting up a single font face 9.6.4 Interfacing with core NFSS commands 9.6.5 Altering the look and feel of fonts Using generally available font features Scaling fonts Coloring fonts Other generally available features Specifying OpenType font features Figure style features Letter case features Vertical positioning features Ligature features Adjusting the font kerning Stylistic features Style features Scripts and languages Features not discussed in detail Different ways of specifying font features Specifying AAT or Graphite font features 9.6.6 General configuration options 9.6.7 unicodefonttable—Displaying font tables for larger fonts 9.7 The low-level NFSS interface 9.7.1 Setting individual font attributes Choosing the font family Choosing the font series Choosing the font shape Choosing the font size Choosing the encoding 9.7.2 Setting several font attributes 9.7.3 Automatic substitution of fonts 9.7.4 Substituting the font family if unavailable in an encoding 9.7.5 Using low-level commands in the document 9.8 Setting up new fonts for NFSS 9.8.1 Declaring new font families and font shape groups Size functions The "empty" and "s" functions The "sub" and "ssub" functions Font-loading options 9.8.2 Modifying font families and font shape groups 9.8.3 Declaring new font encoding schemes 9.8.4 Internal file organization 9.8.5 Declaring new fonts and symbols for use in math Specifying font sizes Adding new symbol fonts Introducing new math versions Changing the symbol font setup 9.9 LaTeX's encoding models 9.9.1 Character data within the LaTeX system 9.9.2 LaTeX's internal character representation (LICR) Representation as characters Representation with character sequences Representation as "font-encoding–specific" commands 9.9.3 Input encodings Legacy 8-bit input encodings 9.9.4 Output encodings Declarations for output encoding files Output encoding defaults Declarations for the tuenc.def file A listing of standard LICR objects Part II Foreword, Part II Preface, Part II Chapter 10: Text and Symbol Fonts 10.1 Overview 10.1.1 Notes on the font samples 10.1.2 Notes on the font family tables 10.1.3 Font support packages Package naming conventions Figure style options Font scaling, weight, and width selection Changes to rmdefault, sfdefault, and friends Multifamily support Commands defined by font packages 10.1.4 Direct use of the fonts (without a package) 10.2 Samples of larger font families 10.2.1 Alegreya 10.2.2 CM Bright—A design based on Computer Modern Sans 10.2.3 DejaVu—A fork of Bitstream Vera 10.2.4 Fira fonts 10.2.5 Gandhi fonts 10.2.6 Go fonts 10.2.7 Inria fonts 10.2.8 Kp (Johannes Kepler) fonts 10.2.9 Libertinus—A fork of Linux Libertine and Biolinum 10.2.10 Lucida fonts 10.2.11 Merriweather fonts 10.2.12 Google's Noto and Droid fonts 10.2.13 IBM Plex 10.2.14 PT fonts 10.2.15 Quattrocento 10.2.16 Google Roboto families 10.2.17 Adobe Source Pro 10.3 Humanist (Oldstyle) serif fonts 10.3.1 Alegreya 10.3.2 Coelacanth 10.3.3 fbb—A version of Cardo 10.4 Garalde (Oldstyle) serif fonts 10.4.1 Accanthis 10.4.2 GFS Artemisia 10.4.3 Crimson, Crimson Pro, and Cochineal 10.4.4 Cormorant Garamond 10.4.5 EB Garamond 10.4.6 Garamond Libre 10.4.7 URW Garamond No. 8 10.4.8 Gentium Plus 10.4.9 Kp (Johannes Kepler) Roman 10.4.10 Palatino (TeX Gyre Pagella) 10.5 Transitional/Neoclassical serif fonts 10.5.1 Antykwa Poltawskiego 10.5.2 BaskervilleF and Libre Baskerville 10.5.3 Baskervald (Baskervaldx) 10.5.4 ITC Bookman (TeX Gyre Bonum) 10.5.5 Cambria 10.5.6 Bitstream Charter 10.5.7 Charis SIL—A design based on Bitstream Charter 10.5.8 Caslon—Reinterpreted as Libre Caslon 10.5.9 Gandhi Serif 10.5.10 Inria Serif 10.5.11 Libertinus Serif 10.5.12 Literaturnaya—A favorite in the days of the USSR 10.5.13 Lucida Bright 10.5.14 Lucida Fax 10.5.15 Merriweather 10.5.16 New Century Schoolbook (TeX Gyre Schola) 10.5.17 Plex Serif 10.5.18 PT Serif 10.5.19 Quattrocento 10.5.20 Times Roman (TeX Gyre Termes and Tempora) 10.5.21 Tinos 10.5.22 STIX 2 10.5.23 Utopia (Heuristica, Erewhon, and Linguistics Pro) 10.6 Didone (Modern) serif fonts 10.6.1 Computer Modern Roman / Latin Modern Roman 10.6.2 GFS Bodoni 10.6.3 Libre Bodoni 10.6.4 GFS Didot 10.6.5 Theano Didot 10.6.6 Noto Serif 10.6.7 Old Standard 10.6.8 Playfair Display 10.7 Slab serif (Egyptian) fonts 10.7.1 Bitter 10.7.2 Concrete Roman 10.7.3 DejaVu Serif 10.7.4 Roboto Slab Serif 10.7.5 Source Serif Pro 10.8 Sans serif fonts 10.8.1 Alegreya Sans 10.8.2 Arimo 10.8.3 ITC Avant Garde Gothic (TeX Gyre Adventor) 10.8.4 Cabin 10.8.5 Chivo 10.8.6 Classico—A design based on Optima 10.8.7 Clear Sans 10.8.8 CM Bright 10.8.9 Cuprum 10.8.10 Cyklop 10.8.11 DejaVu Sans 10.8.12 Fira Sans 10.8.13 Gandhi Sans 10.8.14 GFS Neo-Hellenic 10.8.15 Gillius 10.8.16 Helvetica (TeX Gyre Heros) 10.8.17 Inria Sans 10.8.18 Iwona 10.8.19 Kp (Johannes Kepler) Sans 10.8.20 Kurier 10.8.21 Latin Modern Sans 10.8.22 Lato 10.8.23 Libertinus Sans 10.8.24 Libre Franklin 10.8.25 Lucida Sans 10.8.26 Merriweather Sans 10.8.27 Mint Spirit 10.8.28 Montserrat 10.8.29 Noto Sans 10.8.30 Overlock 10.8.31 Plex Sans 10.8.32 PT Sans 10.8.33 Quattrocento Sans 10.8.34 Raleway 10.8.35 Roboto Sans 10.8.36 Rosario 10.8.37 Source Sans Pro 10.8.38 Universalis 10.9 Monospaced (typewriter) fonts 10.9.1 Algol 10.9.2 Anonymous Pro 10.9.3 CM Bright Typewriter Light 10.9.4 Courier 10.9.5 DejaVu Sans Mono 10.9.6 Fira Mono 10.9.7 Go Mono 10.9.8 Inconsolata 10.9.9 Kp (Johannes Kepler) Typewriter 10.9.10 Latin Modern Typewriter 10.9.11 Libertinus Mono 10.9.12 Lucida's monospaced families 10.9.13 Luximono 10.9.14 Noto Sans Mono 10.9.15 Plex Mono 10.9.16 PT Mono 10.9.17 Roboto Mono 10.9.18 Source Code Pro 10.10 Historical and other fonts 10.10.1 Cinzel 10.10.2 Marcellus 10.10.3 The Fell Types 10.10.4 Almendra 10.10.5 Antykwa Toruńska 10.10.6 Lucida Casual, Calligraphy, and Handwriting 10.10.7 Zapf Chancery (TeX Gyre Chorus) 10.10.8 Miama Nueva 10.10.9 Lucida Blackletter 10.10.10 Blackletter—Yannis Gothic, Schwabacher, and Fraktur 10.11 Fonts supporting Latin and polytonic Greek 10.11.1 Serif designs 10.11.2 Sans Serif designs 10.11.3 Monospaced fonts 10.11.4 Handwriting fonts 10.12 Fonts supporting Latin and Cyrillic 10.12.1 Serif designs 10.12.2 Sans Serif designs 10.12.3 Monospaced fonts 10.12.4 Handwriting fonts 10.13 The LaTeX world of symbols 10.13.1 pifont—Accessing Pi and Symbol fonts 10.13.2 wasysym—Waldi's symbol font 10.13.3 marvosym—Interface to the MarVoSym font 10.13.4 adforn—Adding ornaments to your document 10.13.5 fourier-orns—GUTenberg-Fourier's ornaments 10.13.6 Web-O-Mints—Another collection of ornaments and borders 10.13.7 fontawesome5—Accessing Font Awesome icons 10.13.8 tipa—International Phonetic Alphabet symbols Chapter 11: Higher Mathematics 11.1 Introduction to amsmath and mathtools 11.2 Display and alignment structures for equations 11.2.1 Comparison of amsmath/mathtools with standard LaTeX 11.2.2 A single equation on one line 11.2.3 A single equation on several lines: no alignment 11.2.4 A single equation on several lines: with alignment 11.2.5 Equation groups without alignment 11.2.6 Equation groups with simple alignment 11.2.7 Multiple alignments: align, flalign, and alignat 11.2.8 Display environments as mini-pages 11.2.9 Interrupting displays with short text 11.2.10 Vertical space in and around displays 11.2.11 Page breaks in and around displays 11.2.12 breqn—Automatic line breaking in math displays 11.2.13 Equation numbering and tags 11.2.14 Fine-tuning tag placement 11.2.15 Subordinate numbering sequences 11.2.16 Resetting the equation counter 11.3 Matrix-like environments 11.3.1 amsmath, mathtools—The matrix environments 11.3.2 amsmath, mathtools, cases—Some case environments 11.3.3 delarray—Delimiters surrounding an array 11.3.4 bigdelim—Delimiters around and inside arrays 11.3.5 Commutative diagrams with standard LaTeX 11.3.6 amscd—Commutative diagrams a là AMS 11.3.7 tikz-cd—Commutative diagrams based on tikz 11.4 Compound structures and decorations 11.4.1 amsmath, mathtools, extarrows—Decorated arrows 11.4.2 Fractions and their generalizations 11.4.3 Continued fractions 11.4.4 Limiting positions 11.4.5 Stacking in subscripts and superscripts 11.4.6 amsmath, esint, wasysym—Multiple integral signs 11.4.7 diffcoeff—Handling derivatives of arbitrary order 11.4.8 Modular relations 11.4.9 mathtools, interval—Properly spaced intervals 11.4.10 braket—Dirac bra–ket and set notation 11.4.11 amsmath, mathtools, empheq—Boxed formulas 11.4.12 amsmath, accents, mathdots—Various accents 11.4.13 mattens—Commands to typeset tensors 11.4.14 Extra decorations for symbols 11.5 Variable symbol commands 11.5.1 Ellipsis and other kinds of ... 11.5.2 Horizontal extensions in standard LaTeX 11.5.3 Further horizontal extensions 11.5.4 abraces—Customizable over and under braces 11.5.5 underoverlap—Partly overlapping horizontal braces 11.5.6 Vertical extensions 11.6 Words in mathematics 11.6.1 The text command 11.6.2 Operator and function names 11.7 Fine-tuning the mathematical layout 11.7.1 Controlling the automatic sizing and spacing 11.7.2 Subformulas 11.7.3 Line breaking in inline formulas 11.7.4 Big-g delimiters 11.7.5 Radical movements 11.7.6 GhostbustersTM 11.7.7 Horizontal spaces 11.7.8 resizegather—Downscaling an equation 11.7.9 subdepth—Normalizing subscript positions 11.7.10 Color in formulas 11.8 Symbols in formulas 11.8.1 Mathematical symbol classes 11.8.2 Letters, numerals, and other Ordinary symbols 11.8.3 Mathematical accents 11.8.4 Binary operator symbols 11.8.5 Relation symbols 11.8.6 Operator symbols 11.8.7 Punctuation 11.8.8 Opening and Closing symbols Chapter 12: Fonts in Formulas 12.1 The world of (Latin) math alphabets 12.1.1 mathalpha—Simplified setup for math alphabets Selection of supported Calligraphic and Script math alphabets Selection of supported Fraktur math alphabets Selection of supported Blackboard Bold math alphabets 12.2 Making it bold 12.2.1 bm—Making bold 12.3 Traditional math font setup through packages 12.3.1 ccfonts—The Concrete fonts for text and math 12.3.2 cmbright—The Computer Modern Bright fonts 12.3.3 euler, eulervm—Accessing Zapf's Euler fonts Some peculiarities of the Euler fonts 12.3.4 newtxmath—A Swiss knife for math font support Support for Times math Support for other math font families 12.3.5 newpxmath—Using the PX fonts for math 12.3.6 mathpazo—Another Palatino-based approach for math 12.3.7 notomath—Setting up Noto fonts for math and text 12.4 unicode-math—Using Unicode math fonts 12.4.1 Math alphabets revisited 12.4.2 Adjusting the formula style 12.4.3 Setting up Unicode math fonts Adjusting parts of the font setup 12.5 A visual comparison of different math setups 12.5.1 Garalde (Oldstyle) serif fonts with math support 12.5.2 Transitional serif fonts with math support 12.5.3 Didone serif fonts with math support 12.5.4 Slab serif fonts with math support 12.5.5 Sans serif fonts with math support 12.5.6 Historical fonts with math support Chapter 13: Localizing Documents 13.1 TeX and non–English lan