The Italic People of Ancient Apulia : New Evidence From Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs

The focus of this book is on the Italic people of Apulia during the fourth century B.C., when Italic culture seems to have reached its peak of affluence. Scholars have largely ignored these people and the region they inhabited. During the past several decades archaeologists have made significant progress in revealing the cultures of Apulia through excavations of habitation sites and un-plundered tombs, often published in Italian journals. This book makes the broad range of recent scholarship - from new excavations and contexts to archaeometric testing of production hypotheses to archaeological evidence for reconsidering painter attributions - available to English-speaking audiences. In it thirteen scholars from Italy, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Australia present targeted essays on aspects of the cultures of the Italic people of Apulia during the fourth century BC and the surrounding decades. Cover 1 Half title 3 Frontispiece 4 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 List of Illustrations 11 List of Contributors 15 Preface 17 Introduction 19 I. Time and Place: History and Geography 29 1. Pots, Peoples, and Places in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Apulia 31 Geography, Geology, and Land Use 31 Ethnography, Anthropology, and Material Culture 36 Religion 38 Political Organization: Cities and Territories 38 Social Organization 41 Burials 41 Weapons and Warfare 45 Attic Imports 46 The Ethnicity of the Artisans 50 The End of the Native Apulian Cultures 50 2. Iapygians: The Indigenous Populations of Ancient Apulia in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E. 54 Literary Evidence for the Indigenous Populations of Apulia 55 Ethnicity and Geography 55 Myths of Origins 58 Relations between Apulians and Greeks 61 Epigraphic Evidence 64 Messapia 65 Peucetia and Daunia 68 Conclusions 69 Appendix: Greek and Latin Sources 71 Ethnic Denominations and Territorial Distribution of Indigenous Populations in Apulia 71 Origins of the Different Populations 75 Political Organization 78 Society, Social Figures, and Practices 80 Presence of Greeks in Indigenous Contexts 82 Political Relations of the Iapygian Peoples with the Greeks 82 II. Pottery Production: Red-Figure Workshops 87 3. Production and Functions of Apulian Red-Figure Pottery in Taras: New Contexts and Problems of Interpretation 89 Taranto and Apulian Red-Figure Pottery 90 Functions 92 Overview of Settlement and Sanctuary Contexts 92 The Chora 93 Tombs and Grave Goods 94 Other Contexts in the Necropolis: Pits, Dumps, and Wells 95 Functions of Pottery in Burial Deposits 97 Semata and Vessels for the Burial Ceremony 98 Production Contexts 99 Via Leonida 52 101 Via Umbria and Isolated Evidence 104 Perspectives for the Location and Identification of Tarentine Workshops 106 4. Red-Figure Vases from Metaponto: The Evidence from the Necropoleis along the Coast Road 114 5. Hands at Work in Magna Graecia: The Amykos Painter and His Workshop 134 III. Pottery in Context: Italic Sites 149 6. Apulian and Lucanian Pottery from Coastal Peucetian Contexts 151 7. The Diffusion of Middle and Late Apulian Vases in Peucetian Funerary Contexts: A Comparison of Several Necropoleis 170 Bitonto 171 Rutigliano 173 Conversano 174 8. Red-Figure Vases in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Canosa: Images, Assemblages, and the Creation of a Social Hierarchy 186 The Archaeological Evidence 187 The Piccolo Vimini Tomb 187 Tomb 8/08 in via Piano S. Giovanni 193 Tomb 1/08 in via Piano S. Giovanni 196 Conclusions 198 9. Apulian Pottery in Messapian Contexts 204 Funerary Rituals in Messapia 205 Methodology and Analysis of Finds 206 Distribution Patterns and Quantitative Analysis of the Findings 207 Vase Shapes and Distribution 208 Functions and Shapes of the Vases 212 Important Sites 213 Vaste 215 Egnazia 216 Rudiae 218 Conclusions 223 IV. Pottery Interpreted: Approaches to Pottery Studies 229 10. “Native” Vase Shapes in South Italian Red-Figure Pottery 231 Attic Imitations of Native (Italic) Shapes 231 History of the Kantharoid Shape in Lucania and Apulia 232 Function of Kantharoid Vessels as Wine Vases 234 Evidence of Native Wine Culture before Greek Colonization 234 Italiote Imitation of Native Shapes 235 Function 242 Imagery on Italiote Imitations of Native Shapes 244 Production Patterns 245 Selection of Shapes by Native Markets 247 Addendum 251 11. Archaeometric Analysis of Apulian and Lucanian Red-Figure Pottery 261 Technique and Chemical Analysis 265 New Analyses of Apulian Red-Figure (and Related) Pottery 267 Results: Lucanian Red-Figure 275 Other Techniques of Chemical Analysis 277 Petrology 278 Conclusions and Suggestions 279 12. A Case for Greek Tragedy in Italic Settlements in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Apulia 283 V. Pottery as Art: Collections 299 13. Apulian and Lucanian Red-Figure Pottery in Eighteenth-Century Collections 301 South Italian and Attic Vases in Eighteenth-Century Collections: General Overview 302 Apulian and Lucanian Vases in Some Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century Collections 304 Collections Formed in the North of Italy 305 Collections Formed in Central Italy 305 Collections Formed in Southern Italy 308 Some Possible Conclusions 314 Appendix of Types of Tombs 321 Works Cited 323 Index 357 "The focus of this book is on the Italic people of Apulia during the fourth century BC, when Italic culture seems to have reached its peak of affluence. Scholars have largely ignored these people and the region they inhabited. During the past several decades archaeologists have made significant progress in revealing the cultures of Apulia through excavations of habitation sites and un-plundered tombs, often published in Italian journals. This book makes the broad range of recent scholarship--from new excavations and contexts to archaeometric testing of production hypotheses to archaeological evidence for reconsidering painter attributions--available to English-speaking audiences. In it thirteen scholars from Italy, the United States, Great Britain, France, and Australia present targeted essays on aspects of the cultures of the Italic people of Apulia during the fourth century BC and the surrounding decades"-- Provided by publisher