جنگ ایران و عراق

From 1980 to 1988 Iran and Iraq fought the longest conventional war of the century. It included tragic slaughter of child soldiers, use of chemical weapons, striking of civilian shipping, and destruction of cities. Pierre Razoux offers an unflinching look at a conflict seared into the region's collective memory but little understood in the West. 520 From 1980 To 1988, Iran And Iraq Fought The Longest Conventional War Of The Twentieth Century. The Tragedies Included The Slaughter Of Child Soldiers, The Use Of Chemical Weapons, The Striking Of Civilian Shipping In The Gulf, And The Destruction Of Cities. The Iran–iraq War Offers An Unflinching Look At A Conflict Seared Into The Region’s Collective Memory But Little Understood In The West. Pierre Razoux Shows Why This War Remains Central To Understanding Middle Eastern Geopolitics, From The Deep-rooted Distrust Between Sunni And Shia Muslims, To Iran’s Obsession With Nuclear Power, To The Continuing Struggles In Iraq. He Provides Invaluable Keys To Decipher Iran’s Behavior And Internal Struggle Today. Razoux’s Account Is Based On Unpublished Military Archives, Oral Histories, And Interviews, As Well As Audio Recordings Seized By The U.s. Army Detailing Saddam Hussein’s Debates With His Generals. Tracing The War’s Shifting Strategies And Political Dynamics—military Operations, The Jockeying Of Opposition Forces Within Each Regime, The Impact On Oil Production So Essential To Both Countries—razoux Also Looks At The International Picture. From The United States And Soviet Union To Israel, Europe, China, And The Arab Powers, Many Nations Meddled In This Conflict, Supporting One Side Or The Other And Sometimes Switching Allegiances. The Iran–iraq War Answers Questions That Have Puzzled Historians. Why Did Saddam Embark On This Expensive, Ultimately Fruitless Conflict? Why Did The War Last Eight Years When It Could Have Ended In Months? Who, If Anyone, Was The True Winner When So Much Was Lost? -- Provided By Publisher. Escalation -- Saddam's Qadisiyyah -- How Did It Come To This? -- Did The United States Push Saddam To Attack? -- France Sides With Iraq -- The Arabs Divided -- Israel Banks On Iran And Turkey Benefits From The War -- The Valmy Effect -- Stalemate -- The Initiative Changes Sides -- The Mullahs Take Power -- First Victories -- New Mediation -- The Iranians Recapture Their Territory -- Blessed Ramadan Offensive -- Bloody Dawns -- Saddam's Ace In The Hole -- The Lebanese Hostage Crisis -- Money Has No Smell -- Total War -- The Year Of The Pilot -- Oil And The War Machine -- The Slaughter Of The Child Soldiers -- Deadlock -- The Iran-contra Affair -- All-out Offensives -- Iran Changes Strategy -- The Gulf Set Ablaze -- The Halabja Massacre -- The Destruction Of Iran Air Flight 655 -- Endgame. Pierre Razoux ; Translated By Nicholas Elliott. Originally Published: La Guerre Iran-irak, 1980-1988: Premiere Guerre Du Golfe. Perrin, Un Department D'edi8, 2013. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. From 1980 to 1988, Iran and Iraq fought the longest conventional war of the twentieth century. The tragedies included the slaughter of child soldiers, the use of chemical weapons, the striking of civilian shipping in the Gulf, and the destruction of cities. The Iran-Iraq War offers an unflinching look at a conflict seared into the region's collective memory but little understood in the West. Pierre Razoux shows why this war remains central to understanding Middle Eastern geopolitics, from the deep-rooted distrust between Sunni and Shia Muslims, to Iran's obsession with nuclear power, to the continuing struggles in Iraq. He provides invaluable keys to decipher Iran's behavior and internal struggle today. Razoux's account is based on unpublished military archives, oral histories, and interviews, as well as audio recordings seized by the U.S. Army detailing Saddam Hussein's debates with his generals. Tracing the war's shifting strategies and political dynamics--military operations, the jockeying of opposition forces within each regime, the impact on oil production so essential to both countries--Razoux also looks at the international picture. From the United States and Soviet Union to Israel, Europe, China, and the Arab powers, many nations meddled in this conflict, supporting one side or the other and sometimes switching allegiances. The Iran-Iraq War answers questions that have puzzled historians. Why did Saddam embark on this expensive, ultimately fruitless conflict? Why did the war last eight years when it could have ended in months? Who, if anyone, was the true winner when so much was lost? From 1980 to 1988 Iran and Iraq fought the longest war of the century. It included the tragic slaughter of child soldiers, the use of chemical weapons, the striking of civilian shipping, and the destruction of cities. Pierre Razoux offers an unflinching look at a conflict seared into the region's collective memory but little understood in the West Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Maps -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1. Escalation -- The Media War -- Saddam Chooses War -- Final Preparations -- The Forces on the Field -- Chapter 2. Saddam's Qadisiyyah -- Saddam's Falcons Kick Off the War -- The Iranian Eagles Strike Back -- The Ground Offensive -- Attacking Khuzestan -- The Iraqis Grind to a Halt outside Khorramshahr -- Chapter 3. How Did It Come to This? -- Old Border Disputes -- Enter Saddam Hussein -- The Rivalry for Regional Supremacy -- The Algiers Accord -- Ayatollah Khomeini's Arrival in Tehran Changes the Game -- Saddam Takes Power -- Chapter 4. Did the United States Push Saddam to Attack? -- The Islamic Revolution Muddies the Waters -- The Carter Doctrine -- Washington Announces Its Neutrality -- Moscow Punishes Baghdad and Courts Tehran -- Beijing Banks on Baghdad -- Chapter 5. France Sides with Iraq -- Iraq, the New Eldorado for French Industrialists -- Eurodif at the Heart of the Franco-Iranian Dispute -- Mitterrand Backs Saddam -- Scattered Europeans -- Chapter 6. The Arabs Divided -- King Hussein of Jordan, Herald of the Pro-Iraqi Camp -- Oman, Egypt, and Algeria's Leaders Refuse to Align Themselves -- Hafez Al-Assad, Leader of the Pro-Iranian Camp -- The Gulf Cooperation Council Steps In -- Chapter 7. Israel Banks on Iran and Turkey Benefits from the War -- A Pragmatic Strategy -- Turkey, the Silent Victor -- Chapter 8. The "Valmy" Effect -- Prioritizing the Internal Front -- Combat Starts Again -- The Fall of Khorramshahr and the Siege of Abadan -- Chapter 9. Stalemate -- The Southern Front Prioritized -- Air Duels over Khuzestan -- Air and Sea Battle at the Mouth of the Shatt Al-Arab -- A Highly Disappointing Initial Assessment for Baghdad -- Chapter 10. The Initiative Changes Sides -- The Failure of the First Iranian Counteroffensive From 1980 to 1988, Iran and Iraq fought the longest conventional war of the twentieth century. The tragedies included the slaughter of child soldiers, the use of chemical weapons, the striking of civilian shipping in the Gulf, and the destruction of cities. The IranIraq War offers an unflinching look at a conflict seared into the regions collective memory but little understood in the West. Pierre Razoux shows why this war remains central to understanding Middle Eastern geopolitics, from the deep-rooted distrust between Sunni and Shia Muslims, to Irans obsession with nuclear power, to the continuing struggles in Iraq. He provides invaluable keys to decipher Irans behavior and internal struggle today. Razouxs account is based on unpublished military archives, oral histories, and interviews, as well as audio recordings seized by the U.S. Army detailing Saddam Husseins debates with his generals. Tracing the wars shifting strategies and political dynamicsmilitary operations, the jockeying of opposition forces within each regime, the impact on oil production so essential to both countries Razoux also looks at the international picture. From the United States and Soviet Union to Israel, Europe, China, and the Arab powers, many nations meddled in this conflict, supporting one side or the other and sometimes switching allegiances. The IranIraq War answers questions that have puzzled historians. Why did Saddam embark on this expensive, ultimately fruitless conflict? Why did the war last eight years when it could have ended in months? Who, if anyone, was the true winner when so much was lost? -- Provided by publisher. Contents List of Maps Preface Abbreviations 1. Escalation 2. Saddam’s Qadisiyyah 3. How Did It Come to This? 4. Did the United States Push Saddam to Attack? 5. France Sides with Iraq 6. The Arabs Divided 7. Israel Banks on Iran and Turkey Benefits from the War 8. The “Valmy” Effect 9. Stalemate 10. The Initiative Changes Sides 11. The Mullahs Take Power 12. First Victories 13. New Mediation 14. The Iranians Recapture Their Territory 15. Blessed Ramadan Offensive 16. Bloody Dawns 17. Saddam’s Ace in the Hole 18. The Lebanese Hostage Crisis 19. Money Has No Smell 20. Total War 21. The Year of the Pilot 22. Oil and the War Machine 23. The Slaughter of the Child Soldiers 24. Deadlock 25. The Iran-Contra Affair 26. All-Out Offensives 27. Iran Changes Strategy 28. The Gulf Set Ablaze 29. The Halabja Massacre 30. The Destruction of Iran Air Flight 655 31. Endgame Epilogue Appendixes A. Chronology B. Iraq and Iran in 1980 C. Military High Command D. Military Forces E. Armed Opposition F. Foreign Military Assistance G. Oil H. International Naval Presence in the Gulf I. War Losses J. Financial Cost Notes Sources Acknowledgments Index