The International Legal Order's Colour Line : Racism, Racial Discrimination, and the Making of International Law

Prior to the twentieth century, international law was predominantly written by and for the 'civilised nations' of the white Global North. It justified doctrines of racial inequality and effectively drew a colour line that excluded citizens of the Global South and persons of African descent from participating in international law-making while subjecting them to colonialism and the slave trade. __The International Legal Order's Colour Line__ narrates this divide and charts the development of regulation on racism and racial discrimination at the international level, principally within the United Nations. Most notably, it outlines how these themes gained traction once the Global South gained more participation in international law-making after the First World War. It challenges the narrative that human rights are a creation of the Global North by focussing on the decisive contributions that countries of the Global South and people of colour made to anchor anti-racism in international law. After assessing early historical developments, chapters are devoted to The League of Nations, the adoption and implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the debates within UNESCO on the notion of race itself, expansion of crimes against humanity to cover peacetime violations, as well as challenges to apartheid in South Africa. At all stages, the focus lies on the role played by those who have been the victims of racial discrimination, primarily the countries of the Global South, in advancing the debate and promoting the development of new legal rules and institutions for their implementation. __The International Legal Order's Colour Line__ provides a comprehensive history and compelling new approach to the history of human rights law. Acknowledgements 6 Contents 8 List of Abbreviations 10 1. ‘Civilized Nations’ and the Colour Line 12 2. The Great War and the Fragile Peace 36 3. Mandates, Minorities, and the League of Nations 63 4. The United Nations Charter 101 5. Early Years of the United Nations 117 6. The International Bill of Rights 148 7. UNESCO: Fighting the Doctrine of Racial Inequality 180 8. Colonialism and Neo- colonialism at the United Nations 209 9. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 255 10. Apartheid 298 11. Racial Discrimination as a Crime against Humanity 324 12. Days, Years, Decades, and Conferences on Racial Discrimination 362 13. The Colour Line’s Long Twentieth Century 394 Bibliography 426 Index 468