The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications, Volume 2

"The aim of this book, The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications, is to provide updated information to scientists and clinicians that is valuable in their quest to gather information, carry out new investigations, and develop novel drugs that are more effective and do not cause adverse effects targeting the innate immune system. This book is of high priority to people interested in an update on innate immunity. The Volume 1 examines the participation of innate immunity in diseases such as infections by viruses, cancer, or parasites. Specifically, this volume discusses innate immunity as it relates to chronic HIV infection, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2, as well as its relationship with vitamin D. The dual role of neutrophils in cancer development and the plasticity of natural killer cells are investigated. Also, the immune response to infections from helminth and Toxoplasma gondii are described. Volume 2 examines topics such as the participation of the innate immune system in homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, the innate immune response and its modulation by sex hormones during chronic lung inflammation, and asthma beyond adaptive immunity. Moreover, the role of TLRS during arthritis rheumatoid onset and development is discussed as well as the modulation of the innate immune system by extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, a novel strategy to interrupt the transmission of diseases by mosquitoes and the modulation of the innate immune system by the endocrine disrupting compounds bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are discussed. The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to its Clinical Implications promises to be a must-have book for all people who want to know about the role of the basic functioning of the innate immune system in several diseases of actual relevance to human health"-- Provided by publisher Contents Preface Section 1. Innate Immunity and Inflammation Chapter 1 The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Homeostasis and in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Abstract Introduction Classification of ILCs Development and Differentiation of ILCs ILC Receptors and Other Surface Markers Activation of ILCs Anatomical Distribution of ILCs Role of ILCs in Tissue Homeostasis Role of ILCs in the Immune Response to Pathogens Role of ILCS in the Immunopathology of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ILC1-Associated Diseases ILC2-Associated Diseases ILC3-Associated Diseases Conclusion References Chapter 2 The Innate Immune Response and Its Modulation by Sex Hormones During Chronic Lung Inflammation Abstract Introduction Sex and Sex Hormones as Modulators of Immune Cells Responses Sex- and Sex Hormone-Induced Differences in Innate Immune Cells Natural Killer Cells Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Neutrophils Monocytes and Macrophages Dendritic Cells Sex and Sex Hormones in Innate Immune Cells in Allergic Asthma Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Neutrophils Monocytes and Macrophages Sex and Sex Hormones as Modulators of COPD Monocytes and Macrophages The Role of Other Innate Immune Cells in COPD Considering Sex and Sex Hormones in Chronic Lung Inflammation Conclusion References Chapter 3 Asthma beyond Adaptive Immunity: Fighting Corticosteroid Resistance Abstract Introduction Differential Diagnosis Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors That Trigger Asthma Asthma Classification Role of Innate Immune System in Asthma Role of Innate Immunity as Protector of Asthma Immunological Therapy for Asthma Management Anti-IgE Antibodies Anti-Interleukin 5 (Anti-IL-5) Monoclonal Antibodies Anti-Interleukin 5 Receptor (Anti-IL5R) Monoclonal Antibody Different Monoclonal Antibodies Commercially Available or at Clinical Trials Conclusion Note References Section 2. Innate Immunity and Non-Classic Immunomodulators Chapter 4 Arthritis Rheumatoid Onset and Development: The Gaze of TLRS Abstract Introduction Innate Immunity Elements of the Innate Immune System Synoviocytes and Fibroblast Macrophages TLR Function TLRs Cellular Location and Signaling Trafficking of Intracellular TLRS Arthritis Rheumatoid Generalities Genetic Risk Epigenetic Factors No Genetic Risk Gender In Smoking Contribution of the Microbiome and Another Pathogen to RA RA Pathogenesis Innate Immunity of RA Synoviocytes and Fibroblasts Monocytes and Macrophages Cytokines for the Innate Response TLR and Autoimmunity TLRS and AR TLR Expression in Inflammatory Cells in the Synovium Learning TLR Role in Mice Model Role of the Aberrant Expression of Micrornas (MIRNAS) Rheumatoid Arthritis, TLRS and MiRNAs TLR Signaling Cascade Mapk and Mirna Control Conclusion References Chapter 5 Modulation of the Innate Immune System by Extracellular Vesicles Abstract Introduction Extracellular Vesicles: An Overview Microvesicles Exosomes Apoptotic Bodies Effects of EVs on Innate Immunity during Steady State Relation of EVs with Monocytes and Macrophages during Steady State Relation of EVs with Neutrophils during Steady State Relation of EVs with Natural Killer Cells (NKs) during Steady State Relation of EVs with Mast Cells during Steady State Relation of EVs with Eosinophils during Steady State Effects of EVs on Innate Immunity during Infectious Diseases Bacterial EVs Effects of Bacterial EVs on Host’s Innate Immunity Parasitic EVs Effects of Protozoa EVs on Host’s Innate Immunity EVs from Leishmania Parasites EVs from Trypanosoma Parasites EVs from Plasmodium Parasites EVs from Trichomonas, Giardia and Entamoeba parasites Effects of Helminth EVs on Host’s Innate Immunity EVs from Nematode Parasites EVs from Trematode Parasites EVs from Cestode Parasites Exploitation of EVs from Innate Cells by Viruses EVs during HIV Infection EVs during Hepatitis Virus Infection EVs during Herpes Virus Infection EVs during Epstein-Barr Virus Infection EVs during SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection Effects of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Innate Immunity Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Effects of Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases Immunotherapy Based on EVs Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell-Derived EVs for Immunotherapy Applications of MSC-EVs in Inflammation Control Application of MSC-EVs in Macrophage Polarization Application of Non-MSC EVs and EVs-Educated Innate Cells in Tissue Repair Application of Pathogen-Derived EVs for Immunotherapy Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Enhanced Innate Immune Response: A Novel Strategy to Interrupt the Transmission of Diseases by Mosquitoes Abstract Introduction Vector-Borne Diseases Blood Feeding Interaction with Pathogens and Immune Response Pathways Immune Memory Evidence of Immune Memory in Mosquitos Possible Mechanism of Immune Memory Endoreplication iRNA and Endogenous Viral Elements (EVEs) Signaling Pathways Dscam Lipoxin/Lipocaline Complex Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs) Classical Memory Immune Response and Its Differences with Immune Priming in Mosquitoes Activation Effector Functions Thoughtfulness for Inducing Immune Memory Priming and Tolerance to Arboviral Infection Perspective Conclusion References Appendix: Glossary Chapter 7 Modulation of the Innate Immune System by the Endocrine Disrupting Compounds Bisphenol A (BPA) and Phtalathes Abstract Introduction Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Organisms The Problem Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) Bisphenol A (BPA) and Phthalates BPA Effects on Innate Immune Cells Phtalathes Effects on Innate Immune System Conclusion Acknowledgments References About the Editor Index Blank Page Blank Page The aim of this book, The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications. Volume 2, is to provide updated information to scientists and clinicians that is valuable in their quest to gather information, carry out new investigations, or to check on clinical implications of the innate immune system function during disease. This book is of high priority to people interested in an update on innate immunity. Volume 2 examines topics such as the participation of the innate immune system in homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, the innate immune response and its modulation by sex hormones during chronic lung inflammation, and asthma beyond adaptive immunity. Moreover, the role of TLRS during arthritis rheumatoid onset and development is discussed as well as the modulation of the innate immune system by extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, a novel strategy to interrupt the transmission of diseases by mosquitoes and the modulation of the innate immune system by the endocrine disrupting compounds bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are discussed. The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to its Clinical Implications. Volume 2 promises to be a must-have book for all people who want to know about the role of the basic functioning of the innate immune system in several diseases of actual relevance to human health.