The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications, Volume 1

The aim of this book, The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications. Volume 1, is to provide updated information to scientists and clinicians that is valuable in their quest to gather information, carry out new investigations, and develop novel drugs that are more effective and do not cause adverse effects targeting the innate immune system. This book is of high priority to people interested in an update on innate immunity. Volume 1 examines the participation of innate immunity in diseases such as infections by viruses, cancer, or parasites. Specifically, this volume discusses innate immunity as it relates to chronic HIV infection, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2, as well as its relationship with vitamin D. The dual role of neutrophils in cancer development and the plasticity of natural killer cells are investigated. Also, the immune response to infections from helminth and Toxoplasma gondii are described. The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to its Clinical Implications. Volume 1 promises to be a must-have book for all people who want to know about the role of the basic functioning of the innate immune system in several diseases of actual relevance to human health. Contents Preface Section 1. Innate Immunity and Viruses Chapter 1 Innate Immunity in Chronic HIV Infection: Relationship Between Viral Reservoir and Inflammatory Response and Its Clinical Implications Abstract Introduction Innate Immune Response in the Control of HIV Infection Innate Immunity Sensing of HIV through PRRs Cytosolic Sensors Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Antiviral Innate Effector Cells: NK Cells, Dendritic Cells, Monocytes and Macrophages Natural Killer Cells Dendritic Cells Conventional Dendritic Cells Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Monocytes and Macrophages Activation in Innate Immune Cells: Cytokines and Chemokines IP-10 IL-6 TNF-a IL-10 Family Interferons Novel Strategies to Control HIV Infection Dendritic Cells in Immunotherapies Monocytes and HIV Reservoir Elimination Modulation of TLR Signaling Modulation of Interferon Signaling HIV Reservoir Definition of HIV Reservoir The Latent Reservoir Cellular Reservoirs: Resting CD4+ T Cells Subtypes Other Cell Populations as HIV Reservoirs Tissue Reservoirs The Active Reservoir Markers of the HIV Reservoir Cellular Markers of Latent HIV Reservoir Markers of Activation of the HIV Reservoir Total HIV DNA a Clinically Relevant Marker The Latent HIV Reservoir: Formation and Compartmentalization HIV Integration into the Host Genome Establishment of HIV Latency HIV Persistence during Antiretroviral Therapy Tools to Quantify the Latent Reservoir Cure Strategies Targeting the Latent Reservoir Shock and Kill Strategy Immunotherapy Block and Lock Strategy The Gene Therapy Inflammatory Response in Controlled HIV Infection Clinical Implications of Systemic Inflammation and Reservoir in HIV-Infected Individuals Current Anti-Inflammatory Interventions in HIV Infection Conclusion References Chapter 2 Vitamin D as a Modulator of the Immune Response during Viral Infections Abstract Introduction Vitamin D Vitamin D in the Immune System Role of Vitamin D in the Immune Response during Selected Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract Influenza Rhinovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Role of Vitamin D in the Immune Response during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 3 Immunometabolic Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) Abstract Introduction Hyperglycemia Hyperinsulinemia and Pancreatic β-Cell Exhaustion Insulin Resistance Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products Endothelial Dysfunction, Vascular Damage, and Prothrombotic State Miscellaneous Conclusion References Section 2. Innate Immunity and Cancer Chapter 4 A Dual Role for Neutrophils and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Development of Colorectal Cancer Abstract Abbreviations Introduction Classification of CRC Subtypes Immune Response in Colorectal Cancer The Innate Immune Response in Colorectal Cancer Macrophages Dendritic Cells Neutrophils Neutrophil Subsets Antitumor Functions of Neutrophils (HDN or N1 Neutrophils) Protumoral Functions of Neutrophils (LDN or N2 Neutrophils) Neutrophils in Colorectal Cancer Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Colorectal Cancer Granulocytic-Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Colorectal Cancer Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 Plasticity of Natural Killer Cells in Cancer: Opportunities for Therapy? Abstract Introduction Origin and Function of NK Cells Subsets of NK Cells Immune Infiltration of NK Cells at Peripheral and Intratumorally Levels in Patients with Cancer Therapeutic Strategies Based on NK Activity in Cancer Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) Killer Cell Engagers NK Cell “Priming” Strategies or Cytokine-Induced Human NK Expansion and Activation Methods to Enhance the Infiltration and Function of Infused NK Cells Conclusion References Chapter 6 The Dual Role of Neutrophils in Cancer Development Abstract Introduction Neutrophils in Cancer The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Recruitment of Neutrophils to Tumors Neutrophil Phenotypes Neutrophil Subsets in Blood Neutrophil Subsets in Tumors Role of Neutrophils in Tumor Progression Proliferation Angiogenesis Metastasis Immunesuppression Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Neutrophil Functions Against Tumors Cytotoxicity Antibody-Dependent Cell Killing Fc Receptors on Neutrophils Mechanisms of ADCC Therapeutic Strategies Inhibition of Neutrophil Recruitment Inhibition of Pro-Tumor Activity Activation of Anti-Tumor Activity Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of Interest References Section 3. Innate Immunity and Parasites Chapter 7 Innate Immunity Against Toxoplasma gondii Infection Abstract Introduction Life Cycle Immune Response at the Infection Site Toxoplasma Recognition by Innate Sensors Mechanisms of Intracellular Toxoplasma Tachyzoites Clearance Toxoplasma Manipulation of Host Signaling Pathways Conclusion References Chapter 8 The Role of the Innate Immune Response during Helminth Infections Abstract Introduction Innate Immune Response to Helminths Epithelial Cells Dendritic Cells Macrophages Granulocytes Innate Lymphoid Cells Type 2 Conclusion References About the Editor Index Blank Page "The aim of this book, The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to Its Clinical Implications, is to provide updated information to scientists and clinicians that is valuable in their quest to gather information, carry out new investigations, and develop novel drugs that are more effective and do not cause adverse effects targeting the innate immune system. This book is of high priority to people interested in an update on innate immunity. The Volume 1 examines the participation of innate immunity in diseases such as infections by viruses, cancer, or parasites. Specifically, this volume discusses innate immunity as it relates to chronic HIV infection, type 2 diabetes, and SARS-CoV-2, as well as its relationship with vitamin D. The dual role of neutrophils in cancer development and the plasticity of natural killer cells are investigated. Also, the immune response to infections from helminth and Toxoplasma gondii are described. Volume 2 examines topics such as the participation of the innate immune system in homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, the innate immune response and its modulation by sex hormones during chronic lung inflammation, and asthma beyond adaptive immunity. Moreover, the role of TLRS during arthritis rheumatoid onset and development is discussed as well as the modulation of the innate immune system by extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, a novel strategy to interrupt the transmission of diseases by mosquitoes and the modulation of the innate immune system by the endocrine disrupting compounds bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are discussed. The Innate Immune System in Health and Disease: From the Lab Bench Work to its Clinical Implications promises to be a must-have book for all people who want to know about the role of the basic functioning of the innate immune system in several diseases of actual relevance to human health"-- Provided by publisher