The Importance of Chemical “Speciation” in Environmental Processes : Report of the Dahlem Workshop on the Importance of Chemical “Speciation” in Environmental Processes Berlin 1984, September 2–7

Report, the editors replaced the term "speciation" wherever it occurred by "identification and quantification," or "description of abundance," or "reactivity," or "transformation" of a chemical species, according to whichever one of the four meanings the author had evidently meant to convey. In line with the Dahlem Workshop Model, this Report comprises the background papers written in advance of the meeting on the current status of problems in environmental research and on advanced analytical tech­ niques for the identification and quantification of chemical species, as well as the group reports summarizing the results of the discussions held during the meeting. Each group report was prepared during the meeting by one "rapporteur" with the help of members of that group and finalized by the rapporteur (listed as the first author of the group report) after the meeting, taking into account both verbal comments made during the presentation of the reports in the plenary session at the end of the workshop and written comments received afterwards. Front Matter....Pages I-XI Introduction....Pages 1-5 Why “Speciation”?....Pages 7-16 Importance and Determination of Chemical Species in Biological Systems....Pages 17-38 Approaches to the Determination of Chemical Species in Biological Materials....Pages 39-58 The Dependence of Toxic Reactions on the Chemical Species of Elements....Pages 59-70 The Influence of Chemical Species on the Absorption and Physiological Utilization of Trace Elements from the Diet or Environment....Pages 71-83 The Interaction of Inorganic Species with Biomembranes....Pages 85-97 Does the Coordination Environment Determine the Reactivity of Metals in Enzymes?....Pages 99-120 Chemical Species in Freshwater and Terrestrial Systems....Pages 121-147 Analytical Aspects of Organometallic Species Determination in Freshwater Systems....Pages 149-167 Heavy Metal Species, Mobility and Availability in Soils....Pages 169-192 Chemical Species and Metal Transport in Lakes....Pages 193-216 Interactions Between Natural Organic Polymers and Metals in Soil and Freshwater Systems: Equilibria....Pages 217-236 Adsorption and Transformation of Trace Element Species at Sediment/Water Interfaces....Pages 237-254 Transformation of Sulfur Species by Phototrophic and Chemotrophic Microbes....Pages 255-274 Chemical Species in Marine and Estuarine Systems....Pages 275-299 Chemical Species in Seawater and Marine Particulates....Pages 301-335 Equilibrium Models in Seawater: Applications and Limitations....Pages 337-363 Formation and Transformation of Element Species in Estuaries....Pages 365-384 Importance of Chemical Species in Uptake, Loss, and Toxicity of Elements for Marine Organisms....Pages 385-424 Chemical Species in Systems under Stress....Pages 425-441 Chemical Species in Industrial Discharges and Effluents....Pages 443-464 Chemical Forms and Environmental Effects of Critical Elements in Solid-Waste Materials — Combustion Residues....Pages 465-491 Microbial Intervention in Trace Element-containing Industrial Process Streams and Waste Products....Pages 493-512 Microbial Interactions with Toxic Elements in the Environment....Pages 513-531 Electrochemical Methods and Their Limitations for the Determination of Metal Species in Natural Waters....Pages 533-561 Multinuclear NMR Methods for the in situ Characterization of Chemical Species....Pages 563-578 Analysis of Inorganic Species by Ion Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography....Pages 579-611 Mass Spectrometers as Detectors for Liquid Chromatography....Pages 613-629 Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules....Pages 631-641 Surface Characterization Techniques Applied to Environmental Problems....Pages 643-665 Liquid Chromatography Element-specific Detection Systems for Analysis of Molecular Species....Pages 667-684 The Basis for Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements and Standards....Pages 685-710 Ad hoc Analytical Report....Pages 711-715 Back Matter....Pages 716-763