The impact of uniform laws on the protection of cultural heritage and the preservation of cultural heritage in the 21st century

Since Emer de Vattel’s (1714-1767) pioneerering work on the importance of the protection of cultural property in the interests of mankind and human society, international law has broadened the scope and strengthened protection in these areas. However, it is the work of UNESCO and it’s original mission of producing international instruments that has, in recent years, enhanced the protection and safeguarding of various types of cultural heritage. Providing an overview of the seven Conventions with the two Protocols adopted by UNESCO and UNIDROIT , this book offers comparative analysis of legal schemes for the protection or safeguarding of cultural heritage in 15 countries. This is the publication of the reports presented at the First Intersessional Thematic Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law in November 2008. Contents General Report Introduction / Prologue Part I—International Legal Framework 1. Cultural Heritage Protection: A Story of Several Beginnings—or: The Pre-UNESCO Period 2. Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954) 3. UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) 4. Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) 5. UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995) 6. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) 7. Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) 8. Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005) 9. Conclusion Part II—National Legal Frameworks 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Epilogue Table—Status of National Ratification/Acceptance of International Tools Canada 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Beyond Preservation Croatia 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Beyond Preservation 5. Abbreviations Czech Republic 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Beyond Preservation 5. Miscellaneous Denmark 1. Introduction 2. Protection and Preservation of the Danish Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Safeguarding the Archaeological Heritage 4. Safeguarding Cultural Heritage in the Event of an Armed Conflict 5. Protection and Preservation of the Danish Intangible Cultural Heritage 6. Conclusion France 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Beyond Preservation 5. Miscellaneous 6. Annexe Germany 1. Cultural Matters in Germany: Legislative Power 2. Protection of Cultural Property: Sources 3. Cultural Property 4. Immovables 5. Movables 6. Intangible Cultural Property 7. Measures beyond Preservation? 8. Recent Trends 9. Summary Italy 1. General Background 2. Categorization of Cultural Heritage in Italian Law 3. Rights over Cultural Heritage 4. Protection of Tangible Cultural Heritage 5. Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage 6. Conclusion 7. Additional Information Japan 1. Historical Development of the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Japan 2. The Current Protection Scheme under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Property 3. Tangible Cultural Heritage 4. Intangible Cultural Heritage 5. Beyond Preservation 6. Conclusion Mexico 1. Introduction 2. The Mexican Legal Order Functionality 3. General Issues 4. The Mexican Institutions Charged with the Protection of Mexican Archaeological Sites 5. The Fatigue of the Nationalistic Cultural Heritage Model, The Emergence of the Multilateral Model 6. Conclusions Netherlands 1. Introduction and Key Facts of the Legal System of the Netherlands 2. General Issues 3. Tangible Cultural Heritage 4. Intangible Cultural Heritage 5. Bibliography New Zealand / Aotearoa 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Beyond Preservation Spain 1. General Issues 2. Scope of LHHS and Categories of Cultural Heritage Conceptualized in It 3. Tangible Cultural Heritage 4. Intangible Cultural Heritage Switzerland 1. General issues 2. The Protection of Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. The Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Appendix: Legal sources Taiwan 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Beyond Preservation United States 1. General Issues 2. Tangible Cultural Heritage 3. Intangible Cultural Heritage 4. Miscellaneous Provisions Index Cultural heritage protection : a story of several beginnings or the pre- UNESCO period Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954) UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995) Convention of the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of CUltural Expressions (2005).