The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Green Societies : Environmental Sustainability

This book covers the sustainability issues of a green environment towards economics and society in terms of alteration in industrial pollution levels, effect of reduced carbon emissions, changes in water bodies characteristics with respect to heavy metal contamination, monitoring of associated impact with respect to ecology and biodiversity, impact of reduced noise levels and air quality influences on human health, handling and management of biomedical waste. According to WHO, 80% of people living in urban areas are exposed to air exceeding safe limits. The advent of "sustainability‟ in development science has led planners to apply evolving notions of "sustainability‟ to the contemporary debate over how cities and regions should be revitalized, redeveloped, and reformed. Market allocation of resources, sustained levels of growth and consumption, an assumption that natural resources are unlimited and a belief that economic growth will „trickle down‟ to the poor have been its hallmarks. The recent advance technology helps to promote green and clean modern societies continuously. The Internet of things will be playing an important role in the upcoming years in environment protection and sustainable development. There is a focus on paradigm shift in the sustainable development for the green environment during the period of isolation of COVID-19. This is the moment for the mobilization against the climate crisis. The sudden fall in pollutants and subsequent blue skies signifies a dramatic shift for India and also other affected countries during this period. Fighting climate change requires a collaborative approach between all spheres of society unlike the former. It must heavily redirect resources towards local, sustainable activities, including education, health, sustainable agriculture and circular management of resources. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic which has resulted in the dramatic change in the different aspects of the environment. The global lockdown has led to a rejuvenation of nature, ecosystems, biodiversity. Even urban environments are discovering a degree of peace and serenity, which led to decrease in greenhouse gas emission. Preface Contents About the Editors 1 COVID-19: An Opportunity for Smart and Sustainable Cities in India 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Data Collection and Research Design 1.3 COVID-19: A Pandemic 1.3.1 Current Scenario in the World 1.4 Assessment of COVID-19 in India 1.4.1 State-Wise Analysis of COVID-19 in India 1.5 Smart and Sustainable Cities 1.5.1 Smart City Analysis 1.6 Issues 1.7 Recommendations 1.7.1 Personal and Non-personal Data 1.7.2 Digital Model 1.8 Conclusion References 2 Reassessment of Urban Sustainability and Food Security in the Light of COVID-19 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Covid-19 Situation and the Urban Scenario 2.3 Urban Sustainability: Issues and Perspectives 2.3.1 Eco-City 2.3.2 Smart City 2.3.3 Sustainable City 2.3.4 Green City 2.3.5 Self-reliant City 2.3.6 Continuing Metropolitan Mayhem 2.4 Urban Pantry: A Saga of Neglect 2.5 Cities and Food Resource 2.5.1 Food Security 2.5.2 Globalisation and Urbanisation 2.5.3 Paradigm Shift 2.6 Role of Urban Agriculture in Delivering Results 2.7 Tackling the Menace of COVID-19 2.8 Conclusion References 3 Disruptive Mobility in Pre- and Post-COVID Times: App-Based Shared Mobility in Indian Cities—The Case of Bengaluru 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Disruptive Mobility 3.1.2 Worldwide Scenario of Disruptive Mobility 3.1.3 Disruptive Mobility in India 3.2 Problem Statement 3.3 Methodology 3.3.1 Data Collection 3.3.2 Carbon Emission Due to Congestion 3.3.3 Public Transport Accessibility Level (PTAL) 3.4 Bengaluru: The Case Study 3.4.1 City Profile and Institutional Structure 3.4.2 Transportation in BBMP 3.4.3 Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) 3.4.4 Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) 3.5 Data Analysis and Discussion 3.5.1 Travel Preferences for Work and Recreational Trips 3.5.2 Cost of Additional Carbon Emissions Due to Congestion 3.5.3 Relation Between Yearly Uber Rides and PTAL Map 3.5.4 Car, a Status Symbol? 3.6 Post-Covid Scenario of ABSM 3.7 Conclusion 3.8 Future Work References 4 Finding the Long-Lost Path: Developing Environmental Awareness Through the Pandemic 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment 4.3 The Relationship Between Ecosystem and Human Well-Being 4.4 How Can Psychology Help to Promote Sustainable Behaviour? 4.4.1 Culture and Pro-Environment Behaviour 4.4.2 Actions to Develop the Feeling of Collectivism 4.4.3 Creating Motivation to Change 4.4.4 Blocks to Sustainable Action 4.5 Psychosocial Model for Promoting Pro-Environmental Behaviour 4.6 Conclusion References 5 The Dual Impact of Lockdown on Curbing COVID-19 Spread and Rise of Air Quality Index in India 5.1 Introduction 5.2 SIQR Dynamic Model 5.2.1 Theoretical Framework 5.2.2 Estimation of Initial Transmission Rate 5.2.3 Simulation of Mathematical Modeling 5.3 Introduction to Air Pollution 5.4 Pollution from Different Sectors 5.5 Dataset Preparation 5.6 Understanding Basic Relationship of Pollutants with Pollution 5.7 Detailed Analysis 5.7.1 Time Series Analysis 5.7.2 Autoregressive Model 5.8 Artificial Neural Network and LSTM-Based Modeling 5.9 Effect of COVID-19 on Air Pollution 5.10 Conclusion and Future Scope References 6 Aftermath of Industrial Pollution, Post COVID-19 Quarantine on Environment 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Categories and Impact of Industrial Pollution 6.3 Comparison Between Pre and Active Lockdown Conditions 6.3.1 Air Pollution 6.3.2 Water Pollution 6.3.3 Revamped Noise and Soil Pollution 6.4 Effect of Revived Pollution Level on Existing Life Forms and Mother Earth 6.5 Conclusion 6.6 Future Prospects References 7 COVID-19: Disaster or an Opportunity for Environmental Sustainability 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Positive Impact of Coronavirus on Environment 7.2.1 Impact on Atmosphere (Air) 7.2.2 Impact on Hydrosphere [Water] 7.2.3 Impact on Nature and Wildlife 7.3 Negative Aspects of COVID-19 7.4 Future Suggestions to Maintain Environmental Sustainability Post-COVID-19 7.5 Conclusion References 8 COVID-19 and Its Impact on Carbon Dioxide Emissions 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sectors Wise CO2 Emission 8.3 Monitoring of CO2 Emission 8.4 Changes in Activities During COVID-19 8.5 Changes in CO2 Emission at Global Level 8.6 Sector Wise Changes in CO2 Emission 8.6.1 Power Sector 8.6.2 Industrial Emissions 8.6.3 Surface Transportation Emissions 8.6.4 Aviation and Ships Emissions 8.6.5 Public and Residential Sectors 8.7 Country Wise Change in CO2 Emissions 8.7.1 USA 8.7.2 Italy 8.7.3 China 8.7.4 Brazil 8.7.5 Spain 8.7.6 India 8.7.7 UK 8.7.8 Germany 8.7.9 Japan 8.7.10 Russia 8.7.11 France 8.8 Implication 8.9 Conclusions and Future Scope References 9 Sustainable Attainment of Solar E-waste Recycling Concerning to COVID-19 Crisis: A Review 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Why Solar Energy? 9.1.2 Impact of Covid-19 on Solar Power 9.1.3 The Working of Solar Panels 9.1.4 Photovoltaic Effect 9.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Solar Panels 9.1.6 Types of Solar Cells 9.2 Materials 9.2.1 Solar Panels 9.2.2 Causes of Degradation of Solar Panels 9.3 Methodology 9.3.1 Advanced Recycling Technologies 9.4 Result and Discussion 9.4.1 Economic Benefits of Recycling 9.4.2 Environmental Benefits of Recycling 9.4.3 Ecological Impact and Cost Analysis 9.5 Conclusion References 10 Impact of Biomedical Waste Management System on Infection Control in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Biomedical Waste: Universal Problem 10.1.2 Types and Sources of Biomedical Waste 10.1.3 Levels and Analysis of Biomedical Waste 10.2 Biomedical Waste Management System in India and Other Countries 10.2.1 History and Development of Biomedical Waste Management System (BWMS) 10.2.2 Prominent Hallmarks of Biomedical Waste Rule 2016 in India 10.2.3 Global Scenario of COVID-19 Pandemic 10.2.4 Critical Appraisal on BWMS in India and Other Countries 10.2.5 Requirement of Biomedical Waste Management in Hospitals and Research Centres 10.3 Risk of Biomedical Waste 10.3.1 Biomedical Effects of COVID-19 10.3.2 Understanding the Actual Status of Medical Waste 10.3.3 Inappropriate Biomedical Waste Disposal Quantification 10.3.4 Exposure and Emission of Toxic Gases During Incineration 10.3.5 Spread of COVID-19 Pandemic 10.4 Biomedical Waste Containment 10.4.1 Formation of Containment Vision and Missions 10.4.2 Medical Waste Regulations and Segregations 10.4.3 Restricted Access for Medical Waste 10.4.4 Awareness and Training to the HealthCare Professionals 10.4.5 Alternatives for PolyvinylChloride Products 10.5 Biomedical Waste Treatment 10.5.1 Conventional Methods 10.5.2 Incineration Method—Pros and Cons 10.5.3 Operating and Emission Standards of Incineration 10.5.4 Nebraska Bio-containment Unit 10.5.5 Controlling of Infectious COVID-19 10.6 Conclusion References 11 Sludge Hygienisation—A Novel Technology for Urban Areas to Deal with Incursion of COVID-19 Viral Particles in Wastewater 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Interaction Between COVID-19 Virus Particles and the Surrounding (the Host and the Environment) 11.3 Overview of Sludge Hygienisation Techniques—Focus on the Irradiation Treatment Technology 11.4 Scope for Irradiation-Based Advanced Treatment Facilities in Urban Centres: A Case Study for Bengaluru City 11.5 Economic Features of the Proposed Sludge Hygienisation Facility in Bengaluru with Reference to Sludge Hygienisation Plant Located at Ahmedabad 11.5.1 Bengaluru Scenario 11.6 Conclusion References 12 Trends and Innovations in Biosensors for COVID-19 Detection in Air 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) 12.3 Biosensors and Its Types 12.3.1 Optical Biosensor 12.3.2 Thermometric Biosensor 12.3.3 Progress of SARS-Corona Virus Disease 12.4 Analysis and Survey 12.4.1 Survey Report 12.5 Role of Biosensor in COVID-19 12.5.1 Possible Origins of Virus 12.5.2 Detection of Coronavirus in Air 12.6 Preventive Measures 12.7 Conclusion References 13 IoT Based Wearable Healthcare System: Post COVID-19 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Wearable Sensors and Devices 13.2.1 Flexible Wearable Physical Sensors 13.2.2 Flexible Wearable Chemical Sensors 13.2.3 Materials Used for Flexible Wearable Sensors 13.2.4 Techniques to Fabricate Wearable Sensors 13.2.5 Power Source for Wearable Sensors and Electronics 13.2.6 Implantable Devices for Healthcare Monitoring System 13.3 Internet of Things (IoT) 13.3.1 Network in IoT 13.3.2 Architecture of IoT Based Wearable Healthcare System 13.4 Conclusion References 14 Biodiversity Conservation: An Imperial Need in Combatting Pandemic and Healthcare Emergencies 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Synergy Between Natural Environment and Human Health 14.3 Impact of Worldwide Lockdown on Environment 14.3.1 Air Pollution 14.3.2 Wildlife 14.3.3 Water Bodies 14.3.4 Medical Waste as Another Havoc 14.4 Traditional Health and Immune System 14.5 Ayurveda—Aid in the Prophylaxis of Pandemics 14.6 Herbal Inhibitors as Antiviral Targets 14.7 Biodiversity Conservation: Post COVID-19 Context 14.7.1 Consolidation of Local Agriculture Systems 14.7.2 Expand New Taxation Policies for Environmental Harms 14.7.3 Greener Investments as a Seminary for Biodiversity Support 14.8 Recommended Environmental Approaches 14.9 Conclusion References 15 COVID-19 Pandemic: An Unprecedented Blessing for Nature 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Impact of Quarantine Lockdown on the Ecology 15.2.1 Impact on Air Quality 15.2.2 Impact on Water Quality 15.2.3 Impact on Biodiversity 15.3 Measures for Revival of Environment and Economy 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Green Economy Approach to Develop Bioactive Dexamethasone Analogue Scaffold Against SARS CoV-2 16.1 Introduction 16.2 IL as Solvents and Catalysts for the Green Synthesis of Various Drugs 16.3 MNPs as Catalyst or Supportive Catalyst in Drug Synthesis 16.4 MBC as Catalyst in DMs Synthesis 16.5 Conclusion 16.6 Future Scope References