The impact of idealism: the legacy of post-Kantian German thought VOL 1 Philosophy of Natural Sciences

German Idealism is arguably the most influential force in philosophy over the past two hundred years. This major four-volume work is the first comprehensive survey of its impact on science, religion, sociology and the humanities, and brings together fifty-two leading scholars from across Europe and North America. Each essay discusses an idea or theme from Kant, Hegel, Schelling, Fichte, or another key figure, shows how this influenced a thinker or field of study in the subsequent two centuries, and how that influence is felt in contemporary thought. Crossing established scholarly divides, the volumes deal with fields as varied as feminism, architectural history, psychoanalysis, Christology and museum curation, and subjects as diverse as love, evolution, the public sphere, the art of Andy Warhol, the music of Palestrina, the philosophy of Husserl, the literature of Jane Austen, the political thought of fascism and the foundations of international law.;Volume 1. Philosophy and natural sciences / edited by Karl Ameriks -- volume 2. Historical, social, and political thought / edited by John Walker -- volume 3. Aesthetics and literature / edited by Christoph Jamme and Ian D. Cooper -- volume 4. Religion / edited by Nicholas Adams. Cover 1 Half title 3 Series 4 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Illustrations 9 Contributors 10 Acknowledgements 12 Abbreviations 14 Translations 15 Foreword 17 What was Idealism and what is it now? 17 General introduction: the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries 19 I 19 II 24 Germany from Anglophilia to the first Critique 24 Germany’s crisis of faith 29 Idealism triumphant 31 Three phases of post-Hegelianism 34 III 40 Coleridge and Carlyle 40 Idealism in America 42 British Idealism 47 A global philosophy 52 General introduction: the twentieth and twenty-first centuries 59 I. From inauspicious beginnings to the ‘return of metaphysics’ - German Idealism at the turn of the century 59 II. Germany and Austria: the rejection of metaphysics 62 Early twentieth-century phenomenology 62 The rejection of metaphysics 64 The Frankfurt School 66 III. France: from existentialism to post-modernism 68 Existentialism and twentieth-century Marxism 68 Post-structuralism and post-modernism 69 IV. Anglo-America: from McTaggart to McDowell 71 Neo-Hegelianism 71 The analytic turn 72 Communitarianism 73 V. International feminism 75 Introduction: Idealism in the natural sciences and philosophy 80 Science and Idealism 80 Idealism on the Continent 82 Idealism in Great Britain 84 Idealism in the New World 86 1 Philosophy of natural science in Idealism and neo-Kantianism 90 Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling and Naturphilosophie 91 Hermann von Helmholtz and the origins of neo-Kantianism 98 Ernst Cassirer and the Marburg School 108 2 The impact of German Idealism and Romanticism on biology in the nineteenth century 123 Romanticism in German biology 124 Romanticism and Idealism in Germany 124 The contribution of Kant 124 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 126 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 128 Carl Gustav Carus 131 Alexander von Humboldt 132 The influence of German Romanticism and Idealism on British biology 135 Archetype theory: Green, Owen and Darwin 135 Darwin’s debt to German Romanticism 140 The creative force of nature 140 Whewell’s mediation of German thought 140 The mystery of mysteries: the Origin of Species 143 Conclusion 148 3 The unconscious: transcendental origins, Idealist metaphysics and psychoanalytic metapsychology 152 I. Kantian origins: the transcendental unconscious 154 i. 154 ii. 156 iii. 158 iv. 159 v. 161 II. Nineteenth-century thought: the unconscious and nature 162 i. 162 ii. 162 iii. 164 iv. 166 v. 167 vi. 168 III. Psychoanalysis: between Idealism and Naturalism 169 i. 169 ii. 170 iii. 173 iv. 174 v. 175 4 Nietzsche, Kant and teleology 184 I. Problems with purpose 186 II. Naturalising Kant 191 III. ‘All development is emergence’ 196 5 Transcendental idealism, phenomenology and the metaphysics of intentionality 209 I. Introduction 209 II. Transcendental idealism and the metaphysics of intentionality: the conformity thesis 211 III. Brentano, Phenomenology, and the metaphysics of intentionality 225 IV. Husserl, Phenomenology and the metaphysics of intentionality 232 V. Back to transcendental idealism and beyond Phenomenology: how to solve the metaphysical problem 238 6 Heidegger and the impact of idealism 243 I 243 II 248 A. Pre-absolute idealism 250 B. Absolute Idealism 252 III 260 7 French Hegelianism and anti-Hegelianism in the 1960s: Hyppolite, Foucault and Deleuze 264 Jean Wahl’s Hegel 265 Jean Hyppolite’s Hegel 267 Hegel and the project of 1960s philosophy 272 Foucault and Hegel 275 Deleuze and Hegel 282 8 Scottish Idealism 290 The arrival of Hegel in Scotland 291 The shape of Scottish Idealism 297 Reception, criticism and legacy 308 9 ‘My station and its duties’: social-role accounts of obligation in Green and Bradley 317 I. Green, Bradley and British Idealism 318 II. Theories of moral obligation 319 III. Green on duty 325 IV. Bradley on duty 330 10 Idealism and the origins of analytic philosophy 341 I. Idealism in Germany and in Britain 343 II. The German origins of analytic philosophy: Frege and Logical Empiricism 344 III. The British origins of analytic philosophy: Moore and Russell 347 IV. From Platonic Atomism to analytic philosophy 352 i. Moorean analysis 353 ii. Propositions and their difficulties 354 iii. The nature of logic 355 iv. Acquaintance, denoting, descriptions and Russellian analysis 356 11 Idealism and Pragmatism: the inheritance of Hegel’s concept of experience 365 I. Pragmatism: for or against Idealism? 366 II. Peirce and Hegel 368 i. Peirce’s phenomenology 369 ii. The category of resistance 378 III. Concluding remarks 385 12 Reason’s form 391 I 391 II 394 III 397 IV 404 V 407 Bibliography 413 Index 439 German Idealism Is Arguably The Most Influential Force In Philosophy Over The Past Two Hundred Years. This Major Four-volume Work Is The First Comprehensive Survey Of Its Impact On Science, Religion, Sociology And The Humanities, And Brings Together Fifty-two Leading Scholars From Across Europe And North America. Each Essay Discusses An Idea Or Theme From Kant, Hegel, Schelling, Fichte, Or Another Key Figure, Shows How This Influenced A Thinker Or Field Of Study In The Subsequent Two Centuries, And How That Influence Is Felt In Contemporary Thought. Crossing Established Scholarly Divides, The Volumes Deal With Fields As Varied As Feminism, Architectural History, Psychoanalysis, Christology And Museum Curation, And Subjects As Diverse As Love, Evolution, The Public Sphere, The Art Of Andy Warhol, The Music Of Palestrina, The Philosophy Of Husserl, The Literature Of Jane Austen, The Political Thought Of Fascism And The Foundations Of International Law. Volume 1. Philosophy And Natural Science / Edited By Karl Ameriks -- Volume 2. Historical, Social, And Political Thought / Edited By John Walker -- Volume 3. Aesthetics And Literature / Edited By Christoph Jamme And Ian D. Cooper -- Volume 4. Religion / Edited By Nicholas Adams. [edited By Nicholas Boyle, Liz Disley, Karl Ameriks]. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The first study of its kind, The Impact of Idealism assesses the impact of classical German philosophy on science, religion and culture. This volume explores German Idealism's impact on philosophy and scientific thought. Fourteen essays, by leading authorities in their respective fields, each focus on the legacy of a particular idea that emerged around 1800, when the underlying concepts of modern philosophy were being formed, challenged and criticised, leaving a legacy that extends to all physical areas and all topics in the philosophical world. From British Idealism to phenomenology, existentialism, pragmatism and French postmodernism, the story of German Idealism's impact on philosophy is here interwoven with man's scientific journey of self-discovery in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries - from Darwin to Nietzsche to Freud and beyond. Spanning the analytical and Continental divide, this first volume examines Idealism's impact on contemporary philosophical discussions The first study of its kind, The Impact of Idealism assesses the impact of classical German philosophy on science, religion and culture. This fourth volume explores German Idealism's impact on theology and religious ideas in the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries. With contributions from leading scholars, this collection not only demonstrates the vast range of Idealism's theological influence across different centuries, countries, continents, traditions and religions, but also, in doing so, provides fresh insight into the original ideas and themes with which Kant, Hegel, Fichte, Schelling and others were concerned. As well as tracing out the Idealist influence in the work of nineteenth- and twentieth-century theologians, philosophers of religion, and theological traditions, from Schleiermacher, to Karl Barth, to Radical Orthodoxy, the essays in this collection bring each debate up to date with a strong focus on Idealism's contemporary relevance. The first study of its kind, The Impact of Idealism assesses the impact of classical German philosophy on science, religion and culture. This second volume explores German Idealism's impact on the historical, social and political thought of the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Each essay focuses on an idea or concept from the high point of German philosophy around 1800, tracing out its influence on the intervening period and its importance for contemporary discussions. New light is shed on key developments of Idealist thought, such as Marxism, Critical Theory and feminism, and previously unexamined areas of Idealism's influence are discussed for the first time. This unique, interdisciplinary collection traces the impact of Kant, Hegel, Schelling, Fichte and others in Britain, Europe, North America and beyond. Its insights represent vital contributions to their respective fields, as well as to our understanding of German Idealism itself The first study of its kind, The Impact of Idealism assesses the impact of classical German philosophy on science, religion and culture. This third volume explores German Idealism's impact on the literature, art and aesthetics of the last two centuries. Each essay focuses on the legacy of an idea or concept from the high point of German philosophy around 1800, tracing out its influence on the intervening period and its importance for contemporary discussions. As well as a broad geographical and historical range, including Greek tragedy, George Eliot, Thomas Mann and Samuel Beckett, and key musicians and artists such as Wagner, Andy Warhol and Frank Lloyd Wright, the volume's thematic focus is broad. Engaging closely with the key aesthetic texts of German Idealism, this collection uses examples from literature, music, art, architecture and museum studies to demonstrate Idealism's continuing influence German Idealism is arguably the most influential force in the philosophy of the past two hundred years. This major four-volume work is the first comprehensive survey of its impact on science, religion, sociology and the humanities, and brings together fifty-two leading scholars from Europe and North America. The Impact of Idealism is a unique four-volume work that forms the first comprehensive survey of the impact of classical German philosophy on science, religion and culture. This first volume analyses German Idealism's impact on philosophy and scientific thought over the past two hundred years.