The idea of wilderness : from prehistory to the age of ecology

How has the concept of wild nature changed over the millennia? And what have been the environmental consequences? In this broad-ranging book Max Oelschlaeger argues that the idea of wilderness has reflected the evolving character of human existence from Paleolithic times to the present day. An intellectual history, it draws together evidence from philosophy, anthropology, theology, literature, ecology, cultural geography, and archaeology to provide a new scientifically and philosophically informed understanding of humankind’s relationship to nature. Oelschlaeger begins by examining the culture of prehistoric hunter-gatherers, whose totems symbolized the idea of organic unity between humankind and wild nature, and idea that the author believes is essential to any attempt to define human potential. He next traces how the transformation of these hunter-gatherers into farmers led to a new awareness of distinctions between humankind and nature, and how Hellenism and Judeo-Christianity later introduced the unprecedented concept that nature was valueless until humanized. Oelschlaeger discusses the concept of wilderness in relation to the rise of classical science and modernism, and shows that opposition to "modernism" arose almost immediately from scientific, literary, and philosophical communities. He provides new and, in some cases, revisionist studies of the seminal American figures Thoreau, Muir, and Leopold, and he gives fresh readings of America's two prodigious wilderness poets Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder. He concludes with a searching look at the relationship of evolutionary thought to our postmodern effort to reconceptualize ourselves as civilized beings who remain, in some ways, natural animals. Contents 7 Preface 9 Acknowledgments 11 ONE The Idea of Wilderness: From Paleolithic to Neolithic Culture 15 TWO Ancient Mediterranean Ideas of Humankind and Nature: The Passage from Myth to History 45 THREE The Alchemy of Modernism: The Transmutation of Wilderness into Nature 82 FOUR Wild Nature: Critical Responses to Modernism 111 FIVE Henry David Thoreau: Philosopher of the Wilderness 147 SIX John Muir: Wilderness Sage 186 SEVEN Aldo Leopold and the Age of Ecology 219 EIGHT The Idea of Wilderness in the Poetry of Robinson Jeffers and Gary Snyder 257 NINE Contemporary Wilderness Philosophy: From Resourcism to Deep Ecology 295 TEN Cosmos and Wilderness: A Postmodern Wilderness Philosophy 334 Notes 369 Index 475 "How has the concept of wild nature changed over the millennia? And what have been the environmental consequences? In a wide-ranging work of intellectual history, Max Oelschlaeger presents a stimulating new examination of humankind's relationship with the natural world through the ages-from early totemism through Egyptian, Greco-Roman, and Judeo-Christian supernaturalism to the rise of materialism and modernism." -- Publisher