The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Modern Political Biography (Helicon General Encyclopedias)

Provides over 2500 biographies and 70 feature biographies of the world's major players in 20th-century politics. This reference work includes leading politicians, prominent trade unionists, heads of state and government, state governers, influential public servants, campaigners and political spies. Preface 2 Table of contents 3 A 3 B 5 C 9 D 12 E 14 F 15 G 17 H 19 I 22 J 22 K 23 L 25 M 28 N 32 O 33 P 33 Q 35 R 36 S 38 T 42 U 43 V 43 W 44 Y 45 Z 46 A 47 Abacha, Sani (1943–1998) 47 Abbas, Ferhat (1899–1985) 47 Abbas II (1874–1944) 47 also known as Abbas Hilmi Pasha, 47 Abbey, Joseph Leo Seko (1940– ) 48 Abboud, Ibrahim (1900–1983) 48 Abd al-Hamid II (1842–1918) 48 Abdel Meguid, Ahmed Esmat (1923– ) 48 Abdullah, ibn Abdul Aziz al-Saud (1924– ) 48 Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad (1905–1982) 49 Abdullah ibn Hussein (1882–1951) 49 Aberhart, William (1878–1943) 49 Abernathy, Ralph D (1926–1990) 50 Abiola, Moshood Kastumawo (1937–1998) 50 Abubakar, Siddiq (1903–1988) 50 Abu Nidal (1934–2002) 51 also known as Sabri Khalil al-Banna, 51 Abzug, Bella Savitsky (1920–1998) 51 Achad Haam (or Ahad ha-Am) (1858–1927) 52 pseudonym of Asher Ginzberg, 52 Acheampong, Ignatius Kutu (1931–1979) 52 Achebe, Chinua (1930– ) 52 born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe, 52 Acheson, Dean (Gooderham) (1893–1971) 53 Dean (Gooderham) Acheson 53 US Democratic politician 53 Dean (Gooderham) Acheson 53 US Democratic politician 53 Dean (Gooderham) Acheson 54 US Democratic politician 54 Achour, Habib (1913– ) 54 Adamkus, Valdas (1926– ) 54 Adams, Gerry (1948– ) 54 born Gerard Adams, 54 Gerry Adams 55 Leader of Sinn Fein 55 Gerry Adams 55 President of Sinn Fein and member of the Northern Ireland Assembly 55 Gerry Adams 55 Former IRA commander, president of Sinn Fein, and member of the Northern Ireland Assembly 55 Adams, Grantley Herbert (1898–1971) 56 Adams, Henry Brooks (1838–1918) 56 Henry Brooks Adams 56 US historian and novelist 56 Henry Brooks Adams 56 US historian 56 Henry Brooks Adams 57 US historian and novelist 57 Henry Brooks Adams 57 US historian and novelist 57 Adams, Tom (John Michael) (1931–1985) 57 Addams, Jane (1860–1935) 57 Anonymous 58 Adenauer, Konrad (1876–1967) 58 Konrad Adenauer 59 German Christian Democrat politician 59 Adler, Cyrus (1863–1940) 59 Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund (1903–1969) 59 Aehrenthal, Count Aloys von (1854–1912) 60 'Aflaq, Michel (1910–1989) 60 Afrifa, Okatakyie Akwasi Amankwa (1936–1979) 60 Afwerki, Issaias (1945– ) 61 Aga Khan III (1877–1957) 61 also known as Sir Sultan Muhammad Aga Khan, 61 Aga Khan IV, (Karim) (1936– ) 62 Agnew, Spiro (Theodore) (1918–1996) 62 Aguinaldo, Emilio (1869–1964) 62 Aguiyi-Ironsi, Johnson (1925–1966) 62 Ahern, Bertie (1951– ) 62 Ahidjo, Ahmadou (1924–1989) 63 Ahtisaari, Maarti (1939– ) 63 Aidid, Muhammad Farah (1936–1996) 63 Aidit, D N (1923–1965) 64 Ait Ahmed, Hocine (1926– ) 64 Aitken, Jonathan (William Patrick) (1942– ) 64 Akaka, Daniel Kahikina (1924– ) 65 Akayev, Askar (1944– ) 65 Akhmatova, Anna (1889–1966) 66 pen-name of Anna Andreevna Gorenko, 66 Anna Akhmatova 66 Russian poet 66 Akintola, Samuel Ladoke (1910–1966) 66 Alain (1868–1951) 66 pen-name of Emile-Auguste Chartier, 66 Al-Bakr, Ahmed Hassan (1914–1982) 67 Albizu Campos, Pedro (1891–1964) 67 Albright, Madeleine (1937– ) 67 Madeleine Albright 68 US diplomat and Democrat politician, secretary of state from 1997 68 Madeleine Albright 68 US secretary of state 68 Alcalá Zamora y Torres, Niceto (1877–1949) 68 Alebua, Ezekiel (1947– ) 68 Alemán Lacayo, (José Arnoldo) (1946– ) 68 Alemán Valdés, Miguel (1902–1983) 69 Alessandri Palma, Arturo (1868–1950) 69 Alexander I, Karageorgevich (1888–1934) 69 Alexander of Hillsborough, Albert Victor Alexander (1885–1965) 70 Viscount Hillsborough, 70 Alfaro, Eloy (1842–1912) 70 Alfonsín Foulkes, Raúl Ricardo (1927– ) 70 Algren, Nelson Abraham (1909–1981) 71 Ali, (Chaudri) Muhammad (1905–1980) 71 Ali, Ibn Hussein (1879–1935) 71 Ali, Maulana Muhammad (1878–1931) 72 Ali, Maulana Shaukat (1873–1938) 72 Ali, Salim Rubayi (1934–1978) 72 Ali, Tariq (1943– ) 73 Alia, Ramiz (1925– ) 73 Ali Aref Bourhan (1934– ) 73 Ali Mahdi, Muhammad (1934– ) 74 Aliyev, Geidar Alirza (1923–2003) 74 Allende (Gossens), Salvador (1908–1973) 75 Alvear, Marcelo Torcuato de (1868–1942) 75 Amado, Jorge (1912–2001) 76 Amato, Giuliano (1938– ) 76 Amery, Leo(pold Charles Maurice Stennett) (1873–1955) 77 Leo(pold Charles Maurice Stennett) Amery 77 British politician 77 Leo(pold Charles Maurice Stennett) Amery 77 British politician 77 Amin, Mustafa (1914–1997) 77 Amin (Dada), Idi (1925–2003) 77 Amos, Valerie (1954– ) 78 Baroness, 78 Anami, Korechika (1897–1945) 78 Ancram, Michael Andrew Foster Jude Kerr (1945– ) 79 Anderson, John (1922– ) 79 Anderson, Marian (1902–1993) 79 early struggle 79 career 80 Andrade, Mario Pinto de (1928–1990) 80 Andreotti, Giulio (1919– ) 80 Andropov, Yuri (1914–1984) 81 Angelou, Maya (1928– ) 81 born Marguerite Annie Johnson, 81 Maya Angelou 81 US writer 81 Maya Angelou 81 US writer 81 Maya Angelou 82 US writer 82 Annan, Kofi (1938– ) 82 Kofi Annan 82 Secretary general of the United Nations (UN) 82 Antall, József (1932–1993) 82 Anthony, Kenny (1951– ) 83 Antonescu, Ion (1886–1946) 83 Anyaoku, Eleazar Chukwuemeka (Emeka) (1933– ) 83 Aoun, Michel (1935– ) 84 Aquino, (Maria) Corazon (1933– ) 84 called 'Cory'; born Maria Corazon Conjuangco, 84 Arafat, Yassir (1929–2004) 85 born Muhammad Yassir Abdul-Ra'ouf Arafat As Qudwa al-Husseini, 85 Yassir Arafat 85 Leader of the PLO 86 Aragon, Louis Marie (1897–1982) 86 Araña Osorio, Carlos (1918–2003) 86 Arbenz Guzmán, Jácobo (1913–1971) 86 Archer, Jeffrey Howard (1940– ) 87 Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare, 87 Jeffrey Howard Archer 87 English writer and politician 87 Jeffrey Howard Archer 87 English writer and politician 87 Arendt, Hannah (1906–1975) 88 Arens, Moshe (1925– ) 88 Arevalo Bermejo, Juan José (1904–1990) 88 Arias Madrid, Arnulfo (1901–1988) 88 Arias Navarro, Carlos (1908–1989) 89 Arias Sanchez, Oscar (1940– ) 89 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand (1953– ) 89 Armstrong, Robert Temple (1927– ) 90 Baron Armstrong of Ilminster, 90 Arnold, Eve (c. 1925– ) 90 Arriaga, Manuel José de (1842–1917) 91 Arroyo, Gloria Macapagal (1947– ) 91 Arthur, Owen (Seymour) (1949– ) 91 Arzú, Irigoyen Alvaro (1947– ) 91 Asanuma, Inejiro (1898–1960) 92 Ashcroft, John (1942– ) 92 Ashdown, Paddy (Jeremy John Durham) (1941– ) 92 Paddy Ashdown 93 Leader of the Liberal Democrats 93 Paddy Ashdown 93 Leader of the Liberal Democrat Party 93 Ashe, Arthur (Robert, Jr) (1943–1993) 93 Ashley, Jack (1922– ) 94 Lord Ashley, 94 Ashrawi, Hanan (1946– ) 94 Askin, Robert (Robin William) (1907–1981) 94 Asquith, Herbert Henry (1852–1928) 94 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, 95 Assad, Hafez al (1930–2000) 95 Astor, Nancy (1879–1964) 96 born Nancy Witcher Langhorne, 96 Asturias, Miguel Ángel (1899–1974) 96 Atassi, Hashem al- (1874–1960) 96 Atatürk, Kemal (1881–1938) 97 born Mustafa Kemal Pasha, 97 (Turkish 'Father of the Turks') 97 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 97 Turkish president 97 Attlee, Clement (Richard) (1883–1967) 97 1st Earl Attlee, 97 Atwood, Margaret (Eleanor) (1939– ) 98 Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) (1907–1973) 98 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 99 English-born US poet 99 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 99 English-born US poet 99 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 100 English-born US poet 100 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 100 English-born US poet 100 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 100 English-born US poet 100 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 100 English-born US poet 100 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 100 English-born US poet 100 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 100 English-born US poet 100 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 100 English-born US poet 101 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 101 English-born US poet 101 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 101 English-born US poet 101 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 101 English-born US poet 101 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 101 English-born US poet 101 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 101 English-born US poet 101 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 101 English-born US poet 101 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 101 English-born US poet 102 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 102 English-born US poet 102 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 102 English-born US poet 102 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 102 English-born US poet 102 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 102 English-born US poet 102 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 102 English-born US poet 102 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden 102 English born US poet 102 Aung San (1916–1947) 103 Aurobindo Ghose (1872–1950) 103 also known as Shri Aurobindo, 103 Ávila Camacho, Manuel (1897–1955) 103 Avksent'yev,, Nikolai Dmitriyevich (1878–1943) 103 Awolowo, Obafemi (1909–1987) 104 Aylwin, (Azòcar) Patricio (1919– ) 104 Ayub Khan, Muhammad (1907–1974) 104 Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam (1888–1958) 105 Azaña, Manuel (1880–1940) 105 Azcona del Hoyo, José Simon (1927– ) 105 Azhari, Ismail (1902–1969) 105 Azikiwe, Nnamdi (1904–1996) 106 Aziz, Tariq (1936– ) 106 born Mikhail Yuhanna, 106 Aznar, José Maria (1953– ) 107 B 107 Baader, Andreas (1943–1977) 107 Babangida, Ibrahim (1941– ) 107 Badawi, Abdullah Ahmad (1939– ) 108 Badinter, Robert (1928– ) 108 Badoglio, Pietro (1871–1956) 109 Baez, Joan (1941– ) 109 Joan Baez 109 US folk singer 109 Bailey, Liberty Hyde (Jr) (1858–1954) 109 Baker, Howard Henry (1925–1994) 110 Baker, James Addison III (1930– ) 110 Baker, Kenneth Wilfrid (1934– ) 110 Kenneth Baker 111 English politician 111 Baker, Newton Diehl (1871–1937) 111 Bakhtiar, Shahpur (1914–1991) 111 Balaguer Ricardo, Joaquín Videla (1906–2002) 112 Balbo, Count Italo (1896–1940) 112 Baldwin, James Arthur (1924–1987) 112 James Arthur Baldwin 113 US writer and civil-rights activist 113 James Arthur Baldwin 113 US writer and civil-rights activist 113 James Arthur Baldwin 113 US writer and civil-rights activist 113 James Arthur Baldwin 113 US writer and civil-rights activist 113 James Arthur Baldwin 113 US writer and civil-rights activist 113 James Arthur Baldwin 113 US writer and civil-rights activist 113 James Arthur Baldwin 114 US writer and civil-rights activist 114 James Arthur Baldwin 114 US writer and civil-rights activist 114 Baldwin, Stanley (1867–1947) 114 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, 114 Balfour, Arthur James (1848–1930) 115 1st Earl of Balfour and Viscount Traprain, 115 Balladur, Edouard (1929– ) 115 Ballance, John (1839–1893) 116 Banda, Hastings Kamuzu (1905–1997) 116 Hastings Banda 117 Malawi politician and physician 117 Bandaranaike, Sirimavo (1916–2000) 117 born Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, 117 Encyclopaedia Britannica 117 Bandaranaike, Solomon West Ridgeway Dias (1899–1959) 117 Solomon Bandaranaike 117 Sri Lankan nationalist politician 117 Bandera, Stepan (1909–1959) 117 Bang, Nina Henriette Wendeline (1866–1927) 118 Bani-Sadr, Abu'l-Hassan (1933– ) 118 Banks, Dennis (1932– ) 118 Bánzer Suárez, Hugo (1926–2002) 119 Barak, Ehud (1942– ) 119 born Ehud Brog, 119 Baraka, (Imamu) Amiri (1934– ) 120 born LeRoi Jones, 120 (Imamu) Amiri Baraka 120 US poet, dramatist, and black activist 120 (Imamu) Amiri Baraka 120 US poet, dramatist and black activist 121 Barayi, Elijah (1930–1994) 121 Barber, Anthony Perrinott Lysberg (1920– ) 121 Baron Barber of Wentbridge, 121 Barbie, Klaus (1913–1991) 121 Barco Vargas, Virgilio (1921– ) 122 Barnes, George Nicoll (1859–1940) 122 Barre, Raymond Octave Joseph (1924– ) 122 Barrientos Ortuño, René (1919–1969) 122 Barrow, Errol Walton (1920–1987) 123 Barry, Marion, Jr (1936– ) 123 Barton, Edmund (1849–1920) 124 Baruch, Bernard Mannes (1870–1965) 124 Bernard Mannes Baruch 124 US financier 124 Bernard Mannes Baruch 124 US financier 124 Barudi, Mahmud Sami al- (1839–1904) 124 Bashir, Omar Hassan Ahmad al- (1944– ) 124 Basu, Jyoti (1914– ) 125 Batista (y Zaldívar), Fulgencio (1901–1973) 125 Batlle y Ordóñez, José (1856–1929) 126 Batt, Philip (1927– ) 126 Bavadra, Timoci (1934–1989) 127 Bayer, Mahmud Jelâl (1884–1986) 127 Bazargan, Mehdi (1907–1995) 127 Beatrix, (Wilhelmina Armgard) (1938– ) 128 Beauvoir, Simone de (1908–1986) 128 Beaverbrook, (William) Max(well) Aitken (1879–1964) 128 1st Baron Beaverbrook, 128 Beverley Baxter 129 British politician 129 (William) Max(well) Aitken Beaverbrook 130 Canadian-born British financier, newspaper proprietor, and politician 130 (William) Max(well) Aitken Beaverbrook 130 British financier, newspaper proprietor, and politician 130 (William) Max(well) Aitken Beaverbrook 130 Canadian-born British financier, newspaper proprietor, and politician 130 Bebel, (Ferdinand) August (1840–1913) 130 Beckett, Margaret (1943– ) 130 born Margaret Jackson, 130 Bedjaoui, Mohamed (1929– ) 131 Begin, Menachem (1913–1992) 131 Belafonte, Harry (1927– ) 131 born Harold George Belafonte, 131 Belafrej, Ahmed (1908–1990) 132 Belaid, Abdessalem (1928– ) 132 Belaúnde Terry, Fernando (1913–2002) 132 Belkacem, Krim (1922–1970) 132 Bell, Francis Henry Dillon (1851–1936) 133 Belloc, (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) (1870–1953) 133 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 134 English poet and author 134 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 134 English poet and author 134 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 134 English poet and author 134 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 134 English poet and author 134 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 134 English poet and author 134 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 134 English writer and critic 134 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 134 English poet and author 135 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 135 English poet and author 135 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 135 English poet and author 135 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 135 English poet and author 135 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 135 English poet and author 135 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 135 English poet and author 135 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 135 English poet and author 135 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 136 English poet and author 136 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 136 English poet and author 136 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 136 English poet and author 136 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 136 English poet and author 136 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 136 English poet and author 136 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc 136 English poet and author 136 Ben Ali, Zine el Abidine (1936– ) 137 Ben Barka, Mehdi (1920–1965) 137 Ben Bella, Muhammad Ahmed (1916– ) 137 Beneš, Edvard (1884–1948) 137 Eduard Beneš 137 Czech politician 137 Ben-Gurion, David (1886–1973) 138 adopted name of David Gruen, 138 David Ben-Gurion 138 Israeli statesman 138 Benn, Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) (1925– ) 138 early life 138 member of cabinet 138 defeated for leadership 139 diaries 139 Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) Benn 139 British Labour politician 139 Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) Benn 139 British Labour politician 139 Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) Benn 139 Veteran Labour politician 139 Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) Benn 140 British Labour politician 140 Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) Benn 140 British Labour politician 140 Tony (Anthony Neil Wedgwood) Benn 140 British Labour politician 140 Bennett, Richard Bedford (1870–1947) 140 1st Viscount Bennett, 140 Ben Salah, Ahmed (1926– ) 141 Bentsen, Lloyd Millard (1921– ) 141 Ben Youssef, Salah (1910–1961) 141 Ben Zvi, Izhak (1884–1963) 141 Bérégovoy, Pierre (Eugène) (1925–1993) 142 Berezovsky, Boris Abramovich (1958– ) 142 Berisha, Sali (1941– ) 143 Beriya, Lavrenti Pavlovich (1899–1953) 143 Berlin, Isaiah (1909–1997) 144 Isaiah Berlin 144 Latvian-born British philosopher 144 Isaiah Berlin 144 Latvian-born British philosopher 144 Berlinguer, Enrico (1922–1984) 144 Berlusconi, Silvio (1936– ) 145 Bernadotte, Count Folke (1895–1948) 145 Bernstein, Carl (1944– ) 145 Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932) 145 Bernstein, Herman (1876–1935) 146 Berri, Nabih (1939– ) 146 Berrios Martínez, Rubén (1930–1993) 146 Besant, Annie (1847–1933) 146 born Annie Wood, 146 Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr (1934– ) 147 Betancourt, Rómulo (1908–1981) 147 Betancur Cuartas, Belisario (1923– ) 147 Bethe, Hans Albrecht (1906–2005) 148 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von (1856–1921) 148 Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann-Hollweg 148 German politician 148 Bevan, Aneurin (Nye) (1897–1960) 148 Beveridge, William Henry (1879–1963) 149 1st Baron Beveridge, 149 Bevin, Ernest (1881–1951) 150 Bhattari, Krishna Prasad (1925– ) 150 Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh (1947–1984) 151 Bhumibol Adulyadej (1927– ) 151 Bhutto, Benazir (1953– ) 151 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (1928–1979) 152 Bidault, Georges Augustin (1899–1983) 152 Georges Augustin Bidault 152 French prime minister 152 Georges Augustin Bidault 153 French prime minister 153 Biffen, (William) John (1930– ) 153 Biko, Steve (1946–1977) 153 born Bantu Stephen Biko, 153 Steve (Stephen) Biko 153 South African political leader 153 Bildt, Carl (1949– ) 153 Bingham, Hiram (1875–1956) 154 bin Laden, Osama (1957– ) 154 Bird, Lester B (1938– ) 155 Bird, Vere Cornwall (1910–1999) 155 Birendra, Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1945–2001) 156 Birkenhead, F(rederick) E(dwin) Smith (1872–1930) 156 1st Earl of Birkenhead, 156 legal career 156 political career 156 F(rederick) E(dwin) Smith Birkenhead 157 British politician 157 Bishop, Maurice (1944–1983) 157 Bitar, Salah Eddin (1912–1980) 158 Bitat, Rabah (1926– ) 158 Biya, Paul (1933– ) 158 Bjelke-Petersen, Joh(annes) (1911–2005) 158 Black, Hugo LaFayette (1886–1971) 159 Black Elk (1863–1950) 159 Blair, Tony (1953– ) 159 born Anthony Charles Lynton Blair, 159 Tony Blair 160 British labour politican and prime minister from 1997 160 Tony Blair 161 Prime minister 161 Tony Blair 161 British Labour politician, prime minister from 1997 161 Tony Blair 161 UK prime minister 161 Tony Blair 161 British Labour politician, prime minister from 1997 161 Tony Blair 161 British labour politican and prime minister from 1997 161 Tony Blair 161 British Labour politician, prime minister from 1997 161 William Jefferson Hague 161 Leader of the Conservative Party 1997–2001 162 Chris(topher Francis) Patten 162 Former Conservative MP and governor of Hong Kong 162 Paul Routledge 162 Biographer of Peter Mandelson 162 Statement 162 From a pro-Pinochet Chilean Web site 162 Zelena Zigon 162 Serbian actor 162 Blaize, Herbert Augustus (1918–1989) 162 Blake, George (1922–1994) 163 Blanco, (Salvador) Jorge (1926– ) 163 Blanco-Fombona, Rufino (1874–1944) 163 Bliss, Tasker Howard (1853–1930) 163 Blum, Léon (1872–1950) 164 Blunkett, David (1947– ) 164 Blunt, Anthony Frederick (1907–1983) 165 Bly, Robert Elwood (1926– ) 165 Boateng, Paul Yaw (1951– ) 165 Boganda, Barthélemy (1910–1959) 166 Bogart, Humphrey (DeForest) (1899–1957) 166 Boggs, Thomas Hale, Sr (1914–1973) 167 Bohlen, Charles 'Chip' (1904–1974) 167 Bokassa, Jean-Bédel (1921–1996) 167 Bolger, Jim (1935– ) 167 born James Brendan Bolger, 167 Bolkiah, Muda Hassanal (1946– ) 168 Bondevik, Kjell Magne (1947– ) 168 Bondfield, Margaret Grace (1873–1953) 168 Bongo, Omar (1935– ) 168 adopted name of Albert-Bernard Bongo, 168 Bonham-Carter, (Helen) Violet (1887–1969) 169 Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury, 169 Violet Bonham-Carter 169 English politician and publicist 169 Bonner, Yelena (1923– ) 169 Bonomi, Ivanoe (1873–1952) 170 Boothby, Robert John Graham (1900–1986) 170 Baron Boothby, 170 Robert Boothby 170 Scottish politician 170 Boothroyd, Betty (1929– ) 170 Borah, William Edgar (1865–1940) 171 Borden, Robert Laird (1854–1937) 171 Boris III (1894–1943) 171 Borja Cevallos, Rodrigo (1937– ) 171 Bormann, Martin (1900–1945) 172 Bornó, (Joseph) Louis (1865–1942) 172 Boross, Peter (1928– ) 172 Bosch, (Gavino) Juan Domingo (1909–2001) 172 Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945) 173 Bossi, Umberto (1941– ) 173 Botha, Louis (1862–1919) 173 Botha, P(ieter) W(illem) (1916– ) 174 Alex Boraine 174 Deputy chairman of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission 174 P(ieter) W(illem) Botha 174 South African politician and prime minister 174 P(ieter) W(illem) Botha 174 Former South African president 174 Bottai, Giuseppe (1895–1959) 174 Bottomley, Virginia Hilda Brunette Maxwell (1948– ) 175 Boucetta, M'Hamed (1925– ) 175 Boudiaf, Mohamed (1919–1992) 175 Boumaza, Bachir (1927– ) 176 Boumédienne, Houari (1925–1978) 176 adopted name of Muhammad Boukharouba, 176 Bourassa, Henri (1868–1952) 176 Bourgeois, Léon Victor Auguste (1851–1925) 176 Bourguiba, Habib ben Ali (1903–2000) 176 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz (1937– ) 177 Bouterse, Désiré (1945– ) 177 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1922– ) 177 Braddock, Elizabeth Margaret (Bessie) (1899–1970) 178 Bradshaw, Robert Llewellyn (1916–1978) 178 Braine, John (Gerard) (1922–1986) 179 Braithwaite, Nicholas (1929– ) 179 Brandeis, Louis Dembitz (1856–1941) 179 Brandt, Willy (1913–1992) 179 adopted name of Karl Herbert Frahm, 180 Bratianu, Ion (1864–1927) 180 Bremer, (Lewis) Paul (1941– ) 180 Brennan, William J(oseph), Jr (1906–1997) 181 Brenton, Howard (1942– ) 181 Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich (1906–1982) 182 Briand, Aristide (1862–1932) 182 Aristide Briand 182 French radical socialist politician 182 Bridges, Harry (Alfred Renton) (1901–1990) 183 Brink, André P(hilippus) (1935– ) 183 Brittain, Vera (Mary) (1893–1970) 183 Brittan, Leon (1939– ) 184 Brooke, Peter Leonard (1934– ) 184 Brookeborough, Basil Stanlake Brooke (1888–1973) 184 Viscount Brookeborough, 184 Basil Stanlake Brooke Brookeborough 185 Unionist politician of Northern Ireland 185 Browder, Earl Russell (1871–1973) 185 Brown, (James) Gordon (1951– ) 185 Ken(neth) Livingstone 186 Labour MP 186 Brown, George Alfred (1914–1985) 186 Baron George-Brown of Jevington, 186 George Alfred Brown 186 British Labour politician 186 Brown, Jim (1936– ) 186 born James Nathaniel Brown, 186 Brown, Ron(ald Harmon) (1941– ) 187 Bruce, David K E (Kirkpatrick Este) (1898–1977) 187 Bruce, Lenny (1925–1966) 187 Bruce, Stanley Melbourne (1883–1967) 188 1st Viscount Bruce of Melbourne, 188 Brundtland, Gro Harlem (1939– ) 188 Brüning, Heinrich (1885–1970) 188 Bruton, John Gerard (1947– ) 189 Bryan, William Jennings (1860–1925) 189 William Jennings Bryan 190 US lawyer and politician 190 Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1928– ) 190 Bucaram, Ortiz Abdalá (1952– ) 190 Buchan, John (1875–1940) 190 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, 190 John Buchan 191 Scottish politician and author 191 John Buchan 191 Scottish politician and author 191 Buchanan, Pat(rick Joseph) (1938– ) 191 Buckley, William F(rank) (1925– ) 192 Buhari, Muhammadu (1942– ) 192 Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (1888–1938) 192 Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin 193 Soviet politician and theorist 193 Bulatovic, Momir (1928– ) 193 Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich (1895–1975) 193 Bülow, Bernhard Heinrich Martin Karl, Prince von Bülow (1849–1929) 193 Bernhard, Prince von Bülow 193 German diplomat and politician 194 Bunche, Ralph Johnson (1904–1971) 194 Bundy, McGeorge (1919–1996) 194 Bunker, Ellsworth (1894–1984) 194 Burger, Warren Earl (1907–1995) 194 Burgess, Guy Francis de Moncy (1911–1963) 195 Burnham, (Linden) Forbes (Sampson) (1923–1985) 195 Burnham, Harry Lawson-Webster Levy-Lawson (1862–1933) 195 Burns, John Elliot (1858–1943) 196 John Elliot Burns 196 British Labour leader 196 Burroughs, William S(eward) (1914–1997) 196 William S(eward) Burroughs 196 US writer 197 William S(eward) Burroughs 197 US novelist 197 Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924– ) 197 George Herbert Walker Bush 198 US Republican president 198 Ann Richards 198 US politician 198 Bush, George W(alker), Jr (1946– ) 198 early life 199 political experience 199 George W(alker), Jr Bush 199 US Republican president 199 George W(alker) Bush Jr 200 Governor of Texas 200 Busia, Kofi (1913–1978) 200 Bustamante, (William) Alexander (1884–1977) 200 born William Alexander Clarke, 200 Buthelezi, Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha (1928– ) 201 Butler, Richard Austen (1902–1982) 201 Baron Butler of Saffron Walden; called 'Rab', 201 Richard Austen ('Rab') Butler 201 British Conservative politician 201 Richard Austen ('Rab') Butler 202 British Conservative politician 202 Buyoya, Pierre (1949– ) 202 Buzek, Jerzy Karol (1940– ) 202 C 202 Cabral, Amilcar (1924–1973) 202 Cabral, Luiz de Almeida (1931– ) 203 Caetano, Marcello José des Neves Alves (1906–1980) 203 Cairns, James Ford (1914– ) 203 called 'Jim', 203 Cai Yuanpei (or Ts'ai Yüan-p'ei) (1863–1940) 204 Caldera Rodriguez, Rafael (1916– ) 204 Calderón Guardia, Rafael Ángel (1900–1971) 205 Calderón Sol, Armando (1948– ) 205 Callaghan, (Leonard) James (1912–2005) 205 Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, 205 (Leonard) James Callaghan 206 British Labour prime minister 206 (Leonard) James Callaghan 206 British Labour politician 206 (Leonard) James Callaghan 206 British Labour prime minister 206 Callaghan, Daniel J (1890–1942) 207 Callejas Romero, Rafael Leonardo (1943– ) 207 Calles, Plutarco Elías (1877–1945) 207 Calvo, Carlos (1824–1906) 208 Calwell, Arthur Augustus (1896–1973) 208 Campbell, Kim (1947– ) 208 Kim Campbell 208 Canadian politician and prime minister 208 Campbell, Menzies (1941– ) 208 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry (1836–1908) 209 Henry Campbell-Bannerman 209 British Liberal prime minister 210 Campíns, Luis Herrera (1925– ) 210 Cámpora, Héctor (1909–1980) 210 Canaris, Wilhelm Franz (1887–1945) 210 Carabillo, Toni (1926–1997) 210 Cárdenas, Lázaro (1895–1970) 211 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (1931– ) 212 Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan (1870–1938) 212 Carey, James (Barron) (1911–1973) 212 Carías Andino, Tiburcio (1876–1969) 212 Carlot Korman, Maxime 213 Carlsson, Ingvar (Gösta) (1934– ) 213 Carlucci, Frank Charles (1930– ) 213 Carmichael, Stokely (1941–1998) 214 also known as Kwame Touré, 214 Carmona, Antonio (1869–1951) 214 Carpenter, Edward (1844–1929) 214 Carranza, Venustiano (1859–1920) 215 Carrera Andrade, Jorge (1903–1978) 215 Carrington, Peter Alexander Rupert (1919– ) 215 6th Baron Carrington, 215 Carroll, James (1858–1927) 216 Carson, Edward Henry (1854–1935) 216 Baron Carson, 216 Edward Henry Carson 216 Irish politician and lawyer 216 Carter, Jimmy (1924– ) 216 born James Earl Carter, 217 Jimmy Carter 217 US president 217 Jimmy Carter 217 US president 217 Jimmy Carter 217 US president 217 Casement, Roger David (1864–1916) 217 Roger David Casement 218 Irish nationalist 218 Casey, Richard Gardiner (1890–1976) 218 Baron Casey, 218 Castelo Branco, Humberto de Alencar (1900–1967) 218 Castillo Armas, Carlos (1914–1957) 219 Castle, Barbara Anne (1911–2002) 219 Baroness Castle; born Barbara Betts, 219 Castro, Cipriano (1858–1924) 220 Castro (Ruz), Fidel Alejandro (1927– ) 220 Fidel Castro (Ruz) 221 Cuban communist president 221 Fidel Castro (Ruz) 221 Cuban communist president 221 Fidel Castro (Ruz) 221 Cuban communist president 221 Fidel Castro (Ruz) 221 Cuban communist president 221 Cato, (Robert) Milton (1915–1997) 221 Catt, Carrie Chapman (1859–1947) 222 Cavaco Silva, Anibal (1939– ) 222 Ceausescu, Nicolae (1918–1989) 223 Cerezo Arévalo, Mario Vinicio (1942– ) 223 Césaire, Aimé Fernand (1913– ) 223 Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de (1871–1939) 224 Chadli, Benjedid (1929– ) 224 Chamberlain, (Arthur) Neville (1869–1940) 224 (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain 224 British Conservative politician 225 (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain 225 British Conservative politician 225 (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain 225 British Conservative politician 225 (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain 225 British Conservative politician 225 A(lan) J(ohn) P(ercivale) Taylor 225 English historian 225 Chamberlain, (Joseph) Austen (1863–1937) 225 Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914) 226 Joseph Chamberlain 226 British Conservative politician 226 Joseph Chamberlain 226 British Conservative politician 226 Joseph Chamberlain 226 British Conservative politician 226 Hercules Robinson 226 British politician 226 Chambers, George Michael (1930– ) 227 Chambers, Whittaker (born Jay Vivian Chambers) (1910–1961) 227 Chamorro, Violeta (1929– ) 227 Barrios de, 227 Chamorro Vargas, Emiliano (1871–1966) 228 Chamoun, Camille (Nimer) (1900–1987) 228 Arabic Kamil Sham'un, 228 Chan, Julius (1939– ) 229 Chandos, Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos (1893–1972) 230 Chaplin, Charlie (1889–1977) 230 born Charles Spencer Chaplin, 230 Charlie (Charles Spencer) Chaplin 230 English comic actor and director 230 Charlie (Charles Spencer) Chaplin 230 English comic actor and director 231 Charles, (Mary) Eugenia (1919– ) 231 Chavez, Cesar Estrada (1927–1993) 231 Chávez Frías, Hugo (1954– ) 232 Chavis, Benjamin Franklin (1948– ) 232 Chehab, Fuad (1901–1973) 233 Chen Boda (1904–1989) 233 Chen Duxiu (1879–1942) 233 Cheney, Dick (1941– ) 234 born Richard Bruce Cheney, 234 Chen Shui-bian (1951– ) 234 Chen Yi (or Ch'en I) (1901–1972) 235 Chen Yun (1905–1995) 235 adopted name of Liao Chenyun, 235 Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich (1911–1985) 236 Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich (1938– ) 236 Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich (1873–1952) 237 Chesterton, G(ilbert) K(eith) (1874–1936) 237 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet 238 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet 238 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet 238 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet 238 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet 238 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet 238 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet 239 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 239 English novelist, essayist, and poet 239 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 239 English novelist, essayist, and poet 239 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 239 English novelist, essayist, and poet 239 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 239 English novelist, essayist, and poet 239 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 239 English novelist, essayist, and poet 239 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 239 English novelist, essayist, and poet 239 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 240 English novelist, essayist, and poet 240 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 240 English novelist, essayist, and poet 240 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 240 English novelist, essayist, and poet 240 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 240 English novelist, essayist, and poet 240 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 240 English novelist, essayist, and poet 240 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 240 English novelist, essayist, and poet 240 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 240 English novelist, essayist, and poet 240 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 241 English novelist, essayist, and poet 241 Chiang Kai-shek 241 Chiari, Roberto Francisco (1905–1981) 241 Chifley, Ben (Joseph Benedict) (1885–1951) 241 Richard Gardiner Casey 241 Australian diplomat, polit Preface......Page 2 A......Page 3 B......Page 5 C......Page 9 D......Page 12 E......Page 14 F......Page 15 G......Page 17 H......Page 19 J......Page 22 K......Page 23 L......Page 25 M......Page 28 N......Page 32 P......Page 33 Q......Page 35 R......Page 36 S......Page 38 T......Page 42 V......Page 43 W......Page 44 Y......Page 45 Z......Page 46 also known as Abbas Hilmi Pasha,......Page 47 Abdullah, ibn Abdul Aziz al-Saud (1924– )......Page 48 Aberhart, William (1878–1943)......Page 49 Abubakar, Siddiq (1903–1988)......Page 50 Abzug, Bella Savitsky (1920–1998)......Page 51 born Albert Chinualumogu Achebe,......Page 52 US Democratic politician......Page 53 born Gerard Adams,......Page 54 Former IRA commander, president of Sinn Fein, and member of the Northern Ireland Assembly......Page 55 US historian......Page 56 Addams, Jane (1860–1935)......Page 57 Adenauer, Konrad (1876–1967)......Page 58 Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund (1903–1969)......Page 59 Afrifa, Okatakyie Akwasi Amankwa (1936–1979)......Page 60 also known as Sir Sultan Muhammad Aga Khan,......Page 61 Ahern, Bertie (1951– )......Page 62 Aidid, Muhammad Farah (1936–1996)......Page 63 Aitken, Jonathan (William Patrick) (1942– )......Page 64 Akayev, Askar (1944– )......Page 65 pen-name of Emile-Auguste Chartier,......Page 66 Albright, Madeleine (1937– )......Page 67 Alemán Lacayo, (José Arnoldo) (1946– )......Page 68 Alexander I, Karageorgevich (1888–1934)......Page 69 Alfonsín Foulkes, Raúl Ricardo (1927– )......Page 70 Ali, Ibn Hussein (1879–1935)......Page 71 Ali, Salim Rubayi (1934–1978)......Page 72 Ali Aref Bourhan (1934– )......Page 73 Aliyev, Geidar Alirza (1923–2003)......Page 74 Alvear, Marcelo Torcuato de (1868–1942)......Page 75 Amato, Giuliano (1938– )......Page 76 Amin (Dada), Idi (1925–2003)......Page 77 Anami, Korechika (1897–1945)......Page 78 early struggle......Page 79 Andreotti, Giulio (1919– )......Page 80 US writer......Page 81 Antall, József (1932–1993)......Page 82 Anyaoku, Eleazar Chukwuemeka (Emeka) (1933– )......Page 83 called 'Cory'; born Maria Corazon Conjuangco,......Page 84 Yassir Arafat......Page 85 Arbenz Guzmán, Jácobo (1913–1971)......Page 86 English writer and politician......Page 87 Arias Madrid, Arnulfo (1901–1988)......Page 88 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand (1953– )......Page 89 Arnold, Eve (c. 1925– )......Page 90 Arzú, Irigoyen Alvaro (1947– )......Page 91 Ashdown, Paddy (Jeremy John Durham) (1941– )......Page 92 Ashe, Arthur (Robert, Jr) (1943–1993)......Page 93 Asquith, Herbert Henry (1852–1928)......Page 94 Assad, Hafez al (1930–2000)......Page 95 Atassi, Hashem al- (1874–1960)......Page 96 1st Earl Attlee,......Page 97 Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh) (1907–1973)......Page 98 English-born US poet......Page 99 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden......Page 100 W(ystan) H(ugh) Auden......Page 101 English born US poet......Page 102 Avksent'yev,, Nikolai Dmitriyevich (1878–1943)......Page 103 Ayub Khan, Muhammad (1907–1974)......Page 104 Azhari, Ismail (1902–1969)......Page 105 born Mikhail Yuhanna,......Page 106 Babangida, Ibrahim (1941– )......Page 107 Badinter, Robert (1928– )......Page 108 Bailey, Liberty Hyde (Jr) (1858–1954)......Page 109 Baker, Kenneth Wilfrid (1934– )......Page 110 Bakhtiar, Shahpur (1914–1991)......Page 111 Baldwin, James Arthur (1924–1987)......Page 112 US writer and civil-rights activist......Page 113 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley,......Page 114 Balladur, Edouard (1929– )......Page 115 Banda, Hastings Kamuzu (1905–1997)......Page 116 Bandera, Stepan (1909–1959)......Page 117 Banks, Dennis (1932– )......Page 118 born Ehud Brog,......Page 119 (Imamu) Amiri Baraka......Page 120 Barbie, Klaus (1913–1991)......Page 121 Barrientos Ortuño, René (1919–1969)......Page 122 Barry, Marion, Jr (1936– )......Page 123 Bashir, Omar Hassan Ahmad al- (1944– )......Page 124 Batista (y Zaldívar), Fulgencio (1901–1973)......Page 125 Batt, Philip (1927– )......Page 126 Bazargan, Mehdi (1907–1995)......Page 127 1st Baron Beaverbrook,......Page 128 British politician......Page 129 born Margaret Jackson,......Page 130 born Harold George Belafonte,......Page 131 Belkacem, Krim (1922–1970)......Page 132 Belloc, (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) (1870–1953)......Page 133 (Joseph) Hilaire (René Pierre) Belloc......Page 134 English poet and author......Page 135 English poet and author......Page 136 Czech politician......Page 137 member of cabinet......Page 138 Veteran Labour politician......Page 139 1st Viscount Bennett,......Page 140 Ben Zvi, Izhak (1884–1963)......Page 141 Berezovsky, Boris Abramovich (1958– )......Page 142 Beriya, Lavrenti Pavlovich (1899–1953)......Page 143 Berlinguer, Enrico (1922–1984)......Page 144 Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932)......Page 145 born Annie Wood,......Page 146 Betancur Cuartas, Belisario (1923– )......Page 147 Bevan, Aneurin (Nye) (1897–1960)......Page 148 1st Baron Beveridge,......Page 149 Bhattari, Krishna Prasad (1925– )......Page 150 Bhutto, Benazir (1953– )......Page 151 French prime minister......Page 152 Bildt, Carl (1949– )......Page 153 bin Laden, Osama (1957– )......Page 154 Bird, Vere Cornwall (1910–1999)......Page 155 political career......Page 156 Bishop, Maurice (1944–1983)......Page 157 Bjelke-Petersen, Joh(annes) (1911–2005)......Page 158 born Anthony Charles Lynton Blair,......Page 159 British labour politican and prime minister from 1997......Page 160 William Jefferson Hague......Page 161 Blaize, Herbert Augustus (1918–1989)......Page 162 Bliss, Tasker Howard (1853–1930)......Page 163 Blunkett, David (1947– )......Page 164 Boateng, Paul Yaw (1951– )......Page 165 Bogart, Humphrey (DeForest) (1899–1957)......Page 166 born James Brendan Bolger,......Page 167 adopted name of Albert-Bernard Bongo,......Page 168 Bonner, Yelena (1923– )......Page 169 Boothroyd, Betty (1929– )......Page 170 Borja Cevallos, Rodrigo (1937– )......Page 171 Bosch, (Gavino) Juan Domingo (1909–2001)......Page 172 Botha, Louis (1862–1919)......Page 173 Bottai, Giuseppe (1895–1959)......Page 174 Boudiaf, Mohamed (1919–1992)......Page 175 Bourguiba, Habib ben Ali (1903–2000)......Page 176 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1922– )......Page 177 Bradshaw, Robert Llewellyn (1916–1978)......Page 178 Brandt, Willy (1913–1992)......Page 179 Bremer, (Lewis) Paul (1941– )......Page 180 Brenton, Howard (1942– )......Page 181 French radical socialist politician......Page 182 Brittain, Vera (Mary) (1893–1970)......Page 183 Viscount Brookeborough,......Page 184 Brown, (James) Gordon (1951– )......Page 185 born James Nathaniel Brown,......Page 186 Bruce, Lenny (1925–1966)......Page 187 Brüning, Heinrich (1885–1970)......Page 188 Bryan, William Jennings (1860–1925)......Page 189 1st Baron Tweedsmuir,......Page 190 Buchanan, Pat(rick Joseph) (1938– )......Page 191 Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (1888–1938)......Page 192 Bernhard, Prince von Bülow......Page 193 Burger, Warren Earl (1907–1995)......Page 194 Burnham, Harry Lawson-Webster Levy-Lawson (1862–1933)......Page 195 William S(eward) Burroughs......Page 196 Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924– )......Page 197 Bush, George W(alker), Jr (1946– )......Page 198 US Republican president......Page 199 born William Alexander Clarke,......Page 200 British Conservative politician......Page 201 Cabral, Amilcar (1924–1973)......Page 202 called 'Jim',......Page 203 Caldera Rodriguez, Rafael (1916– )......Page 204 Baron Callaghan of Cardiff,......Page 205 British Labour prime minister......Page 206 Calles, Plutarco Elías (1877–1945)......Page 207 Campbell, Menzies (1941– )......Page 208 Henry Campbell-Bannerman......Page 209 Carabillo, Toni (1926–1997)......Page 210 Cárdenas, Lázaro (1895–1970)......Page 211 Carías Andino, Tiburcio (1876–1969)......Page 212 Carlucci, Frank Charles (1930– )......Page 213 Carpenter, Edward (1844–1929)......Page 214 6th Baron Carrington,......Page 215 Carter, Jimmy (1924– )......Page 216 Casement, Roger David (1864–1916)......Page 217 Castelo Branco, Humberto de Alencar (1900–1967)......Page 218 Baroness Castle; born Barbara Betts,......Page 219 Castro (Ruz), Fidel Alejandro (1927– )......Page 220 Cato, (Robert) Milton (1915–1997)......Page 221 Cavaco Silva, Anibal (1939– )......Page 222 Césaire, Aimé Fernand (1913– )......Page 223 (Arthur) Neville Chamberlain......Page 224 Chamberlain, (Joseph) Austen (1863–1937)......Page 225 British politician......Page 226 Barrios de,......Page 227 Arabic Kamil Sham'un,......Page 228 Chan, Julius (1939– )......Page 229 Charlie (Charles Spencer) Chaplin......Page 230 Chavez, Cesar Estrada (1927–1993)......Page 231 Chavis, Benjamin Franklin (1948– )......Page 232 Chen Duxiu (1879–1942)......Page 233 Chen Shui-bian (1951– )......Page 234 adopted name of Liao Chenyun,......Page 235 Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich (1938– )......Page 236 Chesterton, G(ilbert) K(eith) (1874–1936)......Page 237 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton......Page 238 English novelist, essayist, and poet......Page 239 English novelist, essayist, and poet......Page 240 Australian diplomat, politician, and governor general......Page 241 Chiluba, Frederick (1943– )......Page 242 Jacques Chirac......Page 243 Choibalsan (died 1952)......Page 244 Choonhavan, Chatichai (1922–1998)......Page 245 Christopher, Warren (1925– )......Page 246 also known as Rama V,......Page 247 British Conservative politician......Page 248 Ciano, Galeazzo, Count (1903–1944)......Page 249 Claes, Willy (1938– )......Page 250 Clark, Joe (Charles Joseph) (1939– )......Page 251 Cleaver, (Leroy) Eldridge (1935–1998)......Page 252 born William Jefferson Blythe IV Clinton,......Page 253 the second term......Page 254 President of the USA......Page 255 Henry (Alfred) Kissinger......Page 256 Clodumar, Kinza (1945– )......Page 257 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel (1945– )......Page 258 Collins, Michael (1890–1922)......Page 259 Collor de Mello, Fernando Affonso (1949– )......Page 260 Connerly, Ward(ell) (1939– )......Page 261 Count Conrad von Hötzendorf,......Page 262 Cook, Robin Robert Finlayson (1946–2005)......Page 263 Foreign Secretary......Page 264 US president......Page 265 Cooper, Whina Josephine (1895–1994)......Page 266 Cosgrave, Liam (1920– )......Page 267 Costello, John Aloysius (1891–1976)......Page 268 Cox, Archibald (1912–2004)......Page 269 Craxi, Bettino (Benedetto) (1934–2000)......Page 270 Cristiani Burkard, Alfredo (1947– )......Page 271 Cromer, Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer (1841–1917)......Page 272 British Labour politician......Page 273 Cunningham, Evelyn......Page 274 Cunninghame-Graham, Robert Bontine (1852–1936)......Page 275 Curtin, John Joseph Ambrose (1885–1945)......Page 276 D'Abernon, Edgar Vincent (1857–1941)......Page 277 (Tibetan 'oceanic guru')......Page 278 D'Annunzio, Gabriele (1863–1938)......Page 279 Darnand, André Joseph Auguste (1897–1945)......Page 280 Davies, Ron (1946– )......Page 281 Davison, Emily Wilding (1872–1913)......Page 282 Deakin, Arthur (1890–1955)......Page 283 Debré, Michel Jean-Pierre (1912–1996)......Page 284 Deby, Idriss (1952– )......Page 285 de Gaulle, Charles André Joseph Marie (1890–1970)......Page 286 Dehaene, Jean-Luc (1940– )......Page 287 De La Rúa, Fernando (1937– )......Page 288 Dellinger, David (1915–2004)......Page 289 de Maizière, Lothar (1940– )......Page 290 Deng Xiaoping (or Teng Hsiao-ping) (1904–1997)......Page 291 Denktas, Rauf Raif (1924– )......Page 292 Den Uyl, Joop (1919–1987)......Page 293 Desai, Morarji Ranchhodji (1896–1995)......Page 294 Deutscher, Isaac (1907–1967)......Page 295 de Valera, Éamon (1882–1975)......Page 296 Dewey, John (1859–1952)......Page 297 Diallo, Boubacar Telli (1929–1977)......Page 298 Díaz Ordaz, Gustavo (1911–1979)......Page 299 Dillon, John (1851–1927)......Page 300 Dini, Lamberto (1932– )......Page 301 Diouf, Abdou (1935– )......Page 302 Djilas, Milovan (1911–1995)......Page 303 Dobson, Frank (1940– )......Page 304 Dole, Bob (Robert Joseph) (1923– )......Page 305 Engelbert Dollfuss......Page 306 Donovan, William Joseph (1883–1959)......Page 307 Douglas, Denzil (1953– )......Page 308 Dove, Mabel (1905–1984)......Page 309 Drnovšek, Janez (1950– )......Page 310 Dubcek, Alexander (1921–1992)......Page 311 Du Cann, Edward Dillon Lot (1924– )......Page 312 Duncan Smith, Iain (1954– )......Page 313 Duvalier, François (1907–1971)......Page 314 adopted name of Robert Allen Zimmerman,......Page 315 Polish Feliks Dzierzynski,......Page 316 born Aubrey Solomon,......Page 317 Ecevit, Bülent (1925– )......Page 318 Eden, (Robert) Anthony (1897–1977)......Page 319 Ehrlichman, John Daniel (1925–1999)......Page 320 Eisenhower, Dwight David ('Ike') (1890–1969)......Page 321 US president and general......Page 322 Elizabeth II......Page 323 Enahoro, Anthony Eronsele (1923– )......Page 324 Ludwig Erhard......Page 325 Erzberger, Matthias (1875–1921)......Page 326 Esquivel, Manuel (1940– )......Page 327 Estimé, Dumarsais (1900–1953)......Page 328 Estrada Cabrera, Manuel (1857–1923)......Page 329 Evers, (James) Charles (1922– )......Page 330 Fabius, Laurent (1946– )......Page 331 in full Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz al-Saud,......Page 332 Faisal I (1885–1933)......Page 333 Faisal Ibn Abd al-Aziz (1905–1975)......Page 334 Fanfani, Amintore (1908–1999)......Page 335 Farinacci, Roberto (1892–1945)......Page 336 Farrakhan, Louis (1933– )......Page 337 Baron Faulkner of Downpatrick,......Page 338 born Millicent Garrett,......Page 339 Feng Guozhang (or Feng Kuo-chang) (1859–1919)......Page 340 Fergusson, Honorable Muriel McQueen (1899–1997)......Page 341 Figueiredo, João Baptista de Oliveiro (1918–1999)......Page 342 Figueres Olsen, José María (1954– )......Page 343 Fisher, Andrew (1862–1928)......Page 344 FitzGerald, Garret Michael (1926– )......Page 345 Flores Facussé, Carlos Roberto (1950– )......Page 346 Foot, Dingle Mackintosh (1905–1978)......Page 347 Foot, Michael Mackintosh (1913– )......Page 348 Ford, Henry (1863–1947)......Page 349 Forde, Frank (1890–1983)......Page 351 Foster, William Zebulon (1881–1961)......Page 352 Fowler, Gerald (Gerry) (1935–1993)......Page 353 Franco, Francisco (Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Bahamonde) (1892–1975)......Page 354 also known as Sulayman Franjiyya,......Page 355 Franklin, (Stella Marian Sarah) Miles (1879–1954)......Page 356 Frei (Montalva), Eduardo (1911–1982)......Page 357 French, Marilyn (1929– )......Page 358 Frick, Mario (1965– )......Page 359 Frondizi, Arturo (1908–1995)......Page 360 Fujimori, Alberto (Kenya) (1938– )......Page 361 Fulbright, (James) William (1905–1995)......Page 362 Gaidar, Yegor Timurovich (1956– )......Page 363 Gair, Vinc(ent) Clair (1902–1980)......Page 364 Gaitskell, Hugh (Todd Naylor) (1906–1963)......Page 365 Galbraith, John Kenneth (1908– )......Page 366 Canadian-born US economist......Page 367 Galtieri, Leopoldo Fortunato (1926–2003)......Page 368 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad (1939–1993)......Page 369 (Sanskrit Mahatma 'Great Soul')......Page 370 Indian spiritual and nationalist leader......Page 372 Ganilau, Ratu Penaia (1918–1993)......Page 373 García Perez, Alan (1949– )......Page 374 Gates, Henry Louis (1950– )......Page 375 Gemayel, Amin (1942– )......Page 376 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich (1927– )......Page 377 born Edward Alan John George,......Page 378 Ghannouchi, Rachid (1941– )......Page 379 Gibson, Althea (1927–2003)......Page 380 US feminist poet, novelist, and historian......Page 381 Gingrich, Newt(on Leroy) (1943– )......Page 382 Ginsburg, Ruth Joan Bader (1933– )......Page 383 Giuliani, Rudolph W (1944– )......Page 384 95-year-old US senator......Page 385 Goebbels, (Paul) Joseph (1897–1945)......Page 386 German Nazi leader......Page 387 Goldstein, Vida Jane Mary (1869–1949)......Page 388 called 'Guruji' (the Teacher),......Page 389 Gomulka, Wladyslaw (1905–1982)......Page 390 González Márquez, Felipe (1942– )......Page 391 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich (1931– )......Page 392 Soviet president......Page 393 Gorton, John Grey (1911–2002)......Page 394 Marquis of Belquior,......Page 395 Gow, Ian Reginald Edward (1937–1990)......Page 396 Gramm, Phil (1942– )......Page 397 Grau San Martín, Ramón (1887–1969)......Page 398 Greer, Germaine (1939– )......Page 399 Australian-born British feminist and writer......Page 400 Griffith, Arthur (1872–1922)......Page 401 Grimond, Jo(seph), Baron Grimond (1913–1993)......Page 402 Grosz, George (1893–1959)......Page 403 Gursel, Cemal (1895–1966)......Page 404 Guterres, António Manuel de Oliveira (1949– )......Page 405 Gyanendra, Bir Bikram Shah Deva (1947– )......Page 406 Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf (1936– )......Page 407 Habte-wold, Tshafe Tezaz Aklilu (1912–1974)......Page 408 Hachad, Farhat (c. 1904–1952)......Page 409 Julian Critchley......Page 410 Haider, Jörg (1950– )......Page 411 1st Earl Haig,......Page 412 called 'the Lion of Judah',......Page 413 British lawyer and Conservative politician......Page 414 Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (2nd creation) (1881–1959)......Page 415 Halonen, Tarja Kaarina (1943– )......Page 416 Hamilton, Alice (1869–1970)......Page 417 Swedish UN secretary general......Page 418 Hani, Chris (Martin Thembisile) (1942–1993)......Page 419 Hara, Takashi (Kei) (1856–1921)......Page 420 Harding, Warren G(amaliel) (1865–1923)......Page 421 Hare, David (1947– )......Page 422 Harriman, (William) Averell (1891–1986)......Page 423 born Gary Hartpence,......Page 424 Hashimoto, Ryutaro (1937– )......Page 425 King of Morocco......Page 426 Hattersley, Roy Sydney George (1932– )......Page 427 Havel, Václav (1936– )......Page 428 Hawke, Bob (Robert James Lee) (1929– )......Page 429 Hayden, Tom (1939– )......Page 430 Baron Healey,......Page 431 Hearst, William Randolph (1863–1951)......Page 432 Heath, Edward (Richard George) (1916–2005)......Page 433 Heffer, Eric Samuel (1922–1991)......Page 434 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin (1949– )......Page 435 Hemingway, Ernest (Miller) (1899–1961)......Page 436 early life......Page 437 Herbert, A(lan) P(atrick) (1890–1971)......Page 438 English writer and politician......Page 439 Hernández Martínez, Maximiliano (1883–1966)......Page 440 Herter, Christian Archibald (1895–1967)......Page 441 Herzog, Chaim (1918–1997)......Page 442 Hess, (Walter Richard) Rudolf (1894–1987)......Page 443 Heuss, Theodor (1884–1963)......Page 444 born Joel Emmanuel Hagglung,......Page 445 Hillman, Sidney (1887–1946)......Page 446 German Nazi leader......Page 447 Hinds, Samuel Archibald Anthony (1943– )......Page 448 Hiss, Alger (1904–1996)......Page 449 Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945)......Page 450 Beerhall Putsch......Page 451 the Holocaust......Page 452 expansionism abroad......Page 453 Battle of Britain and Barbarossa......Page 454 German general......Page 455 US labour leader......Page 456 Holbrooke, Richard (1941– )......Page 457 Holstein, Friedrich August von (1839–1909)......Page 458 Honecker, Erich (1912–1994)......Page 459 Hoon, Geoff(rey) William (1953– )......Page 460 US Republican president......Page 461 1st Baron Hore-Belisha,......Page 462 Horn, Gyula (1932– )......Page 463 Houphouët-Boigny, Félix (1905–1993)......Page 464 Howard, Ebenezer (1850–1928)......Page 465 Howard, Michael (1941– )......Page 466 British Conservative politician......Page 467 Hrawi, Elias (1930– )......Page 468 Hua Guofeng (or Hua Kuofeng) (1920– )......Page 469 Hughes, Billy (William Morris) (1862–1952)......Page 470 Hume, John (1937– )......Page 471 Lord of Westwell,......Page 472 Hussein, Saddam (1937– )......Page 473 Hussein ibn Talal (1935–1999)......Page 475 Hu Yaobang (1915–1989)......Page 476 Hymans, Paul (1865–1941)......Page 477 Ibarruri, Dolores (1895–1989)......Page 478 born Abdul Aziz al-Saud,......Page 479 Icaza, Jorge (1906–1978)......Page 480 also known as Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi,......Page 481 Iliescu, Ion (1930– )......Page 482 called 'Lula',......Page 483 Inönü, Ismet (1884–1973)......Page 484 Irigoyen (or Yrigoyen), Hipólito (1850–1933)......Page 485 Ito, Hirobumi (1841–1909)......Page 486 Glenda Jackson......Page 487 Jagan, Janet (1920– )......Page 488 Jameson, Leander Starr (1853–1917)......Page 489 Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold (1923– )......Page 490 French socialist politician and advocate of international peace......Page 491 Baron Jay of Battersea,......Page 492 Jenkins, (David) Clive (1926–1999)......Page 493 Jiang Jie Shi (or Chiang Kai-shek) (1887–1975)......Page 494 Jiang Qing (or Chiang Ching) (1914–1991)......Page 495 Jiang Zemin (1926– )......Page 496 John, Patrick (1937– )......Page 497 Johnson, James Weldon (1871–1938)......Page 498 Lyndon Baines Johnson......Page 499 Johnson, Yormie (1959– )......Page 500 Jong, Erica Mann (1942– )......Page 501 Baron Joseph,......Page 502 Jouhaux, Léon Henri (1879–1954)......Page 503 Juppé, Alain Marie (1945– )......Page 504 Kabila, Joseph (1969– )......Page 505 Kádár, János (1912–1989)......Page 506 Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich (1875–1946)......Page 507 Kang Keqing (or K'ang K'o-ch'ing) (1911–1992)......Page 508 Karadzic, Radovan (1945– )......Page 509 Karmal, Babrak (1929–1996)......Page 510 Katayama, Tetsu (1887–1978)......Page 511 Kaunda, Kenneth David (1924– )......Page 512 Kawakami, Hajime (1879–1946)......Page 513 Keating, Paul John (1944– )......Page 514 Keita, Ibrahim Boubacar......Page 515 Kellogg, Frank Billings (1856–1937)......Page 516 Kenilorea, Peter (Kauona Keninarais'Ona) (1943– )......Page 517 Kennedy, Charles Peter (1959– )......Page 518 early political career......Page 519 conspiracy theories......Page 520 US president......Page 521 Kennedy, Joseph (Patrick) (1888–1969)......Page 522 Kent, Bruce (1929– )......Page 523 Kerensky, Alexandr Feodorovich (1881–1970)......Page 524 Kerry, John Forbes (1943– )......Page 525 1st Baron Keynes,......Page 526 English economist......Page 527 Khaddhafi (or Gaddafi or Qaddafi), Moamer al- (1942– )......Page 528 Khalid Ibn Abd al-Aziz (1913–1982)......Page 529 Khalifa, Sheik Hamad bin Isa al- (1950– )......Page 530 Khama, Seretse (1921–1980)......Page 531 Khasbulatov, Ruslan (1943– )......Page 532 Khatami, Seyyed Muhammad (1943– )......Page 533 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich (1894–1971)......Page 534 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg (1904–1988)......Page 535 Kim Il Sung (1912–1994)......Page 536 Kim Young Sam (1927– )......Page 537 King, Martin Luther, Jr (1929–1968)......Page 538 US civil-rights campaigner and Baptist minister......Page 539 Martin Luther, Jr King......Page 540 early career......Page 541 British Labour politician......Page 542 Kirk, Norman Eric (1923–1974)......Page 543 Kishi, Nobusuke (1896–1987)......Page 544 German-born US diplomat......Page 545 Klaus, Václav (1941– )......Page 546 Kocharian, Robert (1954– )......Page 547 Koivisto, Mauno Henrik (1923– )......Page 548 Komura, Jutaro (1855–1911)......Page 549 Koresh, David (1959–1993)......Page 550 Kostov, Ivan (1949– )......Page 551 Kotoku, Shusui (1871–1911)......Page 552 Kozyrev, Andrei Vladimirovich (1951– )......Page 553 Kravchuk, Leonid (1934– )......Page 554 adopted name of Leoninta Cohen,......Page 555 Krylenko, Nikolai Vasilievich (1885–1940)......Page 556 Kucan, Milan (1941– )......Page 557 Kun, Béla (1886–1937)......Page 558 Kuti, Fela Anikulapo (1938–1997)......Page 559 Kwasniewski, Aleksander (1954– )......Page 560 La Follette, Robert Marion (1855–1925)......Page 561 Lagos (Escobar), Ricardo (1938– )......Page 562 Lahoud (or Lahud), General Emile......Page 563 Lamizana, Sangoulé (1916–2005)......Page 564 Landsbergis, Vytautas (1932– )......Page 565 Lange, David Russell (1942– )......Page 566 Lansbury, George (1859–1940)......Page 567 Larkin, James (1876–1947)......Page 568 Laurier, Wilfrid (1841–1919)......Page 569 Law, Andrew Bonar (1858–1923)......Page 570 British soldier and writer......Page 571 stage name of Huddie William Ledbetter,......Page 572 Leary, Timothy (1920–1996)......Page 573 Le Duc Anh (1920– )......Page 574 Lee Kuan Yew (1923– )......Page 575 Lehman, Herbert Henry (1878–1963)......Page 576 adopted name of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov,......Page 577 Leoni, Rául (1905–1972)......Page 579 French extreme right-wing politician......Page 580 Lewis, (Harry) Sinclair (1885–1951)......Page 581 Leye (or Leye Lenelgau Manatawai), Jean-Marie (1933– )......Page 582 Liberia-Peters, Maria (1942– )......Page 583 German socialist......Page 584 Lin Biao (or Lin Piao) (1908–1971)......Page 585 Lini, Walter Hadye (1942–1999)......Page 586 Walter Lippmann......Page 587 Soviet politician......Page 588 Livingstone, Ken(neth) (1945– )......Page 589 Labour MP......Page 590 Lleras Camargo, Alberto (1906–1990)......Page 591 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor,......Page 592 Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850–1924)......Page 593 Long, Huey (Pierce) 'the Kingfish' (1893–1935)......Page 594 López Arellano, Oswaldo (1922– )......Page 595 Loubet, Emile François (1838–1929)......Page 596 Low, David (Alexander Cecil) (1891–1963)......Page 597 US poet......Page 598 Lucas, Robert (1937– )......Page 599 Lucinschi, Petru (1940– )......Page 600 Lukács, Georg (1885–1971)......Page 601 Lunacharski, Anatoli Vasilievich (1873–1933)......Page 602 Polish-born German communist......Page 603 Lynch, Jack (John Mary) (1917–1999)......Page 604 McAdoo, William Gibbs (1863–1941)......Page 605 Macapagal, Diosdado (1911–1997)......Page 606 MacBride, Seán (1904–1988)......Page 607 McCarthy, Eugene Joseph (1916– )......Page 608 pen-name of Christopher Murray Grieve,......Page 609 MacDonald, (James) Ramsay (1866–1937)......Page 610 McGovern, George (Stanley) (1922– )......Page 611 Mackay of Clashfern, James Peter Hymers Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern (1927– )......Page 612 McLaughlin, Audrey (1936– )......Page 613 MacLennan, Robert (Adam Ross) (1936– )......Page 614 Canadian communications theorist......Page 615 1st Earl of Stockton,......Page 616 MacNeill, John (Eoin) (1885–1945)......Page 617 MacSwiney, Terence (1879–1920)......Page 618 Magsaysay, Ramón (1907–1957)......Page 619 Mahgoub, Muhammad Ahmed (1908–1976)......Page 620 Mailer, Norman Kingsley (1923– )......Page 621 Maizière, Lothar de......Page 622 UK Conservative politician, prime minister 1990–97......Page 623 Malan, Daniel François (1874–1959)......Page 624 US black nationalist leader......Page 625 Mamaloni, Solomon Sunaone (1943–2000)......Page 626 Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla (1918– )......Page 627 Nelson (Rolihlahla) Mandela......Page 628 Mandelson, Peter (Benjamin) (1953– )......Page 629 Former Secretary of State for Trade and Industry......Page 630 Manley, Norman Washington (1893–1969)......Page 631 Mannheim, Karl (1893–1947)......Page 632 pseudonym of Shen Yanbin (or Shen Yen-ping),......Page 633 civil war......Page 634 the 1970s......Page 635 also known as Kapaiwai Tuimacilai,......Page 636 Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin (1917–1989)......Page 637 Filipino politician and socialite......Page 638 Mariátegui, Jose Carle (1895–1930)......Page 639 Marsh, Richard William (1928– )......Page 640 Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993)......Page 641 Martin, (Basil) Kingsley (1897–1969)......Page 642 adopted name of Yuly Osipovich Tsederbaum,......Page 643 Massey, (Charles) Vincent (1887–1967)......Page 644 stage name of Margaretha Geertruida Zelle,......Page 645 Maudling, Reginald (1917–1979)......Page 646 Maurras, Charles Marie Photius (1868–1952)......Page 647 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (1927– )......Page 648 Mboya, Tom (Thomas Joseph) (1930–1969)......Page 649 Means, Russell (1939– )......Page 650 Médici, Emilio Garrastazú (1905–1986)......Page 651 Meighen, Arthur (1874–1960)......Page 652 Mellon, Andrew William (1855–1937)......Page 653 Mendès-France, Pierre Isaac Isadore (1907–1982)......Page 654 Menem (Akil), Carlos (Saul) (1930– )......Page 655 Menocal, Mario García (1866–1941)......Page 656 Australian politician and prime minister......Page 657 Metaxas, Ioannis (1870–1941)......Page 658 Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich (1895–1978)......Page 659 US dramatist......Page 660 British colonial administrator......Page 661 Miloševic, Slobodan (1941– )......Page 662 Milosz, Czeslaw (1911–2004)......Page 663 Mitchell, (Sonny) James (FitzAllen) (1931– )......Page 664 born Naomi Haldane,......Page 665 Mitsotakis, Constantine (1918– )......Page 666 French statesman......Page 667 Mladenov, Petar (1936–2000)......Page 668 Mohamed V (1909–1961)......Page 669 Molina Barraza, Arturo Armando (1928– )......Page 670 Baron Molyneaux of Killead; born James Henry Molyneaux,......Page 671 Monge Alvárez, Luis Alberto (1925– )......Page 672 Monnet, Jean (1888–1979)......Page 673 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein; called 'Monty',......Page 674 Morgan, John Pierpont, Jr (1867–1943)......Page 675 Mori, Yoshiro (1937– )......Page 676 Morrow, Dwight Whitney (1873–1931)......Page 677 Moses, Robert (1888–1981)......Page 678 Moulin, Jean (1899–1943)......Page 679 Mowlam, Marjorie ('Mo') (1949–2005)......Page 680 Mubarak, (Muhammad) Hosni (Said) (1928– )......Page 681 Mugabe, Robert (Gabriel) (1924– )......Page 682 Muhammad, Murtala Ramat (1938–1976)......Page 683 Mukhtar, Said Omar al- (1862–1931)......Page 684 Mulroney, Brian (1939– )......Page 685 Murayama, Tomiichi (1924– )......Page 686 Murdoch, (Keith) Rupert (1931– )......Page 687 Sports journalist......Page 688 Murray, Philip (1886–1952)......Page 689 Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta (1945– )......Page 690 Mussolini, Benito Amilcare Andrea (1883–1945)......Page 691 Muzorewa, Abel (Tendekayi) (1925– )......Page 692 Nader, Ralph (1934– )......Page 693 Nahas, Mustafa al- (1897–1965)......Page 694 Nakamura, Kuniwo (1943– )......Page 695 Namaliu, Rabbie Langanai (1947– )......Page 696 Naoroji, Dadabhai (1825–1917)......Page 697 Nasrin, Taslima (1962– )......Page 698 Natsir, Muhammad (1908–1993)......Page 699 Nazimuddin, Khwaja (1894–1964)......Page 700 Nehru, Motilal (1861–1931)......Page 701 called 'Bibi',......Page 702 Neto, (Antonio) Agostinho (1922–1979)......Page 703 Newton, Huey P (1942–1989)......Page 704 Nguyen Van Linh (1914–1998)......Page 705 Tsar of Russia......Page 706 Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892–1971)......Page 707 Nitti, Francesco Saverio (1868–1953)......Page 708 resignation......Page 709 Niyazov, Saparmurad (1940– )......Page 710 Nkrumah, Kwame (19