The Hutchinson encyclopedia of Ireland : an A-Z guide to its people, places, history, and culture

Preface......Page 2 B......Page 3 C......Page 6 D......Page 8 E......Page 10 F......Page 11 G......Page 12 I......Page 13 K......Page 14 L......Page 15 M......Page 16 N......Page 19 O......Page 20 P......Page 21 R......Page 22 S......Page 23 T......Page 25 W......Page 26 Y......Page 27 absenteeism......Page 28 born Gerard Adams,......Page 29 Adare Manor......Page 30 Aikenhead, Mary (1787–1858)......Page 31 Altan......Page 32 AOH,......Page 33 Andrews, Thomas (1813–1885)......Page 34 republican hostility......Page 35 or the War of Independence,......Page 36 ('place of magical appearances')......Page 37 Antrim......Page 38 Aran Islands......Page 39 Aran Islands......Page 40 Aran Islands......Page 41 Ardee......Page 42 (Irish Ard Macha 'the height of Macha' (a legendary queen)......Page 43 history......Page 44 art collecting......Page 45 20th-century private and corporate collections......Page 46 Bronze Age metalwork......Page 47 main studios......Page 48 Avondale House......Page 49 Bale, John (1495–1563)......Page 50 Other......Page 51 ballet, Irish......Page 52 Ballycastle......Page 53 Ballymote......Page 54 (Irish beanna 'peaks', chor 'curve')......Page 55 Banim, John (1798–1842) and Michael (1796–1874)......Page 56 Banville, John (1945– )......Page 57 Barrington, Jonah (c. 1760–1834)......Page 58 Vocal......Page 59 Barry, Spranger (1719–1777)......Page 60 Beatty, Alfred Chester (1875–1968)......Page 61 Beckett, Samuel Barclay (1906–1989)......Page 62 Irish novelist and dramatist......Page 63 Behan, Brendan Francis (1923–1964)......Page 64 Irish writer and dramatist......Page 65 location and public buildings......Page 66 architecture......Page 67 the parliament of Northern Ireland......Page 68 Bell Burnell, (Susan) Jocelyn (1943– )......Page 69 Beresford, Charles William de la Poer (1846–1919)......Page 70 Berkeley, George (1685–1753)......Page 71 called 'Sage',......Page 72 Binchy, Maeve (1940– )......Page 73 Birr Castle......Page 74 Black and Tans......Page 75 Black Death......Page 76 Irish An Bhlarna,......Page 77 Bligh, William (1754–1817)......Page 78 1st Earl of Devonshire, 8th Baron Mountjoy,......Page 79 now the Office of Public Works,......Page 80 Boole, George (1815–1864)......Page 81 Bothy Band, the......Page 82 Bowen, Elizabeth (Dorothea Cole) (1899–1973)......Page 83 1st Earl of Cork,......Page 84 Irish chemist......Page 85 (Irish Brú na Bóinne 'palace of the Boyne')......Page 86 career highlights......Page 87 Branagh, Kenneth Charles (1960– )......Page 88 Brian Bóruma (or Brian Boru) (941–1014)......Page 89 Brooke, Charlotte (c. 1740–1793)......Page 90 Brosnan, Pierce (1953– )......Page 91 Brown, William (1777–1857)......Page 92 Bruton, John Gerard (1947– )......Page 93 Bunratty Castle......Page 94 Burke, Edmund (1729–1797)......Page 95 features......Page 96 Countess of Desmond,......Page 97 Butt, Isaac (1813–1879)......Page 98 Byrne, Gay (1934– )......Page 99 Callan, Nicholas (1799–1864)......Page 100 Campbell, Agnes (c. 1540–c. 1590)......Page 101 total points......Page 102 Carey, John (1919–1995)......Page 103 Carleton, William (1794–1869)......Page 104 Irish Ceartharlach,......Page 105 or carrageen,......Page 106 Carrickfergus Castle......Page 107 Irish Carraig na Siuire,......Page 108 Olympic Games......Page 109 Carton House......Page 110 Cashel......Page 111 Castlebar......Page 112 Castledermot......Page 113 Catholic Committee......Page 114 18th century: reform and repression......Page 115 Irish socialist and patriot......Page 116 Cavan......Page 117 Celbridge......Page 118 ceramics......Page 119 Charles Fort......Page 120 Chieftains, the......Page 121 Gaulish and British missions......Page 122 Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, the......Page 123 Clare......Page 124 Earl of Pembroke and Striguil; called 'Strongbow',......Page 125 Clarke, Harry (1889–1931)......Page 126 Clifden......Page 127 Clonmel......Page 128 Coffey, Brian (1905–1995)......Page 129 Colles, Abraham (1773–1843)......Page 130 Collins, Steven (1964– )......Page 131 Irish poet and playwright......Page 132 (Latin Colum-cille, 'Colum of the cell')......Page 133 composition......Page 134 Congested Districts Board......Page 135 (Irish Comnhaicne Mara 'the tribe of the sea')......Page 136 Connolly, James (1870–1916)......Page 137 Conolly, William (1662–1729)......Page 138 contemporary dance......Page 139 cooperative movement......Page 140 Cork......Page 141 agriculture......Page 142 Cork......Page 143 Cork......Page 144 location and economy......Page 145 churches......Page 146 Cork Jazz Festival......Page 147 Corrs, the......Page 148 Costello, John Aloysius (1891–1976)......Page 149 costume......Page 150 Counter-Reformation......Page 151 coyne and livery......Page 152 working other materials......Page 153 Craigavon......Page 154 Croke, Thomas William (1823–1902)......Page 155 called 'Boss Croker', or 'King of the City',......Page 156 Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)......Page 157 beginnings......Page 158 Cattle Raid of Cooley......Page 159 ('party of the Gael')......Page 160 Curragh 'Mutiny'......Page 161 (Irish 'the good god')......Page 162 Dál Cais......Page 163 step dance......Page 164 step dance competition and hierarchy......Page 165 or Danaan,......Page 166 Darragh, Lydia (1729–1789)......Page 167 Davis, John T (1947– )......Page 168 Irish nationalist and journalist......Page 169 Declaration of 1460......Page 170 Defenders......Page 171 or Londonderry,......Page 172 history......Page 173 de Valera, Éamon (1882–1975)......Page 174 Éamon de Valera......Page 175 De Vere, Aubrey Thomas (1814–1902)......Page 176 Devlin, Joseph (1871–1934)......Page 177 Dillon, Gerard (1916–1971)......Page 178 Dineen, Patrick (1860–1934)......Page 179 disestablishment......Page 180 Dixon, Henry Horatio (1869–1953)......Page 181 Irish Domhnach Daoi,......Page 182 Stephen Rynne......Page 183 physical......Page 184 Downpatrick......Page 185 Drennan, William......Page 186 Dromore......Page 187 Dublin......Page 188 features......Page 189 city tour......Page 190 architecture......Page 191 cultural life......Page 193 education......Page 194 from foundation to the Act of Union......Page 195 Dublin......Page 196 Dublin......Page 197 Dublin......Page 198 Dublin......Page 199 Dublin......Page 200 Dublin......Page 201 Dublin......Page 202 Dubliners, the......Page 203 Dún Aengus......Page 204 Dungarvan......Page 205 Dunwoody, (Thomas) Richard (1964– )......Page 206 Dwyer, Michael......Page 207 series of misfortunes......Page 208 Economic War......Page 209 also known as Abbé Edgeworth,......Page 210 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (1744–1817)......Page 211 nondenominational and interdenominational elementary education......Page 212 electoral system: Republic of Ireland......Page 213 emigration......Page 214 Emmet, Robert (1778–1803)......Page 215 Enniscorthy......Page 216 Enniskillen Castle......Page 217 also known as Johannes Scotus Erigena,......Page 218 Ervine, St John (Greer) (1883–1971)......Page 219 European Union......Page 220 faction fighting......Page 221 (Irish aos sí 'fairy folk'; daoine maithe 'good people'; bunadh na gcnoc 'hill people')......Page 222 treated as a temporary crisis......Page 223 an intractable resentment of Britain......Page 224 Irish dramatist......Page 225 Fastnet Rock......Page 226 Fenian movement......Page 227 Ferguson, Harry George (1884–1960)......Page 228 Vocal......Page 229 features......Page 230 (Irish 'Soldiers of Destiny')......Page 231 Field Day Theatre Company......Page 232 (Irish 'family of the gael')......Page 233 or the Geraldines,......Page 234 FitzGerald, Garret Michael (1926– )......Page 235 Fitzmaurice, George (1877–1963)......Page 236 flag......Page 237 Flatley, Michael (1958– )......Page 238 Florence Court......Page 239 FAI,......Page 240 football, Gaelic......Page 241 fox-hunting......Page 242 Fricker, Brenda (1944– )......Page 243 period furniture......Page 244 GAA,......Page 245 Gaeltacht......Page 246 Galway, James (1939– )......Page 247 Galway......Page 248 Galway......Page 249 features......Page 250 plural Gardaí,......Page 251 born Robert Frederick Xenon Geldof,......Page 252 Giant's Causeway......Page 253 born Michael John Giles,......Page 254 Giraldus Cambrensis (1146–1223)......Page 255 growth of the craft......Page 256 Gleeson, Brendan (1955– )......Page 257 (Irish 'little Goibhniu the wright')......Page 258 Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and essayist......Page 259 married name Maud MacBride,......Page 260 Graves, Alfred Perceval (1846–1931)......Page 261 Greystones......Page 262 Irish novelist and dramatist......Page 263 called 'the Father of Irish geology',......Page 264 Guildford Four......Page 265 Guinness family......Page 266 Hamilton, William Rowan (1805–1865)......Page 267 harp......Page 268 Harty, (Herbert) Hamilton (1879–1941)......Page 269 Haslam, Thomas (1825–1917) and Anna (1829–1922)......Page 270 Healy, Timothy Michael (1855–1931)......Page 271 Irish poet and critic......Page 272 Orchestral......Page 273 stories of ancient kings......Page 274 Higgins, William (1763–1825)......Page 275 historiography......Page 276 hockey......Page 277 Holycross Abbey......Page 278 introduction......Page 279 the fall of Parnell and the eclipse of Home Rule......Page 280 the Anglo-Irish Treaty......Page 281 Hone, Nathaniel (1718–1784)......Page 282 racing in Ireland today......Page 283 Hume, John (1937– )......Page 284 hurling......Page 285 pseudonym An Craoibhín Aoibhinn ('the pleasant little branch'),......Page 286 Impressionists......Page 287 Invincibles, the......Page 288 The New English......Page 289 The Anglo-Irish......Page 290 US writer and editor......Page 291 Irish poet and playwright......Page 292 Irish writer......Page 293 Ireland, John (1838–1919)......Page 294 Irish-American nationalism......Page 295 Irish Film Board/Bord Scannán na Héireann......Page 296 Irish Independent......Page 297 Irish Language (Gaelge)......Page 298 introduction......Page 299 the weight of censorship......Page 300 Irish nationalism......Page 301 Irish Press......Page 302 early history of the IRA......Page 303 decommissioning of the IRA......Page 304 or literary revival or Celtic revival,......Page 305 Irish Times......Page 306 Irish Sinn Fein politician......Page 307 Irvine, Eddie (1965– )......Page 308 Jennings, Pat(rick) (1945– )......Page 309 Johnston, Jennifer Prudence (1930– )......Page 310 Joly, John (1857–1933)......Page 311 Jordan, Neil (1950– )......Page 312 journalism in Northern Ireland......Page 313 Joyce, James (Augustine Aloysius) (1882–1941)......Page 314 Ulysses......Page 315 Kane, Robert (1809–1890)......Page 316 Keane, John B(rendan) (1928–2002)......Page 317 Keane, Roy Maurice (1971– )......Page 318 Kells......Page 319 Irish dramatist......Page 320 1st Baron Kelvin,......Page 321 Kerry......Page 322 Kerry......Page 323 Kerry......Page 324 Kerry, Ring of......Page 325 Kildare......Page 326 Kilkenny......Page 327 Killaloe......Page 328 Killorglin......Page 329 born Michael Joseph Kinane,......Page 330 Kirwan, Richard (1733–1812)......Page 331 Knock......Page 332 Knox, Alexander (1757–1831)......Page 333 Labour Party......Page 334 Land League......Page 335 historical and French influences......Page 336 or Laoighis, previously spelt Leix; also formerly Queen's County,......Page 337 Larmor, Joseph (1857–1942)......Page 338 Lavery, John (1856–1941)......Page 339 Lee......Page 340 solicitors and barristers......Page 341 legends, Irish......Page 342 (Danish Lax-Hlaup, 'salmon leap')......Page 343 leprechaun......Page 344 Lever, Charles James (1806–1872)......Page 345 Liffey......Page 346 Limerick......Page 347 or King John's Castle,......Page 348 Lismore Castle......Page 349 Lombard, Peter (1554–1625)......Page 350 Longford......Page 351 Loughrea......Page 352 (Celtic 'the shining one')......Page 353 Lurgan......Page 354 McAleese, Mary Patricia (1951– )......Page 355 McAnally, Ray(mond) (1926–1989)......Page 356 McBride, Willie John (1940– )......Page 357 MacCarthy, Denis Florence (1817–1882)......Page 358 McCoy, Tony (1975– )......Page 359 also known as John MacDermott,......Page 360 MacDonagh, Thomas (1878–1916)......Page 361 MacGill, Patrick (1890–1963)......Page 362 Macgillycuddy's Reeks......Page 363 born Finbar Patrick McGuigan,......Page 364 MacHale, John (1791–1881)......Page 365 McKenna, Siobhán (1922–1986)......Page 366 MacLaverty, Bernard (1942– )......Page 367 Maclise, Daniel (1806–1870)......Page 368 pseudonym of John Weldon,......Page 369 MacPherson, Conor (1971– )......Page 370 MacSwiney, Mary (1872–1942)......Page 371 Mahon, Derek (1941– )......Page 372 Malahide Castle......Page 373 Mangan, James Clarence (1803–1849)......Page 374 earliest example......Page 375 (Latin 'under the leadership of Mary')......Page 376 Martin, James (1893–1981)......Page 377 Maynooth......Page 378 antiquities......Page 379 Meath......Page 380 Meath......Page 381 Mellifont, conspiracy of......Page 382 also known as Bryan Mac Giolla Meidre,......Page 383 17th century to the present......Page 384 born George Francis Mitchell,......Page 385 modernism encouraged......Page 386 Molloy, M(ichael) J(oseph) (1917–1994)......Page 387 Irish Mhuineachain,......Page 388 Monasterboice......Page 389 monasteries, Irish......Page 390 Moore, Brian (1921–1999)......Page 391 Moore, George (Augustus) (1852–1933)......Page 392 Lady Morgan; born Sydney Owenson,......Page 393 Morrison, George (1922– )......Page 394 Moryson, Fynes (1566–1630)......Page 395 Mount Usher Gardens......Page 396 Mullingar......Page 397 English governor of Munster......Page 398 born James Barry Murphy,......Page 399 Murphy, William Martin (1844–1919)......Page 400 instruments......Page 401 changes in performance practice......Page 402 Irish journalist......Page 403 Naas......Page 404 in full Nationalist Party of Northern Ireland,......Page 405 Nation, The......Page 406 Neagh, Lough......Page 407 neutrality......Page 408 Newgrange......Page 409 Newry......Page 410 Newtownards......Page 411 Ní Dhomhnaill, Nuala (1952– )......Page 412 Northern Ireland......Page 413 Protestant unionist government......Page 414 'the Troubles' begin......Page 415 Northern Irish poet and writer......Page 416 Northern Ireland Assembly......Page 417 Northern Ireland peace process......Page 418 multiparty talks......Page 419 elections to the assembly......Page 420 Trimble resigns......Page 421 O'Brien......Page 422 O'Brien, Charlotte Grace (1845–1909)......Page 423 O'Brien, Fitz-James (1828–1862)......Page 424 O'Brien, William (1852–1928)......Page 425 also known as Martin Kane,......Page 426 Irish dramatist......Page 427 Irish politician......Page 428 O'Connor, Frank (1903–1966)......Page 429 O'Connor, Pat (1943– )......Page 430 O'Conor, John (1947– )......Page 431 O'Donnell, Daniel (1961– )......Page 432 or Ó Domhnaill of Tír Conaill,......Page 433 O'Duffy, Eoin (1892–1944)......Page 434 Seán Ó Faoláin......Page 435 O'Flaherty, Liam (1896–1984)......Page 436 O'Hehir, Micheal (1920–1997)......Page 437 born Ambrose Higgins,......Page 438 also known as Father Peter O'Leary,......Page 439 Omagh......Page 440 O'Malley, Ernest (1898–1957)......Page 441 2nd Earl of Tyrone; called 'The Great O'Neill',......Page 442 Baron O'Neill of the Maine,......Page 443 Orange music......Page 444 membership......Page 445 orchestras......Page 446 Ó Reachtabhra, Antoine......Page 447 born John Reidy,......Page 448 Osborne, Walter (1859–1903)......Page 449 called 'Red Owen O'Sullivan' or 'Eoghan an Bhéil Bhinn' (Eoghanof the Sweet Mouth),......Page 450 pseudonym of James Sullivan Starkey,......Page 451 O'Toole, Peter (Seamus) (1932– )......Page 452 Ian (Richard Kyle) Paisley......Page 453 Parke's Castle......Page 454 Parnell, Frances ('Fanny') (1849–1882) and Anna (1852–1911)......Page 455 3rd Earl of Rosse,......Page 456 Passage East......Page 457 Pearse, Patrick Henry (1879–1916)......Page 458 peat bog......Page 459 periodicals......Page 460 Petrie, Charles (1789–1866)......Page 461 post-World War II......Page 462 Planxty......Page 463 Plunkett, Horace Curzon (1854–1932)......Page 464 pop and rock music......Page 465 population......Page 466 or Portlaoighise; formerly Maryborough,......Page 467 19th- and 20th-century portraiture......Page 468 Powerscourt......Page 469 Prendergast, Kathy (1958– )......Page 470 PD,......Page 471 Provisional IRA......Page 472 Quinn, Bob (1939– )......Page 473 Radio Telifís Éireann (RTÉ)......Page 474 Rathdrum......Page 475 Real IRA......Page 476 chronology of events......Page 477 John Redmond......Page 478 Reginald's Tower......Page 479 religious orders......Page 480 Young Ireland......Page 481 independence......Page 482 Reynolds, Albert (1932– )......Page 483 Riverdance......Page 484 born Regina Dalton,......Page 485 Roche, Tom (1916–1999)......Page 486 ('wood around a monastery')......Page 487 features......Page 488 or Ballygeary,......Page 489 RDS,......Page 490 rugby......Page 491 pen-name Æ,......Page 492 Russell, Thomas (1767–1803)......Page 493 Sabine, Edward (1788–1883)......Page 494 St Patrick's Day......Page 495 born Robert Sands,......Page 496 Sayers, Peig (1873–1958)......Page 497 sculpture......Page 498 Alexander Pope......Page 499 semi-state company......Page 500 Shannon......Page 501 Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950)......Page 502 Irish dramatist......Page 503 Irish dramatist......Page 504 Irish dramatist......Page 505 Irish dramatist......Page 506 George Bernard Shaw......Page 507 Irish dramatist......Page 508 Sheehy, Nicholas (c. 1728–1766)......Page 509 (Irish Síle na gcíoch 'Sheila of the teats')......Page 510 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751–1816)......Page 511 Richard Brinsley Sheridan......Page 512 shipbuilding......Page 513 showbands......Page 514 (Irish 'we ourselves')......Page 515 Northern Ireland Assembly......Page 516 Skelligs, the......Page 517 Sligo......Page 518 Sloane, Hans (1660–1753)......Page 519 Smyllie, Robert Maire (1894–1954)......Page 520 soda bread......Page 521 joint pseudonym of Violet Martin (1862–1915) and Edith Somerville(1858–1949),......Page 522 born Richard Spring,......Page 523 Stanford, Charles Villiers (1852–1924)......Page 524 Stanihurst, Richard (1547–1618)......Page 525 Irish essayist......Page 526 Irish writer......Page 527 Irish writer......Page 528 Irish writer......Page 529 Stokes, William (1804–1878)......Page 530 Stormont......Page 531 surrender and regrant......Page 532 born Charles Franan Thomas Swan,......Page 533 Swift......Page 534 Irish satirist and Anglican cleric......Page 535 Irish satirist and Anglican cleric......Page 536 Swilly, Lough......Page 537 Synge, J(ohn) M(illington) (1871–1909)......Page 538 Taaffe, Pat(rick) (1930–1992)......Page 539 plural Taoisigh,......Page 540 TD......Page 541 called 'the Ulster custom',......Page 542 cotton......Page 543 theatre, 17th –19th century......Page 544 theatre, 20th century......Page 545 Thomson, James (1822–1892)......Page 546 Thurles......Page 547 Tipperary......Page 548 Songwriter......Page 549 Toíbín, Colm (1955– )......Page 550 Townsend, John Sealy Edward (1868–1957)......Page 551 Irish Trá Mhór,......Page 552 pseudonym of William Trevor Cox,......Page 553 Trimble, David (1944– )......Page 554 Trinity College, Dublin......Page 555 Tuam......Page 556 Tullynally Castle......Page 557 tweed, Irish......Page 558 1st Earl of Tyrconnell; Viscount Baltinglass, Baron of Talbotstown,......Page 559 U2......Page 560 Ulster......Page 561 Ulster revival......Page 562 UUP; or Official Unionist Party, OUP,......Page 563 Union, Act of......Page 564 United Irishmen......Page 565 Vallancey, Charles (1721–1812)......Page 566 Wadding, Luke (1588–1657)......Page 567 Works......Page 568 Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton (1903–1995)......Page 569 features......Page 570 features......Page 571 Westport......Page 572 historical remains......Page 573 Whelan, Bill (1950– )......Page 574 White Island......Page 575 history......Page 576 Wilde, Oscar (Fingal O'Flahertie Wills) (1854–1900)......Page 577 Irish writer......Page 578 Irish writer......Page 579 Oscar (Fingal O'Flahertie Wills) Wilde......Page 580 Irish writer......Page 581 Oscar (Fingal O'Flahertie Wills) Wilde......Page 582 Willie Clancy Summer School......Page 583 tries......Page 584 'X' case......Page 585 Yeats, W(illiam) B(utler) (1865–1939)......Page 586 Irish poet......Page 587 Irish poet......Page 588 Irish poet......Page 589 Young Ireland......Page 590 Preface 2 Table of contents 3 A 3 B 3 C 6 D 8 E 10 F 11 G 12 H 13 I 13 J 14 K 14 L 15 M 16 N 19 O 20 P 21 Q 22 R 22 S 23 T 25 U 26 V 26 W 26 X 27 Y 27 A 28 Abbey Theatre 28 absenteeism 28 Achill Island 29 or Eagle Island, 29 Adair, James (c. 1709–c. 1783) 29 Adams, Gerry (1948– ) 29 born Gerard Adams, 29 Gerry Adams 30 Leader of Sinn Fein 30 Gerry Adams 30 President of Sinn Fein and member of the Northern Ireland Assembly 30 Gerry Adams 30 Former IRA commander, president of Sinn Fein, and member of the Northern Ireland Assembly 30 Adare Manor 30 agriculture 31 Ahern, Bertie (1951– ) 31 Aiken, Frank 31 Aikenhead, Mary (1787–1858) 31 Alexander, Cecil Frances (1818–1895) 32 born Cecil Frances Humphreys, 32 Allgood, Sarah (1883–1950) 32 Altan 32 Amory, Thomas (1691–1788) 33 ancestors, tracing Irish 33 Ancient Order of Hibernians 33 AOH, 33 An Coimisiún le Rincí Gaelacha 34 The Irish Dancing Commission, 34 Andrews, Christopher Stephen (1901–1985) 34 called 'Todd Andrews', 34 Andrews, Thomas (1813–1885) 34 Anglo-Irish Agreement 35 Anglo-Irish Treaty 35 republican hostility 35 Constance Markievicz 36 Irish politician 36 Anglo-Irish War 36 or the War of Independence, 36 annals 37 An Taibhdhearc 37 ('place of magical appearances') 37 Antrim 38 physical 38 features 38 economy 38 Antrim 38 Antrim Castle Gardens 39 Aran Islands 39 ancient sites 40 traditions 40 tourism 40 Aran Islands 40 Aran Islands 41 Aras an Uachtaráin 42 Ardagh 42 Ardagh 42 Ardee 42 Ardfert 43 Ardmore Studios 43 Ardress House 43 Armagh 43 (Irish Ard Macha 'the height of Macha' (a legendary queen) 43 history 44 physical 44 features 44 economy 44 Armagh 44 history 44 the Anglican Cathedral 45 other attractions 45 Sam Hanna Bell 45 Scottish-born writer and broadcaster 45 arms crisis 45 art collecting 45 18th-century private collections 46 19th-century 46 19th- and 20th-century public collections 46 20th-century private and corporate collections 46 James Augustine Aloysius Joyce 47 Irish writer 47 art, prehistoric and pre-Christian 47 early decoration 47 Bronze Age metalwork 47 Iron Age 48 Arts and Crafts Movement 48 beginnings 48 main studios 48 decline 49 Ashford Castle 49 Athlone 49 Avondale House 49 B 50 Bacon, Francis (1909–1992) 50 Francis Bacon 50 Irish painter 50 Balbriggan 50 Bale, John (1495–1563) 50 Balfe, Michael William (1808–1870) 51 Works 51 Opera 51 Other 51 Ball, Robert Stawell (1840–1913) 52 ballet, Irish 52 Ballina 53 Ballinasloe 53 Ballycastle 53 Ballymena 54 features 54 Ballymote 54 Ballynahinch 55 Banbridge 55 Bandon 55 Bangor 55 (Irish beanna 'peaks', chor 'curve') 55 Banim, John (1798–1842) and Michael (1796–1874) 56 Bann 57 banshee 57 (Irish bean sí 'fairy woman') 57 Bantry House 57 Banville, John (1945– ) 57 Barcroft, Joseph (1872–1947) 58 Barons Court 58 Barrington, Jonah (c. 1760–1834) 58 Barrow 59 Barry, Gerald (1952– ) 59 Works 59 Opera 59 Orchestral 59 Chamber 59 Vocal 59 Barry, James (1741–1806) 60 Barry, John (1745–1803) 60 called 'the Father of the American Navy', 60 Barry, Sebastian (1955– ) 60 Barry, Spranger (1719–1777) 60 Barry, Tom (1897–1980) 61 born Thomas Bernardine Barry, 61 basketball, Ireland 61 Beatty, Alfred Chester (1875–1968) 61 Beaufort, Francis (1774–1857) 62 Beckett, Samuel Barclay (1906–1989) 62 Samuel (Barclay) Beckett 63 Irish dramatist, novelist, and poet 63 Samuel (Barclay) Beckett 63 Irish dramatist and writer 63 Samuel (Barclay) Beckett 63 Irish novelist and dramatist 63 Bective Abbey 64 Bedell, William (1571–1642) 64 Beere, Thekla (1901–1991) 64 Behan, Brendan Francis (1923–1964) 64 Brendan Francis Behan 65 Irish dramatist 65 Brendan Francis Behan 65 Irish dramatist 65 Brendan Francis Behan 65 Irish dramatist 65 Brendan Francis Behan 65 Irish dramatist 65 Brendan Francis Behan 65 Irish writer and dramatist 65 Brendan Francis Behan 65 Irish writer and dramatist 65 Belfast 66 (Irish Béal Feirste 'the mouth of the Farset') 66 history 66 industries 66 features 66 location and public buildings 66 transport 67 Belfast harbour 67 regeneration 67 architecture 67 history 68 the parliament of Northern Ireland 68 Mary Costello 69 Irish writer 69 Belfast Castle 69 Belfast Lough 69 Bell, Sam Hanna (1909–1990) 69 Bell Burnell, (Susan) Jocelyn (1943– ) 69 Belvedere House 70 Benbulben 70 Beresford, Charles William de la Poer (1846–1919) 70 1st Baron, 71 Bergin, Patrick (1953– ) 71 Berkeley, George (1685–1753) 71 George Berkeley 72 Irish philosopher and cleric 72 Bermingham 72 Bernal, John Desmond (1901–1971) 72 called 'Sage', 72 Best, George (1946– ) 73 Bianconi, Charles (Carlo) (1786–1875) 73 Binchy, Maeve (1940– ) 73 Birmingham, George A 74 Birmingham Six 74 Birr 74 formerly Parsonstown, 74 Birr Castle 74 Black, Cathal (1952– ) 75 Black, Donald Taylor (1951– ) 75 Black and Tans 75 Blackburn, Helen (1842–1903) 76 Black Death 76 Blackwater 77 Blackwater 77 Blanchflower, Danny (Robert Dennis) (1926–1993) 77 Danny Blanchflower 77 Northern Irish footballer and commentator 77 Blarney 77 Irish An Bhlarna, 77 Blarney Castle 78 Blaskets 78 Bligh, William (1754–1817) 78 Blood's Plot 79 Bloody Sunday 79 Blount, Charles (1563–1606) 79 1st Earl of Devonshire, 8th Baron Mountjoy, 79 Blueshirts 80 Board of Works 80 now the Office of Public Works, 80 bog 81 Boland, Eavan (Aisling) (1944– ) 81 Boole, George (1815–1864) 81 Bord Scannán na Héireann 82 Botanic Gardens, Belfast 82 Bothy Band, the 82 Boucicault, Dion(ysus) Larner (1822–1890) 83 Dion Larner Boucicault 83 Irish playwright and actor 83 boundary commission 83 Bowen, Elizabeth (Dorothea Cole) (1899–1973) 83 Elizabeth (Dorothea Cole) Bowen 84 Irish novelist 84 Boycott, Charles Cunningham (1832–1897) 84 Boydell, Brian (1917–2000) 84 Boyle, Richard (1566–1643) 84 1st Earl of Cork, 84 Boyle, Robert (1627–1691) 85 Robert Boyle 85 Irish chemist 85 Boyle Abbey 86 Boyne 86 Boyne, Battle of the 86 Boyne Valley 86 (Irish Brú na Bóinne 'palace of the Boyne') 86 Brady, Liam (1956– ) 87 career highlights 87 international appearances (1974–1990) 88 Italian League Championship 88 awards 88 English Professional Footballers' Association Player of the Year 88 Brady, Paul (1947– ) 88 Branagh, Kenneth Charles (1960– ) 88 Bray 89 formerly Brí Chualann ('Ford of Chualann'), 89 Breathnach, Paddy (1964– ) 89 Brian Bóruma (or Brian Boru) (941–1014) 89 Brigid, St (c. 5th century–c. 6th century) 90 Brinkley, John (1763–1835) 90 Brooke, Charlotte (c. 1740–1793) 90 Brookeborough, Basil Stanlake Brooke (1888–1973) 91 Viscount Brookeborough, 91 Basil Stanlake Brooke Brookeborough 91 Unionist politician of Northern Ireland 91 Brosnan, Pierce (1953– ) 91 Brougham, John (1810–1880) 92 Brouncker, William (1620–1684) 92 2nd Viscount Brouncker of Castle Lyons, 92 Brown, William (1777–1857) 92 Browne, Noel (1915–1997) 93 Bruce, Edward (died 1316) 93 Brugha, Cathal 93 Bruton, John Gerard (1947– ) 93 Buncrana 94 Bunratty Castle 94 Bunting, Edward (1773–1843) 95 Burgh, Thomas (1670–1730) 95 Burke, Edmund (1729–1797) 95 Edmund Burke 96 Anglo-Irish political theorist and Whig politician 96 Burke, Robert O'Hara (1821–1861) 96 Burren, the 96 (Irish bhoireann 'stony place') 96 physical 96 features 96 towns 97 fauna and flora 97 Butler, Eleanor (died c. 1613) 97 Countess of Desmond, 97 Butlers of Ormond (or Ormonde) 98 Butt, Isaac (1813–1879) 98 Byrne, Eddie (1911–1981) 99 Byrne, Gabriel (1950– ) 99 Byrne, Gay (1934– ) 99 C 100 Cahir 100 Cahir Castle 100 Callan, Nicholas (1799–1864) 100 Callanan, Jeremiah J(oseph) (1795–1829) 101 camogie 101 Campbell, Agnes (c. 1540–c. 1590) 101 Campbell, Joseph (1879–1944) 102 Campbell, Oliver Seamus (1954– ) 102 career highlights 102 international appearances (1976–84) 102 tries 102 penalties 102 conversions 102 drop goals 102 total points 102 Cantwell, Noel (1932– ) 103 career highlights 103 international appearances (1954–67) 103 English FA Cup 103 Carey, D(enis) J(oseph) (1971– ) 103 Carey, John (1919–1995) 103 career highlights 104 international appearances (1937–53) 104 English League Championship 104 English FA Cup 104 awards 104 Footballer of the Year 104 Carey, Patrick (1917–1999) 104 Carleton, William (1794–1869) 104 Carlingford Lough 105 Carlow 105 (Irish 'four lakes') 105 Carlow 105 Irish Ceartharlach, 105 Carolan, Turlough (1670–1738) 106 carragheen 106 or carrageen, 106 Carrantuohill 107 Carrickfergus 107 Carrickfergus Castle 107 Carrick-on-Shannon 108 (Irish 'Rock of the River Suir') 108 Carrick-on-Suir 108 Irish Carraig na Siuire, 108 Carrick-on-Suir Castle 109 Carrowkeel 109 Carrowmore 109 Carruth, Michael (1967– ) 109 career highlights 109 professional record (1994–2000) 109 Olympic Games 109 Carson, Edward Henry (1854–1935) 110 Baron Carson of Duncairn, 110 Carton House 110 Cary, (Arthur) Joyce (Lunel) (1888–1957) 111 Casement, Roger David (1864–1916) 111 Rogerc David Casement 111 Irish nationalist 111 Cashel 111 Cashel, Rock of 112 or St Patrick's Rock, 112 Casino Marino 112 Castlebar 112 Castle Coole 113 Castledermot 113 Castletown House 114 Castle Ward House 114 Catholic Association 114 Catholic Committee 114 Catholic emancipation 115 Catholicism 115 history since the Reformation 115 17th century: conflict of loyalties 115 18th century: reform and repression 115 19th century: after Emancipation 116 20th century: political involvement 116 Bono 116 Irish lead singer of the rock band U2 116 James Connolly 116 Irish socialist and patriot 116 Bernadette Devlin (McAliskey) 117 Northern Irish politician 117 John Paul II 117 Pope 117 Katharine Tynan 117 Irish poet and novelist 117 Cattle Acts 117 Cavan 117 Cavan 118 Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles 118 Céitinn, Seathrún 118 Celbridge 118 Celt 119 Ceoltóirí Cualann 119 ceramics 119 demand in the 17th and 18th centuries 120 expression of national identity 120 Charles Fort 120 Charlton, Jack (1935– ) 121 born John Charlton, 121 Chichester, Arthur (1563–1625) 121 Chieftains, the 121 Childers, (Robert) Erskine 122 Childers, Erskine H(amilton) 122 Christian Brothers 122 Christianization of Ireland 122 Gaulish and British missions 122 development of Irish Christianity 123 cinema 123 Civil War, Irish 123 Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, the 123 Clan-Na-Gael 124 Clann na Poblachta 124 (Irish 'Children of the Republic') 124 Clare 124 physical 125 Clare 125 Clare, Richard de (died 1176) 125 Earl of Pembroke and Striguil; called 'Strongbow', 125 Clarke, Austin (1896–1974) 126 Clarke, Harry (1889–1931) 126 Clarke, Mary Francis (1803–1887) 127 Clerke, Agnes Mary (1842–1907) 127 Clifden 127 Clonmacnoise 128 Clonmel 128 Clontarf, Battle of 129 Cobh 129 formerly Queenstown (1849–1922), 129 Coffey, Brian (1905–1995) 129 Coleraine 130 Colgan, John (1592–c. 1657) 130 also known as Seán Mac Colgáin, 130 Colles, Abraham (1773–1843) 130 Collins, Michael (1890–1922) 131 Michael Collins 131 Irish nationalist 131 Collins, Steven (1964– ) 131 career highlights 132 professional record (1986–97) 132 WBO middleweight champion 132 WBO super-middleweight champion 132 Colum, Padraic (1881–1972) 132 Padraic Colum 132 Irish poet and playwright 132 Padraic Colum 132 Irish poet and playwright 132 Columba, St 133 Colum Cille 133 Irish Christian abbot and missionary 133 Dallán Forgaill 133 Irish writer 133 Colum Cille (521–597) 133 also known as St Columba, 133 (Latin Colum-cille, 'Colum of the cell') 133 Comeragh Mountains 134 Comerford, Joe (1949– ) 134 Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann 134 composition 134 Conchobar 135 Confederation of Kilkenny 135 or Confederate Catholics of Ireland, 135 Congested Districts Board 135 Connacht 136 or Connaught, 136 Connaughton, Shane (1946– ) 136 Connemara 136 (Irish Comnhaicne Mara 'the tribe of the sea') 136 Connemara 137 Connolly, James (1870–1916) 137 Connolly, Sybil (1921–1998) 138 Conolly, William (1662–1729) 138 Constitution of Ireland 139 contemporary dance 139 Continuity IRA 140 Cookstown 140 cooperative movement 140 Coote, Eyre (1726–1783) 141 Cork 141 historical features 142 physical 142 agriculture 142 Cork 143 Cork 143 Cork 144 Cork 144 Cork 145 location and economy 145 Cork harbour 146 architectural features 146 churches 146 history 147 Corkery, Daniel (1878–1964) 147 Cork Film Festival 147 Cork Jazz Festival 147 Cormac MacArt 148 or MacAirt or Cormac ua Cuinn MacAirt, 148 Cornwallis, Charles (1738–1805) 148 1st Marquis and 2nd Earl, 148 Corrib, Lough 148 Corrs, the 148 Cosgrave, Liam (1920– ) 149 Cosgrave, William Thomas (1880–1965) 149 Costello, John Aloysius (1891–1976) 149 costume 150 Coughlan, Éamon (1952– ) 151 Coulter, Phil (1942– ) 151 Counter-Reformation 151 Country and Irish 152 or Country and Western, 152 Courcy, John de (died c. 1219) 152 coyne and livery 152 crafts, traditional 153 woodwork 153 leatherwork 153 working other materials 153 Craig, James (1871–1940) 154 1st Viscount Craigavon, 154 Craig, Maurice (1919– ) 154 Craigavon 154 Cranberries, the 155 Croagh Patrick 155 Crofts, Freeman Wills (1879–1957) 155 Croke, Thomas William (1823–1902) 155 Croke Park 156 Croker, John Wilson (1780–1857) 156 Croker, Richard (1841–1922) 156 called 'Boss Croker', or 'King of the City', 156 Croker, Thomas Crofton (1798–1854) 157 Croly, George (1780–1860) 157 Crommelin, Samuel Louis (1652–1727) 157 Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) 157 Cross, Dorothy (1956– ) 158 crosses, high 158 beginnings 158 decoration 159 Cuchulain (or Cú Chulainn) (lived 1st century AD) 159 early life 159 Cattle Raid of Cooley 159 death 160 Frank McCourt 160 Irish-American writer 160 Cullen, Paul (1803–1878) 160 Cumann na mBan 160 ('the league of women') 160 Cumann na nGaedheal 160 ('party of the Gael') 160 Curragh, the 161 Curragh 'Mutiny' 161 Cusack, Cyril James (1910–1993) 162 D 162 Dagda 162 or Daghdha, 162 (Irish 'the good god') 162 Dáil Éireann 163 Dál Cais 163 Dalriada 164 Damer House 164 dance, traditional 164 Traditional Irish Dance 164 introduction 164 step dance 164 modern developments in step dance 165 step dance competition and hierarchy 165 step dance variations 166 set dancing 166 céili dancing 166 Danu 166 or Danaan, 166 Darcy, Patrick (1598–1668) 167 Dargan, William (1799–1867) 167 Darley, George (1795–1846) 167 Darragh, Lydia (1729–1789) 167 born Lydia Barrington, 168 Davies, Christian (1667–1739) 168 called 'Mother Ross', 168 Davies, John (1569–1626) 168 Davis, John T (1947– ) 168 Davis, Thomas Osborne (1814–1845) 169 Davitt, Michael (1846–1906) 169 Michael Davitt 169 Irish nationalist and journalist 169 Day-Lewis, C(ecil) (1904–1972) 170 Deane, Raymond (1953– ) 170 Deane, Seamus (1940– ) 170 Declaration of 1460 170 De Danaan 171 Deevy, Theresa (1894–1963) 171 Defenders 171 Delany, Ronnie (1935– ) 172 born Ronald Michael Delany, 172 Derg, Lough 172 Derg, Lough 172 Derry 172 or Londonderry, 172 physical 173 features 173 economy 173 Derry 173 or Londonderry; until the 10th century Derry-Calgaich, 173 features 173 history 173 Desmond, Dermot (1950– ) 174 Desmond, Eleanor 174 de Valera, Éamon (1882–1975) 174 Éamon de Valera 175 Irish nationalist politician 175 Éamon de Valera 175 Irish nationalist politician 176 de Valois, Ninette (1898–2001) 176 stage name of Edris Stannus, 176 Devenish Island 176 De Vere, Aubrey (1788–1846) 176 2nd Baronet De Vere, 176 De Vere, Aubrey Thomas (1814–1902) 176 Devlin, Anne (c. 1778–1851) 177 Devlin, Bernadette 177 Devlin, Denis (1908–1959) 177 Devlin, Joseph (1871–1934) 177 Devotional Revolution 178 Devoy, John (1842–1928) 178 Dillon, Gerard (1916–1971) 178 Dillon, James (1902–1986) 179 Dillon, John (1851–1927) 179 Dineen, Patrick (1860–1934) 179 Dingle 180 Dingle Peninsula 180 disestablishment 180 dissent 181 Dixon, Henry Horatio (1869–1953) 181 Dobbs, Arthur (1689–1765) 182 Doherty, Ken(neth) (1969– ) 182 Ken Doherty 182 Irish snooker player 182 Donaghadee 182 Irish Domhnach Daoi, 182 Donegal 183 features 183 physical 183 Stephen Rynne 183 Irish writer 184 Donleavy, J(ames) P(atrick) (1926– ) 184 J(ames) P(atrick) Donleavy 184 US-born Irish writer 184 Donnybrook 184 Down 184 physical 184 features 185 economy 185 Downey, Angela (1957– ) 185 Downing Street Declaration 185 Downpatrick 185 Doyle, James Warren (1786–1834) 186 pseudonym J K L, 186 Doyle, Roddy (1958– ) 186 Roddy Doyle 186 Irish novelist 186 Drennan, William 186 Drogheda 187 (Irish Droichead Átha 'the bridge of the ford') 187 Dromoland Castle 187 Dromore 187 Druid Theatre 188 Drury, Susannah (died 1770) 188 Dublin 188 Dublin 189 official Irish name Baile Átha Cliath, 'the town of the ford of the hurdles', 189 (Irish dubh linn 'dark pool') 189 history 189 features 189 transport 190 city environs 190 city tour 190 new developments in the city 191 architecture 191 cultural life 193 Dublin's art treasures 194 education 194 sport 195 from foundation to the Act of Union 195 Dublin 196 Dublin 197 Dublin 197 Dublin 198 Dublin 199 Dublin 200 Dublin 200 Dublin 201 Dublin 202 Dublin 202 Dave Allen 203 Irish comedian 203 Tom Paulin 203 English-born poet, dramatist, and critic 203 (Adeline) Virginia Woolf 203 English novelist and critic 203 Dubliners, the 203 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 204 DIAS, 204 Duffy, Charles Gavan (1816–1903) 204 Dún Aengus 204 Dundalk 205 Dungannon 205 Dungarvan 205 Dún Laoghaire 206 formerly Kingstown, 206 Dunsany, Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett (1878–1957) 206 18th Baron of Dunsany, 206 Dunwoody, (Thomas) Richard (1964– ) 206 Durcan, Paul (1944– ) 207 Durrow, Book of 207 Dwyer, Michael 207 E 208 Eason, John Charles Malcolm (1880–1965) 208 Easter Rising 208 or Easter Rebellion, 208 leaders and ideology 208 series of misfortunes 208 losses and casualties 209 the legacy 209 Dervla Mary Murphy 209 Irish travel writer 209 Economic War 209 ecumenical movement 210 Edenderry 210 Edgeworth, Henry Essex (1745–1807) 210 also known as Abbé Edgeworth, 210 Edgeworth, Maria (1767–1849) 211 Maria Edgeworth 211 Irish novelist 211 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (1744–1817) 211 education 212 early schools 212 post-Reformation provision 212 nondenominational and interdenominational elementary education 212 secondary and further education 213 education post-partition 213 Eire 213 electoral system: Republic of Ireland 213 Emain Macha 214 or Eamhain Macha, 214 (Irish 'Macha's twins') 214 emigration 214 Helen Selina Blackwood, Lady Dufferin 215 Irish poet 215 Peig Sayers 215 Irish author 215 Katharine Tynan 215 Irish poet and novelist 215 Emmet, Robert (1778–1803) 215 Robert Emmet 216 Irish nationalist leader 216 Emo Court 216 Ennis 216 Ennis, Seamus (1919–1982) 216 Enniscorthy 216 Ennis Friary 217 Enniskillen 217 Enniskillen Castle 217 Enya (1961– ) 218 born Eithne (pronounced Enya) Ní Bhraonáin, 218 Enya 218 Irish singer and musician 218 Erin 218 John Philpot Curran 218 Irish orator 218 Eriugena, John Scottus (c. 810–c. 877) 218 also known as Johannes Scotus Erigena, 218 Erne, Lough 219 Ervine, St John (Greer) (1883–1971) 219 Essex, Robert Devereux (1567–1601) 220 2nd Earl of Essex, 220 Essex, Walter Devereux (c. 1541–1576) 220 1st Earl of Essex, 220 Eucharistic Congress 220 European Union 220 EU, 221 Eurovision Song Contest 221 Brendan Graham 221 Irish songwriter 221 F 221 faction fighting 221 Fagan, James Bernard (1873–1933) 222 FAI 222 fairy 222 (Irish aos sí 'fairy folk'; daoine maithe 'good people'; bunadh na gcnoc 'hill people') 222 Famine, the Great 223 The Great Famine 223 introduction 223 treated as a temporary crisis 223 horrific scenes and widespread illness 224 an intractable resentment of Britain 224 John Mitchel 225 Irish writer, revolutionary, and historian 225 Farquhar, George (c. 1677–1707) 225 George Farquhar 225 Irish dramatist 225 George Farquhar 225 Irish dramatist 225 George Farquhar 225 Irish dramatist 225 George Farquhar 226 Irish dramatist 226 George Farquhar 226 Irish dramatist 226 George Farquhar 226 Irish dramatist 226 George Farquhar 226 Irish dramatist 226 Farrington, Anthony (1893–1973) 226 Fastnet Rock 226 Faulkner, (Arthur) Brian (Deane) (1921–1977) 227 Baron Faulkner of Downpatrick, 227 Fay, William George (1872–1947) 227 Fenian movement 227 Anonymous 228 Michael Scanlan 228 Irish poet 228 Fenians 228 Ferguson, Harry George (1884–1960) 228 Ferguson, Howard (1908–1999) 229 Works 229 Ballet 229 Orchestral 229 Chamber 229 Vocal 229 Ferguson, Samuel (1810–1886) 230 Samuel Ferguson 230 Irish antiquary and poet 230 Fermanagh 230 physical 230 features 230 economy 231 Fianna 231 or Fenians, 231 Fianna Fáil 231 (Irish 'Soldiers of Destiny') 231 Field, John (1782–1837) 232 Works 232 Field Day Theatre Company 232 Film Company of Ireland 233 Film Institute of Ireland 233 Fine Gael 233 (Irish 'family of the gael') 233 Finn Mac Cumhaill (or Fionn or Finn McCool) 234 ('the fair-haired son of Cumhall') 234 Fitt, Gerry (1926– ) 234 born Gerard Fitt; Baron Fitt, 234 Fitzgerald 234 or the Geraldines, 234 Fitzgerald, Barry (1888–1961) 235 stage name of William Joseph Shields, 235 FitzGerald, Garret Michael (1926– ) 235 Fitzgerald, George Francis (1851–1901) 236 Fitzgibbon, John 236 1st Earl of Clare, 236 Fitzmaurice, George (1877–1963) 236 Fitzmaurice, James (1898–1965) 237 Fitzralph, Richard (c. 1295–1360) 237 Fitzwilliam episode 237 flag 237 Flanagan, Edward Joseph (1886–1948) 238 Flatley, Michael (1958– ) 238 Fleischmann, Aloys (1910–1992) 239 Flight of the Earls 239 Flood, Henry (1732–1791) 239 Florence Court 239 Foley, John Henry (1818–1874) 240 folklore 240 Fomorians 240 or Fomhoire, 240 (Irish 'underworld spirits') 240 Football Association of Ireland 240 FAI, 240 football, Gaelic 241 Ford, Patrick (1837–1913) 242 Foster, John 242 Foster, Vere Henry Lewis (1819–1900) 242 fox-hunting 242 Foyle, Lough 243 freemasonry 243 French, (William) Percy (1854–1920) 243 Fricker, Brenda (1944– ) 243 Friel, Brian (1929– ) 244 furniture 244 period furniture 244 country furniture 245 G 245 GAA 245 Gaelic Athletic Association 245 GAA, 245 Gaelic football 246 Gaelic League 246 Gaeltacht 246 Gallagher, Rory (1948–1995) 247 Gallarus Oratory 247 Galtee Mountains 247 Galway, James (1939– ) 247 Galway 248 features 248 physical 248 coast and waterways 248 Galway 248 Galway 249 James Galway 250 Irish flautist 250 Galway 250 features 250 history 250 features 250 Mary Davenport O'Neill 251 Irish poet 251 Gandon, James (1743–1823) 251 Garda Síochána 251 plural Gardaí, 251 Gate Theatre 252 Geldof, Bob (1954– ) 252 born Robert Frederick Xenon Geldof, 252 Bob Geldof 253 Irish rock singer 253 Bob Geldof 253 Irish rock singer 253 Bob Geldof 253 Irish rock singer 253 Geraldine 253 Giant's Causeway 253 Giant's Causeway 253 Gibson, Mike (1942– ) 254 born Cameron Michael Henderson Gibson, 254 Giles, Johnny (1940– ) 254 born Michael John Giles, 254 Gilmore, Patrick (Sarsfield) (1829–1892) 255 Gilsenan, Alan (1964– ) 255 Giraldus Cambrensis (1146–1223) 255 English Gerald of Wales, 256 Giraldus Cambrensis 256 Welsh chronicler and ecclesiastic 256 Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898) 256 glass 256 growth of the craft 256 19th and 20th centuries 257 stained glass 257 Gleeson, Brendan (1955– ) 257 Glendalough 258 Glenveagh Castle 258 Gobán Saor 258 or Goibhniu, 258 (Irish 'little Goibhniu the wright') 258 Gogarty, Oliver St John (1878–1957) 259 Oliver St John Gogarty 259 Irish writer 259 Goldsmith, Oliver (1728–1774) 259 Oliver Goldsmith 259 Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and essayist 259 Oliver Goldsmith 260 Irish playwright, novelist, poet, and essayist 260 golf 260 Gonne, Maud (1865–1953) 260 married name Maud MacBride, 260 Maud Gonne 261 Irish nationalist and political activist 261 Good Friday Agreement 261 Ann Finlay 261 A Protestant whose Roman Catholic husband was murdered by a 'Loyalist' gunman in 1975 261 Grattan, Henry (1746–1820) 261 Graves, Alfred Perceval (1846–1931) 261 Graves, Robert James (1796–1853) 262 Gregory, Augusta (1852–1932) 262 Lady Gregory; born Isabella Augusta Persse, 262 Greystones 262 Grianán of Aileach 263 ('stone palace of the sun') 263 Griffin, Gerald (1803–1840) 263 Gerald Griffin 263 Irish novelist and dramatist 263 Griffith, Arthur (1872–1922) 264 Griffith, Richard John (1784–1878) 264 called 'the Father of Irish geology', 264 Grubb, Howard (1844–1931) 265 Guerin, Veronica (1959–1996) 265 Guildford Four 265 Guinness 266 Guinness family 266 Gur, Lough 267 Gwynn, Stephen Lucius (1864–1950) 267 H 267 Hall, Anna Maria (1800–1881) 267 born Anna Maria Fielding, 267 Hamilton, William Rowan (1805–1865) 267 Hannay, James Owen (1865–1950) 268 pseudonym George A Birmingham, 268 Hardiman, James (1782–1855) 268 harp 268 Harris, Richard St Johns (1930–2002) 269 Harty, (Herbert) Hamilton (1879–1941) 269 Works 270 Orchestral 270 Vocal 270 Harvey, William Henry (1811–1866) 270 Haslam, Thomas (1825–1917) and Anna (1829–1922) 270 Haughey, Charles James (1925– ) 271 Charles Haughey 271 Irish Fianna Fáil politician 271 Healy, Timothy Michael (1855–1931) 271 Heaney, Seamus Justin (1939– ) 272 Seamus (Justin) Heaney 272 Irish poet and critic 272 Seamus (Justin) Heaney 273 Irish poet and critic 273 Heck, Barbara (1734–1804) 273 Herbert, Victor (1859–1924) 273 Works 273 Opera 273 Orchestral 273 Chamber 274 Vocal 274 hero-tales 274 The Fianna Cycle 274 The Ulster Cycle 274 stories of ancient kings 274 later developments 275 J G Kohl 275 Writer 275 Hickey, Kieran (1936–1993) 275 Higgins, Alex Gordon (1949– ) 275 Higgins, William (1763–1825) 275 Hillery, Patrick John (1923– ) 276 Hillsborough 276 historiography 276 Dervla Mary Murphy 277 Irish travel writer 277 hockey 277 Holland, John Philip (1840–1914) 278 Holycross 278 Holycross Abbey 278 Holywood 279 home rule, Irish 279 Ireland: Home Rule 1868–1918 279 introduction 279 Home Rule and the rise of Parnell 280 the fall of Parnell and the eclipse of Home Rule 280 the Third Home Rule Bill and the Ulster Crisis 281 war and revolution 281 the Anglo-Irish Treaty 281 George Bernard Shaw 282 Irish dramatist 282 Hone, Evie (1894–1955) 282 Hone, Nathaniel (1718–1784) 282 horse racing 283 history 283 racing in Ireland today 283 Horslips, the 284 Huguenots 284 Hume, John (1937– ) 284 Humewood Castle 285 hunger strike 285 hurling 285 Críostóir Ó Floinn 286 Irish writer 286 Hurst, Brian Desmond (1900–1986) 286 Hutcheson, Francis (1694–1746) 286 Hyde, Douglas (1860–1949) 286 pseudonym An Craoibhín Aoibhinn ('the pleasant little branch'), 286 I 287 Impressionists 287 INLA 288 Innisfree 288 internment 288 Invincibles, the 288 IRA 289 Ireland 289 The Roots of Sectarianism: Ireland Under the Stuarts 289 Ireland under the Stuarts 289 The New English 289 The Cromwellian intervention 290 The Anglo-Irish 290 James (Evershed) Agate 291 English essayist and theatre critic 291 Anonymous 291 Caroline Blackwood 291 Irish novelist 291 Brigid (Antonia) Brophy 291 English writer 291 G(ilbert) K(eith) Chesterton 291 English novelist, essayist, and poet 291 Lydia Maria Child 291 US writer and editor 291 Charles (John Huffam) Dickens 292 English novelist 292 John Donne 292 English poet 292 Friedrich Engels 292 German philosopher 292 Oliver St John Gogarty 292 Irish writer 292 Michael Hartnett 292 Irish poet 292 John Hewitt 292 Irish poet and playwright 292 Ralph Holinshed 293 English historian 293 Micheál Mac Liammóir 293 Irish actor and director 293 Nancy Mitford 293 English writer 293 Jan Morris 293 English travel writer and journalist 293 Richard Murphy 293 Irish poet 293 Christopher Nolan 293 Irish writer 293 Flann O'Brien 294 Irish humorist and writer 294 Liam O'Flaherty 294 Irish writer and radical 294 Lisa O'Kelly 294 Irish journalist 294 Walter Scott 294 Scottish novelist and poet 294 George Bernard Shaw 294 Irish dramatist 294 Ireland, John (1838–1919) 294 Ireland, Republic of 295 history 295 Irish-American nationalism 295 Irish Colleges 296 Irish Film Board/Bord Scannán na Héireann 296 Irish Free State 297 Irish Independent 297 Irish Land Acts 298 Irish Language (Gaelge) 298 Irish Literary Theatre 299 Irish literature 299 Irish Literature 299 introduction 299 Anglo-Irish beginnings 300 a convergence of traditions 300 influence of Yeats 300 the weight of censorship 300 Irish writing in the second half of the 20th century 301 postmodernism 301 cultural changes 301 Irish nationalism 301 Irish National Liberation Army 302 INLA, 302 Irish Press 302 Irish Republican Army 303 IRA, 303 IRA splinter groups 303 early history of the IRA 303 IRA campaigns 304 decommissioning of the IRA 304 arrests in Colombia 305 Seán MacStíofáin 305 Irish activist 305 Irish Republican Brotherhood 305 Irish revival 305 or literary revival or Celtic revival, 305 Irish Sea 306 Irish stew 306 Irish Sweepstake 306 Irish Times 306 Irish Volunteers 307 (Robert) Erskine Childers 307 Irish Sinn Fein politician 307 Irish Women Workers' Union 308 IWWU, 308 Irish Yeomanry 308 Irvine, Eddie (1965– ) 308 Eddie Irvine 309 Northern Irish Formula 1 racing driver 309 J 309 Jacobite 309 Jellett, Mainie (1897–1944) 309 born Mary Harriet Jellett, 309 Jennings, Pat(rick) (1945– ) 309 Jerpoint Abbey 310 John F Kennedy Arboretum 310 Johnston, (William) Denis (1901–1984) 310 Johnston, Jennifer Prudence (1930– ) 310 Johnstown Castle 311 Joly, John (1857–1933) 311 Jones, Mary (1830–1930) 312 born Mary Harris; called 'Mother Jones', 312 Jordan, Eddie (1948– ) 312 Jordan, Neil (1950– ) 312 Neil Jordan 313 Irish film director 313 journalism 313 the grip of party journalism 313 pressure from the UK 313 journalism in Northern Ireland 313 journalism, religious 314 Joyce, James (Augustine Aloysius) (1882–1941) 314 early years 315 the start of an exile 315 Ulysses 315 breaking with literary conventions 316 the final years 316 James Augustine Aloysius Joyce 316 Irish writer 316 Judge M Woolsey 316 Judge 316 K 316 Kane, Robert (1809–1890) 316 Kavanagh, Patrick (Joseph) (1905–1967) 317 Patrick (Joseph) Kavanagh 317 Irish poet 317 Keane, John B(rendan) (1928–2002) 317 Keane, Molly (Mary Nesta) (1905–1996) 318 born Molly Skrine, 318 Keane, Robbie (1980– ) 318 career highlights 318 international appearances (1998– ) 318 Keane, Roy Maurice (1971– ) 318 Keating, Geoffrey (c. 1580–c. 1645) 319 also known as Seathrún Céitinn, 319 Keating, Ronan (1977– ) 319 Keating, Séan (1889–1977) 319 Kells 319