The Human Microbiota and Chronic Disease : Dysbiosis As a Cause of Human Pathology

Microbiota-associated pathology can be a direct result of changes in general bacterial composition, such as might be found in periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis, and/or as the result of colonization and/or overgrowth of so called keystone species. The disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota, or dysbiosis, plays an integral role in human health and human disease. __The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease: Dysbioses as a Cause of Human Pathology__ discusses the role of the microbiota in maintaining human health. The text introduces the reader to the biology of microbial dysbiosis and its potential role in both bacterial disease and in idiopathic chronic disease states. Divided into five sections, the text delineates the concept of the human bacterial microbiota with particular attention being paid to the microbiotae of the gut, oral cavity and skin. A key methodology for exploring the microbiota, metagenomics, is also described. The book then shows the reader the cellular, molecular and genetic complexities of the bacterial microbiota, its myriad connections with the host and how these can maintain tissue homeostasis. Chapters then consider the role of dysbioses in human disease states, dealing with two of the commonest bacterial diseases of humanity – periodontitis and bacterial vaginosis. The composition of some, if not all microbiotas can be controlled by the diet and this is also dealt with in this section. The discussion moves on to the major ‘idiopathic’ diseases afflicting humans, and the potential role that dysbiosis could play in their induction and chronicity. The book then concludes with the therapeutic potential of manipulating the microbiota, introducing the concepts of probiotics, prebiotics and the administration of healthy human faeces (faecal microbiota transplantation), and then hypothesizes as to the future of medical treatment viewed from a microbiota-centric position. * Provides an introduction to dysbiosis, or a disruption in the composition of the normal human microbiota * Explains how microbiota-associated pathology and other chronic diseases can result from changes in general bacterial composition * Explores the relationship humans have with their microbiota, and its significance in human health and disease * Covers host genetic variants and their role in the composition of human microbial biofilms, integral to the relationship between human health and human disease Authored and edited by leaders in the field, __The Human Microbiota and Human Chronic Disease__ will be an invaluable resource for clinicians, pathologists, immunologists, cell and molecular biologists, biochemists, and system biologists studying cellular and molecular bases of human diseases. Contents 5 List of contributors 17 Preface 21 SECTION 1 An introduction to the human tissue microbiome 24 1 The human microbiota: an historical perspective 26 2 An introduction to microbial dysbiosis 60 3 The gut microbiota: an integrated interactive system 78 4 The oral microbiota 90 5 The skin microbiota 104 6 Metagenomic analysis of the human microbiome 118 SECTION 2 Microbiota-microbiota and microbiota-host interactions in health and disease 136 7 Systems biology of bacteria‐host interactions 138 8 Bacterial biofilm formation and immune evasion mechanisms 162 9 Co-evolution of microbes and immunity and its consequences for modern-day life 178 10 How viruses and bacteria have shaped the human genome: the implications for disease 188 11 The microbiota as an epigenetic control mechanism 202 12 The emerging role of propionibacteria in human health and disease 222 SECTION 3 Dysbioses and bacterial diseases Metchnikoff’s legacy 238 13 The periodontal diseases: microbial diseases or diseases of the host response? 240 14 The polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis model of periodontal disease pathogenesis 250 15 New paradigm in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: effects of oral bacteria on the gut microbio 266 16 The vaginal microbiota in health and disease 286 SECTION 4 Dysbioses and chronic diseases: is there a connection? 296 17 Reactive arthritis: the hidden bacterial connection 298 18 Rheumatoid arthritis: the bacterial connection 306 19 Inflammatory bowel disease and the gut microbiota 324 20 Ankylosing spondylitis, klebsiella and the low‐starch diet 340 21 Microbiome of chronic plaque psoriasis 350 22 Liver disease: interactions with the intestinal microbiota 362 23 The gut microbiota: a predisposing factor in obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis 374 24 The microbiota and susceptibility to asthma 384 25 Microbiome and cancer 394 26 Colorectal cancer and the microbiota 414 27 The gut microbiota and the CNS: an old story with a new beginning 432 28 Genetic dysbiosis: how host genetic variants may affect microbial biofilms 454 SECTION 5 Mirroring the future: dysbiosis therapy 466 29 Diet and dysbiosis 468 30 Probiotics and prebiotics: what are they and what can they do for us? 490 31 The microbiota as target for therapeutic intervention in pediatric intestinal diseases 506 32 Microbial therapy for cystic fibrosis 520 Index 530