The History of Pakistan (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations)

The History of Pakistan explores the rich and intricate past of a highly diverse nation still in the process of determining its own identity. Rooted in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, shaped by the cultures of both the Middle and Far East, and now predominantly devoted to Islam, Pakistan has emerged as a unique Indo-Muslim community, viewed with caution and curiosity by the rest of the world. In this latest volume of Greenwood's History of Modern Nations series, readers discover the foundations of modern Pakistan, from its earliest empires and shared history with India to the coming of Islam and its successful fight for independence in 1947. This highly informative guide also examines the key issues and attitudes guiding Pakistan today: their volatile feud with India over the region of Kashmir and the right to nuclear development, internal debates over the role of Islam in Pakistani society, and the unbreakable dominance of the military in political affairs. Poised between a radically changing India and the politically unstable Middle East, Pakistan is an important nation to understand as it determines its course in rapidly a changing world. Cover......Page 1 Advisory Board......Page 3 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 8 Series Foreword......Page 10 Preface......Page 12 Acronyms......Page 14 Timeline of Historical Events......Page 16 1. The Indus Heartland And Karakoram Country......Page 20 GEOGRAPHY: KARAKORAMS TO KALAT......Page 21 PEOPLE AND PLACES......Page 26 PUNJAB......Page 28 SINDH......Page 29 BALOCHISTAN......Page 30 NORTHWEST FRONTIER......Page 31 EDUCATION AND GENDER......Page 32 RELIGION AND POLITICS OF IDENTITY......Page 33 GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMY......Page 36 NOTES......Page 39 2. The Indus Valley Civilization: Dravidians to Aryans......Page 42 WHAT’S IN A NAME?......Page 44 PERIODS IN THE SUBCONTINENT’S HISTORY......Page 46 THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION: THE HARAPPAN PAST......Page 47 THE ADVENT OF THE ARYANS AND THE VEDIC ERA......Page 51 JAINISM AND BUDDHISM IN THE GANGETIC VALLEY......Page 54 PERSIANS, GREEKS, AND THE MAURYANS, 530–185 B.C.E.......Page 56 REGIONAL KINGDOMS AND GANDHARA......Page 58 THE GUPTAS AND THE HINDU CLASSICAL PERIOD, 320–540 C.E.......Page 61 NOTES......Page 63 3. Islam in South Asia: The Indus and Delhi Sultanates......Page 68 MUSLIM ARAB RULE IN THE INDUS VALLEY......Page 70 GHAZNAVIDS AND THE INDUS REGIONS......Page 72 DELHI SULTANS: THE SLAVE DYNASTY......Page 73 KHALJIS (KHILJIS), TUGHLUQS, SAYYIDS, AND LODHIS......Page 75 NOTES......Page 80 4. The Great Mughals and the Golden Era in Indo-Islamic Civilization, 1526–1707......Page 84 ZAHIR-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD BABUR......Page 85 NASIR-UD-DIN HUMAYUN......Page 88 KING SHER SHAH SURI......Page 89 JALAL-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD AKBAR......Page 91 NUR-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD JAHANGIR......Page 96 SHAHAB-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD SHAH JAHAN......Page 98 MOHIY-UD-DIN AURENGZEB ALAMGIR......Page 100 NOTES......Page 104 5. The British Rule and the Independence Movements......Page 108 FORMATION OF THE BRITISH RAJ IN A FRAGMENTED INDIA......Page 110 REFORMS AND EXPANSION IN THE INDUS LANDS......Page 115 REBELLION OF 1857 AND THE "HIGH NOON" OF EMPIRE......Page 118 THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS AND THE ALL-INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE......Page 121 WORLD WAR II AND PARTITION......Page 124 NOTES......Page 126 6. Muslims in South Asia and the Making of Pakistan......Page 130 REVIVALISTS AND REFORMERS: WALI ALLAH, AL-AFGHANI, AND SYED AHMED KHAN......Page 131 MUSLIM MODERNISTS: SYED AMEER ALI, MUMTAZ ALI, AND OTHERS......Page 133 REVIVALISTS AND IDENTITY FORMATION......Page 136 THE ALL-INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE, MUHAMMAD IQBAL, AND M. A. JINNAH......Page 139 NOTES......Page 142 7. Pakistan: Establishing the State, 1947–1958......Page 148 FORMING THE STATE......Page 149 CENTRAL AUTHORITY AND PROVINCES......Page 151 1956–1958 : CONSTITUTIONALISM OR BUREAUCRATIC CENTRALISM......Page 154 FOREIGN RELATIONS......Page 156 NOTES......Page 158 8. Military Takeover and the Separation of East Pakistan, 1958–1971......Page 162 WHY THE ARMY?......Page 163 GENERAL AYUB KHAN, 1958 –1969 : A DECADE OF DEVELOPMENT OR DISCORD?......Page 165 FOREIGN RELATIONS DURING THE 1960s......Page 170 GENERAL YAHYA KHAN (1969 –1971) AND THE SEPARATION OF EAST PAKISTAN......Page 172 NOTES......Page 175 9. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan People’s Party, and the Military Regime of General Zia-ul-Haq, 1972–1988......Page 178 BHUTTO’S ADMINISTRATION......Page 181 THE CONSTITUTION OF 1973......Page 185 THE PAKISTAN NATIONAL ALLIANCE MOVEMENT AND MILITARY COUP OF JULY 1977......Page 187 THE ZIA-UL-HAQ ERA: 1977 –1988......Page 188 SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN......Page 189 NOTES......Page 192 10. Democratic Decade, 1988–1999: Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif......Page 194 BENAZIR BHUTTO AND THE PPP GOVERNMENT, 1988 –1990......Page 195 NAWAZ SHARIF, 1990–1993: MUSLIM LEAGUE IN GOVERNMENT......Page 200 BENAZIR BHUTTO, 1993 –1996: THE SECOND ADMINISTRATION......Page 204 NAWAZ SHARIF, 1997 –1999, AND THE MILITARY COUP......Page 208 NOTES......Page 210 11. General Pervez Musharraf and Pakistan in the Twenty-First Century......Page 214 FROM A CHIEF EXECUTIVE TO PRESIDENT......Page 215 9/11 AND PAKISTAN......Page 218 BACK TO THE FUTURE......Page 225 NOTES......Page 227 Aziz, Shaukat (1949– )......Page 230 Jinnah, Miss Fatima (1894–1967)......Page 231 Khan, General Muhammad Ayub (1907–1974)......Page 232 Qureshi, Moeen (1930– )......Page 233 Zardari, Asif (1954– )......Page 234 Glossary......Page 236 Bibliography......Page 240 Index......Page 248 About the Author......Page 258 A history of the Indo-Muslim nation proves an overview of the area, a discussion of the pre-Pakistan history of the region, the coming of Islam, and the political history of the nation from independence throught the 2008 elections. Explores the history of the unique Indo-Muslim nation of Pakistan, from the ancient Indus Valley Civilization to coming of Islam to the ongoing and volatile feud with India over the region of Kashmir