The History of Modern Astronomy in Japan (Historical & Cultural Astronomy)

"This book considers the history of modern astronomy and astrophysics in Japan by comparing with the development of astrophysics in western countries. Astrophysics essentially arose in three separate fields: astronomical spectroscopy, stellar structure, and survey of celestial objects. This book introduces readers to the state of astronomy back to the Tokugawa era (18th 19th centuries), when the chief task of astronomers was limited to the calendar making. With the so-called Meiji revolution (1868), the situation drastically changed. The Meiji Government promoted the modernization of Japan by hiring numbers of foreign instructors in political, social, and cultural affairs, including Construction of Observatory and University. Then the foreign studies of Japanese researchers lasted for many years. After the Second World War, Japan experienced great social and economical growth allowing the constructions of large optical, radio, and space instruments. With this background astrophysics progressed and eventually flourished. The book ends by highlighting Japanese contributions to international collaboration up to the early 21st century. Readers of this book will understand how astrophysics has grown into one of the major sciences in Japan, and how the works of individual astronomers are contributing to the global advancement of knowledge of the universe."--Back cover Preface: A History of Modern Astronomy in Japan Acknowledgment Contents Chapter 1: Astronomy in the Tokugawa Period, 1603-1868 1.1 Tokugawa Period and Astronomy 1.2 Calendar Reforms 1.2.1 Shibukawa Harumi and Jokyo Calendar 1.2.2 Horeki Calendar 1.2.3 Kansei Calendar 1.2.4 Tenpo Calendar 1.3 Acceptance of Western Cosmology 1.3.1 Mukai Gensho and Aristotelian Cosmology 1.3.2 Kobayashi Kentei and Aristotelian Cosmology 1.3.3 Motoki Ryoei and Copernican Cosmology 1.3.4 Shizuki Tadao and Newtonian Cosmology 1.3.5 Yamagata Banto and Criticism of Traditional Cosmology 1.3.6 Kawamoto Komin and Modern Physics References Chapter 2: Astronomy from Meiji to Taisho Period 1868-1926 2.1 Meiji-Taisho Period and Background of Astronomy 2.1.1 Calendar Reform 2.1.2 Construction of a New Observatory 2.1.3 Higher Education in Early Meiji Era 2.1.4 Taisho Period (1912-1926) 2.2 Positional Astronomy 2.2.1 E. Lépissier and H. M. Paul, First Foreign Instructors 2.2.2 Terao Hisashi and Position Astronomy 2.2.3 Kimura Hisashi and Latitude Variations 2.2.4 Hirayama Shin and Astronomy 2.2.5 Hirayama Kiyotsugu and Asteroids 2.3 Dawn of Astrophysics and Geophysics 2.3.1 T. C. Mendenhall, First Professor of Physics 2.3.2 Tanakadate Aikitsu and Geophysics 2.3.3 Nagaoka Hantaro and Physics 2.3.4 Takamine Toshio and Spectroscopy 2.4 Shinjo Shinzo and Astrophysics 2.4.1 Life and Works 2.4.2 The Meteoroid Theory of Stellar Evolution 2.4.2.1 Universal Existence of Meteoroids 2.4.2.2 Theory of Stellar Variability 2.4.2.3 Stellar Evolution 2.4.3 History of Oriental Astronomy 2.5 Ichinohe Naozo and the Plan for a New Observatory 2.5.1 Early Life (Nakayama 1989) 2.5.2 Study of Astrophysics at Yerkes Observatory 2.5.3 Plan of a New Astronomical Observatory in Taiwan 2.5.4 Later Life References Chapter 3: Astronomy in Early Showa. I. Tokyo 1926-1945 3.1 The TAO and the IAU 3.2 Tokyo Astronomical Observatory and Astronomy 3.3 Hagihara Yusuke and Celestial Mechanics 3.3.1 Life and Works 3.3.2 Celestial Mechanics 3.3.3 Physics of Planetary Nebulae 3.3.3.1 Planetary Nebulae in Radiative Equilibrium 3.3.3.2 Velocity Distribution of Electrons in Planetary Nebulae 3.3.4 Construction of the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory 3.4 Hatanaka Takeo and Astrophysics 3.4.1 Life and Works 3.4.2 Physics of Planetary Nebulae 3.4.3 Radio Astronomy 3.4.4 Evolution of Galaxies 3.4.4.1 Origin of Stellar Population 3.4.4.2 Evolution of Galaxies 3.5 Fujita Yoshio and Cool Stars 3.5.1 Life and Works 3.5.2 Theoretical Spectroscopy 3.5.3 Spectroscopic Observations at Lick and Yerkes Observatories 3.5.4 Okayama Astrophysical Observatory and Observations of Carbon Stars 3.6 Kaburaki Masaki and Stellar Astronomy 3.6.1 Life and Works 3.6.2 Local System of Galaxy 3.6.2.1 Moving Clusters 3.6.2.2 Velocity Ellipsoids of Nearby Stars 3.7 Osawa Kiyoteru and Stellar Physics 3.7.1 Life and Works 3.7.2 Astrophysical Works 3.7.2.1 Theoretical Study of A-Type Star Atmospheres 3.7.2.2 Photometric Observations of Metallic-Line Stars 3.7.2.3 Spectral Classification 3.7.2.4 Observations at OAO 3.8 Hirose Hideo and Astronomy 3.8.1 Life and Works 3.8.2 Observations of Minor Objects 3.8.3 History of Oriental Astronomy 3.9 History of Astronomy in Postwar Period References Chapter 4: Astronomy in Early Showa. II. Kyoto 1926-1945 4.1 Yamamoto Issei and Variable Stars 4.1.1 Early Life and Observations of Novae 4.1.2 Observations in USA 4.1.3 Observations in Kyoto 4.1.4 Popularization Activity 4.2 Araki Toshima and Astrophysics 4.2.1 Early Life and Foreign Study (Kiyonaga 1979) 4.2.2 Internal Structure of Stars 4.2.3 Extended Atmospheres of Stars 4.2.4 Postwar Activities 4.3 Takeda Shin ́ichiro 4.3.1 Physical Nature of Comets 4.3.2 Homologous Contraction of Stars 4.3.3 Distorted Outer Envelopes of Stars 4.3.4 Eclipsing Binary of β Lyra Type 4.4 Miyamoto Shotaro, Astrophysics, and Planetary Science 4.4.1 Life and Works 4.4.2 Nebular Physics 4.4.3 Neutron Stars and White Dwarfs 4.4.4 Early-Type Emission-Line Stars 4.4.5 Solar Physics 4.4.6 Planetary Science 4.5 History of Oriental Astronomy 4.5.1 Noda Churyo and Ancient Cosmology 4.5.2 Yabuuchi Kiyoshi and Chinese Science 4.5.3 Watanabe Toshio and History of Astronomy in Japan 4.5.4 History of Astronomy in Postwar Period References Chapter 5: Astronomy in Early Showa. III. Sendai 1926-1945 5.1 Early History of Astronomy 5.1.1 Sendai in the Tokugawa-Meiji Period 5.1.2 Tohoku University and Astronomy 5.1.3 Kusakabe Shirota and Geophysics 5.1.4 Ishiwara Jun and Theoretical Physics (Nishio 2011) 5.2 Matukuma Takehiko and Stellar Astronomy 5.2.1 Life and Works 5.2.2 Celestial Mechanics 5.2.3 Structure of Globular Clusters 5.2.4 Observations of Einstein Effect 5.2.5 Optical System of Schmidt Camera 5.3 Hitotuyanagi Zyuiti and Astrophysics 5.3.1 Life and Works 5.3.2 Stellar Model 5.3.3 Limb Darkening of Solar Photosphere 5.3.4 Galactic Astronomy References Chapter 6: Postwar Development of Astrophysics, 1946-2000 (Part I: Instrumentation) 6.1 Social and Economic Background 6.2 Tokyo Astronomical Observatory 6.3 Optical and Infrared Observatories 6.3.1 Okayama Astrophysical Observatory 6.3.2 Dodaira Station of TAO 6.3.3 Kiso Observatory and Schmidt Telescope 6.3.4 Agematsu IR Observatory and Infrared Astronomy 6.3.5 Subaru Telescope and NAOJ 6.4 Solar Observations 6.4.1 Tower Telescope of TAO 6.4.2 Coronagraph at Norikura Solar Station, TAO 6.4.3 Solar Coudé-Telescope at OAO 6.4.4 Domeless Solar Telescope and Hida Observatory 6.4.5 Solar Activity Telescopes 6.5 Radio Observations 6.5.1 Early Radio Observations 6.5.2 Nobeyama Radio Observatory and Molecular Clouds 6.5.3 Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory 6.5.4 Millimeter-Wave Telescopes of Nagoya University 6.5.5 VSOP and Vera Projects 6.6 Space Observations and High-Energy Astrophysics 6.6.1 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and Scientific Satellites 6.6.2 Oda Minoru and X-Ray Astronomy 6.6.3 X-Ray and γ-Ray Observations 6.6.4 Kamiokande and Cosmic Neutrinos 6.7 Development of Computer References Chapter 7: Postwar Development of Astrophysics, 1946-2000 (Part II: Astrophysics) 7.1 Development of Astrophysics 7.2 Structure and Evolution of Stars 7.2.1 Life and Works of Hayashi Chushiro 7.2.2 Chemical Evolution in Early Universe 7.2.3 Stellar Evolution 7.2.3.1 Evolution of Protostars (Hayashi 1966) 7.2.3.2 Stellar Evolution in Advanced Stage 7.2.3.3 Formation of Planets 7.3 Variable Stars 7.3.1 Stars of Radial Pulsation 7.3.2 Nonradial Oscillations of Stars 7.3.3 Helioseismology and Internal Structure of Sun 7.3.4 Novae, Dwarf Novae 7.3.5 Supernovae 7.4 Solar Physics 7.4.1 Solar Physics in Tokyo 7.4.2 Solar Physics in Kyoto 7.4.3 Development of Solar Physics 7.4.4 Magnetic Reconnection 7.5 Stellar Physics 7.5.1 Physics of Early- and Late-Type Stars 7.5.1.1 Early-Type Stars 7.5.1.2 Late-Type Stars 7.5.2 Close Binaries 7.5.3 Emission-Line Stars 7.5.3.1 Be Stars 7.5.3.2 Symbiotic Stars 7.5.4 Compact Stars 7.5.4.1 White Dwarf Stars 7.5.4.2 Neutron Stars 7.5.4.3 Stellar Black Holes 7.6 Celestial Mechanism 7.6.1 Kozai and Celestial Mechanism 7.6.1.1 Life and Works 7.6.1.2 Kozai ́s Equations and Kozai-Lidov Mechanism 7.6.2 Development of Perturbation Theory 7.7 The Galaxy 7.7.1 Stellar System of the Galaxy 7.7.2 Spiral Arm and Magnetic Field 7.7.3 Interstellar Medium 7.7.3.1 HII Regions 7.7.3.2 Supernova Remnants 7.7.4 Star-Forming Regions 7.7.4.1 The Orion Star-Forming Regions 7.7.4.2 Giant Molecular Clouds and Dark Nebulae 7.7.5 The Galactic Center 7.7.5.1 Expanding Rings 7.7.5.2 Radio Lobe and Radio Arc 7.7.5.3 X-Ray Structure 7.7.5.4 Central Black Hole 7.8 Galaxies 7.8.1 Observations in Early Postwar Phase 7.8.2 Normal Galaxies 7.8.2.1 Andromeda Galaxy (M31) 7.8.2.2 Edge-on Galaxies 7.8.3 Seyfert Galaxies 7.9 Cosmology 7.9.1 Nariai and Cosmology 7.9.2 Development of Cosmology 7.10 Theoretical Astrophysics 7.10.1 Age of Cosmic Gas Dynamics 7.10.2 Unno Wasaburo and Theoretical Astrophysics 7.10.2.1 Planetary Nebulae 7.10.2.2 Solar Physics 7.10.2.3 Stellar Physics 7.10.3 Development of Theoretical Astrophysics 7.10.3.1 Accretion Disks and Jets 7.10.3.2 Molecular Clouds and Star Formation 7.10.3.3 Globular Clusters and Galaxies 7.10.3.4 Disk Galaxies References Chapter 8: Education and Popularization of Astronomy, 1946-2010 8.1 Astronomy Education 8.1.1 Course of Study 8.1.1.1 Education Based on Course of Study 8.1.1.2 Problems in the Course of Study 8.1.1.3 Progress in Astronomy Education 8.1.2 Astronomy Education in Universities 8.1.2.1 General Education 8.1.2.2 Technical Education 8.2 Popularization of Astronomy 8.2.1 Planetariums and Science Museums 8.2.2 Public Astronomical Observatories References Appendix: The Rise of Astrophysics in Western Countries Development of Spectroscopy Structure and Evolution of Stars Sky Survey and the Galaxy References Name Index Subject Index Index of Telescope Index of Research Institute Index of Scientific Satellites and Space Explorers Index of Celestial Objects