هیپopotام‌های ترویا: چرا هومر هرگز دربارهٔ یک اسب صحبت نکرد

The Hippos of Troy: Why Homer Never Talked About a Horse deals with one of the most famous episodes of the whole of Classical mythology, the Wooden Horse of Troy. Thanks to the analysis of words, images and wrecks, the author proposes a new interpretation of what Homer actually intended when he spoke of the hippos used by the Greeks to conquer the city of Troy. The archaeological, iconographic and philological evidence discussed by the author leads to the conclusion that Homer never talked about a giant wooden horse, nor a war machine. In fact, Homer referred to the use of a particular ship type, a merchant ship of Levantine origin in use in the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Mediterranean, used to pay tribute to Levantine kings, as well as to trade precious metal around the Mediterranean coast. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright Page 4 Contents Page 5 Aknowledgements 7 Preface 8 Introduction 9 Figure 1. The archaeological site of Hissarlik/Troy - plan. 12 Archaeology at Troy 12 Figure 2. The archaeological site of Hissarlik/Troy – section. 13 Was it a horse? 15 The Naval Dimension of Homer 17 The nautical dimension of the Homeric world 18 Figure 3. Iconography of the first Mycenaean galleys of the Mycenaean/Achaean group as defined by Shelley Wachsmann: the Kynos Ship, Late Helladic IIIC. 19 Figure 6. The ship depicted on the Middle Helladic fragment from Volos. 20 Figure 5. Image of early Greek warships with two banks of oarsmen. 20 Figure 4. Image of a ‘ship of fifty oars’ from a Greek vase of the end of the 8th Century BC. 20 Figure 7. The ship depicted on the Late Helladic IIIC pyxis from the Tragana Tholos Tomb. 22 Figure 9. Geometric hulls from Greek potteries. 22 Figure 8. The ship depicted on the Cretan clay sarcophagus of Gazi. 22 Homer as a source for naval archaeology 27 The naval context of the Homeric narration of the last night of Troy 30 The Wooden Horse in Ancient Texts 34 The original version of the δουρατέος ἵππος of Troy: Homer 36 Structural elements of the δουρατέος ἵππος of Troy: Vergil 43 The Wooden Horse of Troy in Classical Art 47 The iconography of the wooden horse in ancient Greece 49 Figure 10. The Trojan Horse of the Boeotian bronze fibula – 700 BC. 50 Figure 11. The Trojan Horse engraved on the Pithos of Mykonos – 675 BC. 50 Figure 12. The Trojan Horse depicted on the Aryballos found at Caere – 560 BC. 52 Figure 14. The Carnelian scarab with the Trojan horse from Populonia. 54 Figure 13. The Trojan Horse of the black-figured vase found at Orbetello – around 550 BC. 54 Figure 15. The red-figured Attic cup of the Pittore della Fonderia – 480 BC. 54 Figure 16. Homeric bowl with the Trojan Horse – 3rd–2nd century BC. 57 The iconography of the wooden horse in Rome 59 Figure 18. The second representation of the Trojan Horse on the Tabula Iliaca Capitolina – 1st century BC. 60 Figure 17. The first representation of the Trojan Horse on the Tabula Iliaca Capitolina – 1st century BC. 60 Figure 20. The Trojan Horse on the painting by Tiepolo. 63 Figure 19. The Trojan Horse painted on the fresco of the House of Menandrus at Pompeii - 1st century AD. 63 Figure 21. The reproduction of the Trojan Horse created for the movie Troy, now at Cannakale. 65 Figure 22. The Trojan Horse on the Codex Virgilius Romanus, 5th century AD. 66 The Hippos Ships in the Ancient Mediterranean 68 Textual evidence of the ἵππος ship 71 Iconography of the ἵππος ship 75 Figure 23. The Balawat Gate. Reconstruction at the British Museum. 76 Figure 24. One of the Band of the Gate with the hippos ships – 859 BC. 77 Figure 25. The second Band of the Gate with the hippos ships – 859 BC. 77 Figure 26. The relief of the Palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad – 705 BC. 79 Figure 27. Hippos ship of the Khorsabad Relief. 80 Figure 28. Hippos ship of the Khorsabad Relief. 80 Figure 29. Relief of Ashurbanirpal III at Kuyunijk. Hippos ship. 669-626 BC. 82 Figure 30. A hippos ship depicted on a Hebrew seal of the 8-7th centuries now in a private collection. 84 Figure 31. The vase in form of hippos ship found in the site of El-Carrambolo. 85 Figure 32. The gem of the Aliseda Treasure with a hippos ship. 86 Direct evidence of the ἵππος ship 88 The ἵππος ship and the Trojan War 95 Why Homer Never Talked About a Horse 97 Homer’s words in their proper context 98 The deception planned by Athena Pallas 101 From the ship to the wooden horse of Troy 108 Bibliography 110 Ancient authors 119 Back cover 121 Trojan horse,wooden horse,Hyppos ship,Troy,Homer