The Hieratic Ritual Books of Pawerem (P. BM EA 10252 and P. BM EA 10081) from the Late 4th Century BC: Part 1 and Part 2

This monograph constitutes the first edition of the ritual texts preserved on two papyri now in the British Museum, namely EA 10252 and 10081, which are both of Theban origin. A scribal note on EA 10252 provides the date 307/6 BC. With an impressive length of 750 cm (50 preserved columns of text) for EA 10252, and 450 cm (37 columns) for EA 10081, these two documents comprise a total of no less than 15 different compositions. These are inscribed in hieratic and were later on glossed in hieratic as well as demotic, with a total of at least four different scribal hands attested on the documents. Originally, the two papyri formed one consecutive roll. The texts preserved on it can be connected to the Khoiak festival, the most important celebration of Osiris. At some point around 300 BC, this manuscript was adapted by the private individual Pawerem for his own benefit in the afterlife. In this book, the papyri are edited and published as an integral whole, with the omission of the so-called Glorifications I, II, and III in the edition. Along with the hieroglyphic transcription, transliteration, translation, and line-to-line commentary, overall questions are answered. These deal with the acquisition of the papyri, their material aspects, date and provenance, the layout of the texts, the different hands and scribal divisions attested on them, their later owner Pawerem, the details known about him and his connection to the papyri, a discussion of the content and context of the compositions, their grammar and orthography as well as an investigation of the translations and glosses. Furthermore, a palaeography, full photographic documentation, and synopses are provided. Cover Titel Imprint Contents Acknowledgements Preface by Mark Smith 1. Introduction and Aim of this Edition 2. Acquisition and Research History of P. BM EA 10252 and P. BM EA 10081 3. Description of P. BM EA 10252 and P. BM EA 10081 3.1 P. BM EA 10252 3.1.1 Quality of the Material and Ancient Restorations 3.2 P. BM EA 10081 Table 1: Divisions of the Columns on the Frames and Measurements of the Sections P. BM EA 10252 P. BM EA 10081 Table 2: Disposition of Joins P. BM EA 10252 P. BM EA 10081 4. Layout 4.1 P. BM EA 10252 4.1.1 Inter-columnar Lines 4.2 P. BM EA 10081 4.2.1 Inter-columnar Lines 4.3 General Remarks and Concluding Observations Table 1: Use of Inter-columnar Lines P. BM EA 10252 P. BM EA 10081 5. Description of Writing and Number of Scribes 5.1 Scribes of the Main Body 5.2 Scribes of the Glosses 5.2.1 P. BM EA 10252 5.2.2 P. BM EA 10081 5.3 Summary of the Results 5.4 Excursus Scribe 2 6. The Date and Original Usage of the Papyri 6.1 The Colophon 6.1.1 Translation and Commentary 6.1.2 What Does the Colophon Actually Date? 6.2 Original Use of P. BM EA 10252 and 10081 6.2.1 Textual and Material/Physical Indicators for a Temple Manuscript 6.2.2 The Length of the Papyri as a Criterion for Their Use 6.2.3 Blank Spaces and Gmj-wš-notes 6.2.4 Use of the Manuscripts for the Purpose of Education 6.3 Connection Between P. BM EA 10252 and 10081 6.4 Summary of the Results 7. The Later Owner of P. BM EA 10252 and P. BM EA 10081 and His Prosopographic Data 7.1 Pawerem, His Name, His Titles, and His Relatives 7.2 Adapting Osirian Liturgies for Funerary Use: Timeframe and Reasons 7.3 Pawerem’s Adaptation of P. BM EA 10252 and 10081 7.3.1 The Date/Time for Pawerem’s Adaptation 7.3.2 Personal Reasons for the Adaptation? 7.3.3 Pawerem’s Name Insertions 7.4 Name, Titles, and Parents of Pawerem on Other Objects 7.4.1 P. BM EA 10288 and P. Oxford 1970.807 7.4.2 P. BM EA 10332 + P. Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Egypt.d.8 (P) + P. Liverpool World Art Museum M11190 7.4.3 P. Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen II 7.4.4 Hypocephalus Stockholm MME 1977:6 7.4.5 Statue Cairo R.T. 18/12/28/13 + 18/12/28/16 7.4.6 Miniature Coffin Louvre E 18918 (MG E1409 7.5 Summary of the Results 8. Provenance of P. BM EA 10252 and P. BM EA 10081 9. Titles, Contents, and Structure of the Papyri 9.1 The Spells against Enemies (P. BM 10252, col. 1–2) 9.1.1 Context of Usage 9.2 The Interpretations of the Secrets of the Ritual of Driving Away the Aggressor (P. BM 10252, col. 3–12) 9.3 The Ritual for Felling Seth and His Confederates (P. BM 10252, col. 13–18,27) 9.4 Another Book (for Felling Seth and His Confederates) (P. BM 10252, col. 18,28–19,23) 9.5 Observations on the Three Anti-Seth Texts 9.6 The Ritual for Bringing Sokar out of the Shrine (P. BM 10252, col. 20–21) 9.6.1 Situation Within the Events of the Khoiak-festival 9.7 The Book of Protecting the Neshmet-bark (P. BM 10252, col. 22–23) 9.7.1 Situation Within the Events of the Khoiak-festival 9.8 The Great Ceremonies (P. BM 10252, col. 24–35) 9.8.1 The Great Ceremonies and Their Position Within the Khoiak-mysteries 9.8.1.1 The Dendera Inscription 9.8.1.1.1 Actors 9.8.1.1.2 The Vignettes of the Mysteries 9.8.1.1.3 Textual Parallels 9.8.1.1.4 Overall Connection of the Dendera-Khoiak-text and the Great Ceremonies 9.8.1.2 The Osiris-catacombs in the Temple of Karnak 9.8.1.3 The Figure of Chontamenti in P. Salt 825 9.8.1.4 Concluding Observations 9.9 Introducing the Multitude on the Last Day of Tekh (P. BM 10081, col. 8–15) 9.9.1 Situation Within the Events of the Khoiak-festival? 9.10 The Great Book of [Completing(?)] the Festivals of the Destruction of Enemies (P. BM 10081, col. 33–34,23) 9.11 Book of the Dead Spell 175 (P. BM 10081, col. 34,24–36,20) 9.12 The Sealing of the Mouth of the Enemies and Sealing of the Abattoir (P. BM 10081, col. 36,21–37,12) 9.13 Spell of the Words of the Butcher (P. BM 10081, col. 37,13–31) 9.14 Concluding Observations for the Great Book of [Completing(?)] the Festivals of the Destruction of Enemies and Its Context of Usage 9.15 Conclusion Table 1: Summary Table of the Great Ceremonies and the Khoiak-festival 10. Grammar and Orthography 10.1 Grammar 10.1.1 Spells against Enemies (P. BM 10252, col. 1–2) 10.1.2 Interpretations of the Secrets (P. BM 10252, col. 3–12) 10.1.3 Book of Felling Seth (P. BM 10252, col. 13–18,27) 10.1.4 Second Book of Felling Seth (P. BM 10252, col. 18,28–19,22) 10.1.5 Colophon (P. BM 10252, col. 19,23–34) 10.1.6 Book of Protecting the Neshmet-bark (P. BM 10252, col. 22–23) 10.1.7 Great Ceremonies (P. BM 10252, col. 24–35) 10.1.7.1 Glosses 10.1.8 Introducing the Multitude (P. BM 10081, col. 8–15) 10.1.9 Festivals of the Destruction of Enemies (P. BM 10081, col. 33–34,23) 10.1.10 Book of the Dead Spell 175 (P. BM 10081, col. 34,24–36,20) 10.1.11 Sealing of the Mouth of the Enemies and Spell of the Words of the Butcher (P. BM 10082, col. 36,21–37,14 and 37,15–31) 10.1.12 Pawerem’s Name Insertions 10.1.13 Grammatical Observations 10.2 Orthography 10.2.1 List of Orthographic Characteristics in the ‚Great Ceremonies‘ and the ‚Introducing the Multitude‘ 10.2.2 Unusual Orthographies in the Remaining Texts 10.2.3 General Hieratic Orthographical and Palaeographical Remarks 10.2.4 Concluding Orthographic Observations 11. Translations, Glosses, and Annotations 11.1 The Interpretations of the Secrets of the Ritual of Driving Away the Aggressor 11.2 The Great Ceremonies of Geb 11.2.1 The Author of the Glosses 11.2.2 Col. 24–29 and 30v 11.2.3 Col. 30–34 11.2.4 Col. 35 11.3 P. BM EA 10081 11.3.1 The Author(s) of the Glosses 11.3.2 Introducing the Multitude 11.4 Texts on P. BM EA 10252 That Were Originally Intended for a Translation? 11.5 General Observations and Concluding Discussion 11.6 Characteristics of the Annotation 11.6.1 Separation of Sentences 11.6.2 Deletion Mark 11.6.3 Insertion Mark 11.6.4 Separation of Original and Translation or Commentary 11.6.5 ‘Ditto’-sign 11.6.6 Verse-points/Structuring Points Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 12. Excursus I 12.1 Formulas 12.2 Summary of the Components and Actions 12.3 Archaeological Evidence 13. Concluding Observations and Future Issues 14. Conventions of the Present Edition 15. Transliteration, Translation, and Commentary of the Texts of P. BM EA 10252 15.1 Spells against Enemies (col. 1–2) 15.2 The Interpretation of the Secrets of the Ritual of Driving Away the Aggressor (col. 3–12) 15.3 Ritual for Felling Seth and His Confederates (col. 13–18,27) 15.4 Another Book (for Felling Seth and His Confederates) (col. 18,28–19,23) 15.5 Ritual for Bringing Sokar out of the Shrine (col. 20–21) 15.6 Book of Protecting the Neshmet-bark (col. 22–23) 15.7 The Great Ceremonies of Geb (col. 24–35) 16. Transliteration, Translation, and Commentary of the Texts of P. BM EA 10081 16.1 Introducing the Multitude on the Last Day of Tekh (col. 8–15) 16.2 The Great Book of [Completing(?)] the Festivals of the Destruction of Enemies (col. 33–34,23) 16.3 Book of the Dead Spell 175 (col. 34,34–36,20) 16.4 The Sealing of the Mouth of the Enemies (and) Sealing of the Abattoir (col. 36,21–37,12) 16.5 Spell of the Words of the Butcher (col. 37,13–37,31) 17. Bibliography 18. Indices 19. Layout Drawings 19.1 P. BM EA 10252 19.2 P. BM EA 10081 20. Palaeography 21. Plates and Hieroglyphic Transcriptions 22. Plates of Reconstructions, Parallels, and Additional Objects 23. Synopses 23.1 Another Book (for Felling Seth and His Confederates) 23.2 Ritual for Bringing Sokar out of the Shrine 23.3 Book of Protecting the Neshmet-bark 23.4 The Great Ceremonies of Geb 23.5 Introducing the Multitude on the Last Day of Tekh 23.6 Great Book of [Completing(?)] the Festivals of the Destruction of Enemies This monograph constitutes the first edition of the ritual texts preserved on two papyri now in the British Museum, namely EA 10252 and 10081, which are both of Theban origin. A scribal note on EA 10252 provides the date 307/6 BC. With an impressive length of 750 cm (50 preserved columns of text) for EA 10252, and 450 cm (37 columns) for EA 10081, these two documents comprise a total of no less than 15 different compositions. These are inscribed in hieratic and were later on glossed in hieratic as well as demotic, with a total of at least four different scribal hands attested on the documents. Originally, the two papyri formed one consecutive roll. The texts preserved on it can be connected to the Khoiak festival, the most important celebration of Osiris. At some point around 300 BC, this manuscript was adapted by the private individual Pawerem for his own benefit in the afterlife.0In this book, the papyri are edited and published as an integral whole, with the omission of the so-called Glorifications I, II, and III in the edition. Along with the hieroglyphic transcription, transliteration, translation, and line-to-line commentary, overall questions are answered. These deal with the acquisition of the papyri, their material aspects, date and provenance, the layout of the texts, the different hands and scribal divisions attested on them, their later owner Pawerem, the details known about him and his connection to the papyri, a discussion of the content and context of the compositions, their grammar and orthography as well as an investigation of the translations and glosses. Furthermore, a palaeography, full photographic documentation, and synopses are provided