The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics)

The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics is the first edited volume to provide a comprehensive, authoritative, and interdisciplinary view of usage-based theory in linguistics. Contributions by an international team of established and emerging scholars discuss the application of used-based approaches in phonology, morphosyntax, psycholinguistics, language variation and change, language development, cognitive linguistics, and other subfields of linguistics. Unprecedented in depth and scope, this groundbreaking work of scholarship addresses all major theoretical and methodological aspects of usage-based linguistics while offering diverse perspectives and key insights into theory, history, and methodology. Throughout the text, in-depth essays explore up-to-date methodologies, emerging approaches, new technologies, and cutting-edge research in usage-based linguistics in many languages and subdisciplines. Topics include used-based approaches to subfields such as anthropological linguistics, computational linguistics, statistical analysis, and corpus linguistics. Covering the conceptual foundations, historical development, and future directions of usage-based theory, The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics is a must-have reference work for advanced students and scholars in anthropological linguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, corpora analysis, and other subfields of linguistics. Introduction: Current Developments in Usage-Based Theory ch1 Chapter 1 What Is Usage‐Based Linguistics? Introduction Background Precursors to Usage‐Based Theory The usage‐based perspective Current approaches Rich memory Exemplars organized into networks Construction Grammar and Usage‐Based Theory Frequency effects and frequency in context Grammaticalization and morphosyntactic change Pending issues Final remarks References ch2 Introduction Background Before cognitive semantics The emergence of cognitive semantics Meaningful grammar Meaning is conceptual Usage‐based pragmatics Current approaches The empirical turn in cognitive semantics Data‐driven cognitive semantics From cognitive pragmatics to usage‐based cognitive pragmatics Pending issues Beyond post‐Gricean pragmatics Integrating pragmatics into Construction Grammar Final remarks References ch3 Introduction A general comparison of approaches to morphosyntax: usage‐based and formalist Usage‐based approaches Formal approaches Summary Spanish subject personal pronoun expression Usage‐based approaches: the case of Spanish subject personal pronoun expression A generative approach to Spanish subject pronoun expression Final remarks Appendix A: Independent variables (factor groups) and their values used by Otheguy et al. (2007) References ch4 Introduction Background Corpus linguistics Psycholinguistics Variationist sociolinguistics Current approaches Frequency Association Recency Pending issues Beyond frequency and association Beyond priming Final remarks References ch5 Introduction Background The effects of token frequency in psycholinguistics The effects of accessibility on linguistic structure Type frequency and accessibility Token and type frequency effects on chunking Token frequency effects on articulation Type and token frequency effects on productivity Current approaches Pending issues Final remarks References ch6 Chapter 6 Phonetics, Phonology, and Usage‐Based Approaches Introduction Background Current approaches Phonetic variation and frequency effects in segmental units and clusters Speech rate, gestural timing, and the role of pragmatics Moving beyond the abstract segment Pending issues Corpus representativity Incorporating insights from cognitive linguistics Final remarks References ch7 Introduction Background Current approaches Models of categorization Usage‐based variables Pending issues Final remarks References ch8 Introduction Defining predictability Frequency Semantic predictability Discourse mention Predictability and phonetic and phonological variation Continuous variation Speech intelligibility Duration Spectral variation in vowels Discrete variation Current approaches Perceiver‐oriented models Producer‐oriented models Passive evolutionary models Pending issues Hybrid models Mismatch of levels Final remarks References ch9 Introduction Background The speech signal does not contain discrete units The combinatorial approach to language Problems with the phoneme account If not phonemes, perhaps some other unit? Current approaches Distributional models Exemplar theory Adaptive Resonance Theory Discriminative learning Sequential models of word recognition Pending issues Final remarks Acknowledgments References ch10 Introduction Lexicalized contextual conditioning effects Contextual conditioning Cumulative calculations Estimating contexts of use Current approaches Pending issues Final remarks References ch11 Chapter 11 The Role of Frequency in Morphosyntactic Variation Introduction Previous literature Morphosyntactic applications of frequency Pluralization of haber Subjunctive variation Spanish verbs of being/becoming Subject pronoun expression in Spanish and Portuguese Anaphoric direct objects in Spanish and Portuguese Final remarks References ch12 Introduction The origins and motivation of Construction Grammar The core tenets of Construction Grammar Tenet 1: Grammar consists of pairings of form with meaning, i.e., constructions Tenet 2: Constructions can be defined at any level of complexity and generality Usage‐based Construction Grammar Final remarks References ch13 Introduction Background The case of haber + PP as an example of grammaticalization Current approaches The variationist comparative method and ongoing evolution of haber + participle Pending issues Final remarks References ch14 Introduction Background Current approaches New developments and challenges Final remarks References ch15 Introduction Background Cognitive‐functional origins Additional constructs relevant to usage‐based approaches Compatibility with corpus research and its increasing scale and sophisticated tools Current approaches Examples of widely used corpora Usage‐based factors Pending issues Final remarks References ch16 Introduction Background Holophrase stage Pivot schemas stage Item‐based construction stage Abstract constructions stage The particular case of French liaison acquisition The liaison phenomenon Liaison acquisition Pending issues Final remarks References ch17 Chapter 17 Using Computational Cognitive Modeling in Usage‐Based Linguistics Introduction Background “Meaning is use.” Or is it? Objectivist/subjective tension Current approaches The practical: borrowing power and methods The compatible: borrowing and inspiring models An interdisciplinary take on emergence Final remarks References ch18 Introduction Token frequency and the retrieval of prefabs Relative frequency: transitional probability, mutual information, and mutual dependency Final remarks References ch19 Introduction Background Usage‐based approaches to second languages Pending issues Final remarks References ch20 Introduction Background Current approaches Exemplar theory and frequency Language use in bilingual settings Code‐switching Pending issues Final remarks References ch21 Introduction Usage‐based approaches to child language The effects of frequency and saliency on minority language acquisition Frequency effects in Navajo, ASL, and US Spanish child language The effect of saliency in Navajo, ASL, and US Spanish Pending issues Final remarks References ch22 Introduction Three theoretical commitments of usage‐based approaches Usage and the organization of language The interplay of linguistic and other cognitive functions Constructions: items, rules, and everything in between The theoretical tenets combined Types and symptoms of aphasia Beyond classification: variability, idiosyncrasy, and domain‐generality in aphasia Usage‐based approaches to aphasia Gradience from “typical” to pathological Frequency sensitivity Frequency sensitivity: beyond words Item‐based islands of spared ability Accounting for non‐gradient effects Extension to other disorders besides aphasia Stuttering Some avenues for future research Naturalistic usage in diagnosis and intervention “Chunking” and intervention Inventory of islands The role of aphasia type Interplay of language and speech Recovery and entrenchment Final remarks Acknowledgments References ch23 Chapter 23 Computational Resources for Handling Sociolinguistic Corpora Introduction Corpora in Corpus/Computational Linguistics and Sociolinguistics The workflow of variationist studies Data collection and compilation Data standardization Data annotation and extraction Pending issues Final remarks References ch24 Introduction The Invited Inference Theory for Semantic Change The creation of adversative connectives in Romance languages Subjectification and intersubjectification The creation of discourse markers Quantifying subjectification The diachrony of negation Final remarks References ch25 Introduction The nature of phonological representations The network model Frequency effects on sound changes Case studies Sibilant‐affricate sequences Vowel alternation in irregular verbs [ãw]‐reduction Final remarks References ch26 Chapter 26 The Future of Usage‐Based Approaches Introduction Background Current approaches Usage‐based approaches and frequency Usage‐based approaches and metalinguistic categories Pending issues Usage‐based studies and frequency Usage‐based approaches and metalinguistic categories Final remarks References ch27 Introduction Overview of variability Variability in variability: Findings The own‐dialect advantage in Uniform‐Input listeners Differences in robustness of representations Differences in commitment (activation/inhibition) Differences in the use of contextual information Implications of these findings for theory Future directions Exposure to unstructured vs. structured variation The role of attention and encoding The amount of speech someone hears Causal reasoning Final remarks References ch28 Introduction Contrasting theoretical frameworks Current usage‐based sociolinguistics Lexical frequency Type frequency Context effects on frequency Collocations Pending issues Frequency measures Interdisciplinary collaboration Social factors affecting cognitive representations of grammar Final remarks References ch29 Introduction Background Current approaches Storage Abstractions Acquisition Bilingualism and multilingualism Extralinguistic information Criticisms of exemplar theory Pending issues Final remarks References ch30 Introduction Previous literature The narrative present Priming Narrative structure, discourse grounding, and lexical semantics Background The narrative present Priming effects Current approaches Priming as an important factor in language variation Pending issues Final remarks References ch31 Introduction Background Current approaches Frequency of (co‐)occurrence and association Predictive modeling Exploratory tools Pending issues Frequency of (co‐)occurrence and association Predictive modeling Exploratory tools Uncertainty in the data Final remarks References index "The last thirty years has seen usage-based theories of language development and acquisition -- a field of study that has grown out of advances in cognitive linguistics and corpora analysis--dramatically disrupt traditional beliefs about universal grammar. Asserting that grammar emerges from our cognitive responses to our experiences with language, usage-based language study employs data derived from interdisciplinary studies including sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, experimental linguistics, corpora studies, and language acquisition studies to build a compelling case that grammars must be considered within broad contexts in order to be analysed successfully. The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics stands as the first volume of its kind, offering a ground-breaking and interdisciplinary view of the application of usage-based theory to the study of language and linguistics. In six sections covering the development and history of the field, the application of usage-based theory to fields such as phonology, morphosyntax, psycholinguistics, and language variation and change, and the future of usage-based linguistics, this volume brings together work that offers insights into usage-based theory in many languages and disciplines. Essays in this work come from an international group of established and emerging scholars in the field of usage-based theory who offer diverse perspectives on theory, history, and methodology. This work offers a unique and dedicated examination of the contributions of usage-based theory to linguistics and language study. For students and scholars in linguistics -- especially those in psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, corpora analysis, and Hispanic linguistics -- this work is certain to become an essential reference work for this exciting emerging area of research"-- Provided by publisher