The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management - Irrigation Case Studies

Ever-increasing population growth has caused a proportional increased demand for water, and existing water sources are depleting day by day. Moreover, with the impact of climate change, the rates of rainfall in many regions have experienced a higher degree of variability. In many cities, government utilities have been struggling to maintain sufficient water for the residents and other users. The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management: Irrigation Methods examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The continuum science of irrigation hydrology includes the surface, subsurface (unsaturated and groundwater systems), atmospheric, and plant subsystems. Further, the book addresses the best practices for various types of irrigation methods including pressure, smart, surface, and subsurface, and presents solutions for water scarcity and soil salinity in irrigation.Features: Offers water-saving strategies to increase the judicious use of scarce water resources Presents strategies to maximize agricultural yield per unit of water used for different regions Compares irrigation methods to offset changing weather patterns and impacts of climate change Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Section I: Australian Experiences 1 Irrigation Developments in Australia: Historical Development of Irrigation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Water Resources in Australia 1.3 Sources of Water Surface Waters Groundwaters Alternative Water Sources Conjunctive Use of Water Resources 1.4 Water Security Recent Impacts of Global Heating Importance of Water Security 1.5 Historical Development of Irrigation in Australia Irrigation Schemes in the Late 19th Century The Basin States Large-Scale Irrigation Developments during the 20th Century 1.6 Irrigation for the 21st Century The Murray–Darling Basin Managing Irrigation as a Complex System Irrigation Mosaics 1.7 Channelling Irrigation Research–Irrigation System Harmonisation 1.8 Conclusions Notes References 2 Irrigation Developments in Australia: Irrigation and Agricultural Production 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Irrigation and Agricultural Production Agricultural Production 2.3 Managing the Water–Governance and Legislation Parallel Developments in Water Governance Realisation of a National Water Policy A National Plan for Water Security (NPWS) 2.4 Northern Australia: Is this the Last Large-Scale New Irrigation Opportunity? Northern Australia Sustainable Yields (NASY) Assessments Developing Northern Australia: A Policy Perspective Assessment of Irrigation Potential in the North Cooperative Research and Investment 2.5 The Future of Irrigation in Australia 2.6 Learning from the Past to Create a Sustainable Irrigation Future 2.7 Conclusions Notes References 3 Optimisation of Twinged Stormwater Storage for Golf Course Irrigation: A Case Study in Sydney 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Methodology 3.3 Study Area and Data 3.4 Water Balance Modelling 3.5 Results Analysis 3.6 Conclusions References Section II: African Case Studies 4 Deficit Irrigation: A Review from Ethiopia 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Water Resources Development in Ethiopia 4.3 Common Irrigation Systems in Ethiopia 4.4 Economic Benefits of Irrigation 4.5 Irrigation Scheduling 4.6 Deficit Irrigation Principles The Need for Improving WP in Ethiopia Management and Adoption 4.7 Water Productivity and Yield of Major Irrigated Crops in Ethiopia Maize Potato Tomato Onion 4.8 Conclusions References 5 Investigating the Working Hydraulic Conditions of Gezira Two Main Canals in Sudan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Conveyance Capacity of Gezira Main Canals 5.3 Sediment Entering Gezira Canals 5.4 Results and Discussions 5.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 6 Plant Water Requirements and Evapotranspiration 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Performance of Irrigation Agriculture 6.3 Water and Irrigation Agriculture 6.4 Coping with Problems of Water Supply in Smallholder Irrigation Schemes 6.5 Irrigation Water Supply and Demand 6.6 Modelling Crop Water Requirements Using the CROPWAT Model 6.7 Case Study: Nyanyadzi Smallholder Irrigation Scheme in Zimbabwe Physiography Climate 6.8 Scheme Design Efficiency, Irrigation Water Supply and Management 6.9 Cropping Patterns 6.10 Block C Irrigation Water Supply and Demand Contribution of River Flow towards Block C Water Supply Block C Irrigation Water Demand Bean Crop Yields and Crop Water Requirements Wheat Crop Yields and Crop Water Requirements 6.11 Conclusions References 7 Irrigation Practices in Moderately Warm Arid Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Concept of Irrigation 7.3 Types of Irrigation 7.4 The Surface Irrigation 7.5 Basin Irrigation 7.6 Furrow Irrigation 7.7 Border Irrigation 7.8 Sprinkler Irrigation 7.9 Drip Irrigation 7.10 Irrigation Systems in SSA 7.11 Irrigation Practices in Ethiopia 7.12 Irrigation Practices in Kenya 7.13 Irrigation Practices in Nigeria 7.14 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 8 Choosing the Proper Smart Irrigation Technique in Temperate Semi-Arid Zones 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Automated Irrigation Biological Greenhouses Agriculture (System I) General System I Architecture Irrigation WSN Deployment and Management Evaluation Performance Results 8.3 Smart Irrigation Biological Plantation Agriculture System (System II) General Irrigation WSSN Architecture and Deployment Smart Irrigation and Other Irrigation Systems: Analytical Foundations—Management and Optimization 8.4 Advanced IoT for Smart Irrigation 8.5 Results 8.6 Discussions 8.7 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Section III: Chinese Irrigation History 9 History of Irrigation in China: Schedule and Method Development 9.1 Introduction Irrigation and Nature Irrigation and Society Irrigation and Civilization 9.2 Irrigation Project Dujiangyan Zhengguo Canal Water-Saving Irrigation 9.3 Irrigation Science and Technology Inventions Development of Irrigation Science in China Invention and Creation of Irrigation Technology 9.4 Irrigation Management Irrigation Management Regulations Irrigation Management Agency 9.5 Irrigation Schedule and Method Development 9.6 Irrigation Education 9.7 Conclusions References 10 History of Irrigation in China: Legislations and Farmer’s Incentives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Irrigation Development: Current and Past Chinese Grand Canal 10.3 Irrigation Water Management and Legislations 10.4 Farmer’s Incentives 10.5 Prospects for Irrigation Water 10.6 Conclusions References Section IV: American and European Irrigation Developments 11 Irrigation Water Use in the United States 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Irrigated Acreage and Water Use in the United States 11.3 Groundwater Use for Irrigation 11.4 Surface Water Use for Irrigation 11.5 Irrigation Water Use and Climate Change 11.6 Water Footprint and Irrigation Water Use 11.7 Smart Irrigation Water Use 11.8 Conclusions References 12 Irrigation Developments in Brazil 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Agriculture in Brazil 12.3 Irrigation History in Brazil 12.4 WUE in Brazilian Agriculture 12.5 Potential for Expansion of Irrigated Agriculture 12.6 Distribution of Irrigation Methods 12.7 Advances in the Management of Irrigated Agriculture 12.8 UAVs, Drones and Satellites in Irrigation 12.9 Conclusions References 13 Irrigation Management in Romania 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Beginning of Irrigations in Romania from Ancient to Modern Times 13.3 Irrigation in Modern Romanian State (Since 1918 Until Nowadays) 13.4 Brief Actual SWOT Analysis of Irrigation Systems in Romania 13.5 Irrigation within Sustainable Agricultural Water Management 13.6 Perspectives of Irrigation in Romania 13.7 Conclusions Note References Section V: Water Scarcity and Irrigation in India 14 Water Scarcity in India: An Evaluation Prior to Independence 14.1 Introduction Study Limitations 14.2 Water Management Systems in Ancient India 14.3 Irrigation Practices during Vedic Period Araghatta or the Persian Wheel 14.4 Irrigation Practices during Mauryan Period 14.5 Irrigation Facilities and Its Development in South India during Chola Period (850–1250) 14.6 Two Other Irrigation Systems of Ancient India ‘Phad’ System of Khandesh, North Maharashtra Overflow Irrigation System of Bhagalpur, Bihar 14.7 Irrigation Systems during Medieval India 14.8 Irrigation System during Colonial Era 14.9 Irrigation Systems of Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu: Representing Significantly Different Eivirons and Cultures 14.10 Irrigation Practices of Rajasthan 14.11 Traditional Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) Structures in Rural Rajasthan 14.12 Water Management in Jodhpur and Jaipur, Two Historic Cities of Rajasthan Jodhpur Jaipur 14.13 Rainfed-River-Rich Tamil Nadu 14.14 Temple Tanks of South India 14.15 Conclusions Notes References 15 Water Resources and Irrigation Practices of Contemporary India 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Surface Water 15.3 Groundwater 15.4 Water Availability and Future Water Demand 15.5 Suggested Remedial Measures Utilization of Floodwater Loss of Reservoir Storage Due to Sedimentation Flood Management 15.6 Water Quality Issues and Environmental Factors 15.7 Selected Irrigation Practices and Their Applications in India Surface Irrigation Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Smart Irrigation 15.8 Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resources 15.9 Irrigation Systems of Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu Groundwater Scenario of Rajasthan Pressure Irrigation System in Lift Schemes of IGNP Stage II SCADA System Overall Water Management Initiatives in Rajasthan Rain-Fed River-Based Irrigation System of Tamil Nadu Irrigation Potential in Tamil Nadu Water Crisis of Chennai 15.10 Conclusions References 16 Water Scarcity in India: Irrigation Practices Symbols 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Geographical Diversities in India 16.3 Demography and Water Resources in India Groundwater and Depletion 16.4 Climate and Water Scarcity 16.5 Irrigation Practices Historical Perspectives on Irrigation Systems in India Irrigation through Canals in India River Interlinking Irrigation by Group Wells Micro-Irrigation Integrated Watershed Management 16.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Section VI: Middle East Irrigation and Deficit Irrigation 17 Middle East and Origin of Irrigation 17.1 Introduction 17.2 History of Agriculture 17.3 The Middle East Civilizations Mesopotamian Civilization The Sumerian Kingdom The Akkadian Kingdom The Babylonian Kingdom The Assyrian Kingdom Hanging Gardens of Babylon 17.4 Water-Lifting Techniques 17.5 Field Irrigation Techniques 17.6 Indus Valley Civilization (Sindhu-Indus) 17.7 The Nile Valley Civilization 17.8 The Development of Field Irrigation Systems 17.9 Irrigation Engineering Before the Dynasties 17.10 Irrigation Engineering during the Era of Dynasties 17.11 Agriculture in Fayum Area 17.12 Persian Civilization 17.13 The Qantas System 17.14 The Dispersal of the Qantas System 17.15 Conclusions References 18 Deficit Irrigation and Partial Root-Zone Drying Irrigation System in Arid Area 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Crop Water Requirements 18.3 Crop Evapotranspiration (ET[sub(c)]) Pan Evaporation Lysimeter Method Relation between Pan Evaporation and Penman–Monteith ET[sub(c)] 18.4 Date Palm Water Requirement in the Experimental Sites Water Use Efficiency Water Use Efficiency (kg/m[sup(3)]), Yield (kg/ha) and Water Saving 18.5 Effect of Soil Amendments and DI on Tomato Yield Effect of Water Quality Water Use Efficiency 18.6 Partial Root-Zone Drying System (PRD) Water Requirement Yield of Sweet Pepper Water Use Efficiency of Bell Pepper 18.7 Crop Water Production Function 18.8 Water Use Efficiency and WP Open Field Greenhouse 18.9 Crop Yield Response Factor 18.10 Conclusions References 19 Paradigms Shaping the Adoption of Irrigation Technologies in Ghana 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Climatic and Agro-Ecological Settings of Ghana 19.3 Status of Irrigation Development in Ghana 19.4 Irrigation Policy and Water Governance in Ghana 19.5 Factors that Influence the Adoption of Irrigation Technologies in Ghana On-Farm Factors that Influence Adoption of Irrigation Technology in Ghana External Factors that Influence the Adoption of Irrigation Technology in Ghana 19.6 Water-Saving Agriculture to Diminish Irrigation’s Environmental Impact Deficit Irrigation Partial Root-Zone Drying Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Scheduling and Management for Schemes and Private Irrigators Cropping Systems and Cultural Practices 19.7 Prospects for Irrigation Development in Ghana Market Incentives, Subsidies and Access to Credit Research and Extension Irrigation-Based Innovation Platforms Public–Private Partnership 19.8 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 20 Over-Irrigation and Adverse Effects 20.1 Introduction 20.2 What Does the Over-Irrigation Mean? 20.3 Environmental and Socio-Economic Possible Impacts of Over-Irrigation 20.4 Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Over-Irrigation in the Aral Sea Basin Development of Irrigation Environmental and Socio-Economic Consequences of Irrigation 20.5 The Basic Ways to Reduce Adverse Effects of Over-Irrigation 20.6 Soil Degradation Due to Over-Irrigation 20.7 Conclusions References Index Ever-increasing population growth has caused a proportional increased demand for water, and existing water sources are depleting day by day. Moreover, with the impact of climate change, the rates of rainfall in many regions have experienced a higher degree of variability. In many cities, government utilities have been struggling to maintain sufficient water for the residents and other users. The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management: Irrigation Case Studies examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The continuum science of irrigation hydrology includes the surface, subsurface (unsaturated and groundwater systems), atmospheric, and plant subsystems. Further, the book includes practical case studies from around the world, including locations such as Africa, Australia, China, India, the Middle East, the United States, and more.Features: Offers water-saving strategies to increase the judicious use of scarce water resources Presents strategies to maximize agricultural yield per unit of water used for different regions Compares irrigation methods to offset changing weather patterns and impacts of climate change Ever-increasing population growth has caused a proportional increased demand for water, and existing water sources are depleting day by day. Moreover, with the impact of climate change, the rates of rainfall in many regions have experienced a higher degree of variability. In many cities, government utilities have been struggling to maintain sufficient water for the residents and other users. The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The continuum science of irrigation hydrology includes the surface, subsurface (unsaturated and groundwater systems), atmospheric, and plant subsystems. Further, the book includes coverage of environmental and economic impacts, water quality issues, water harvesting, satellite measurements for irrigation, and more. Features: Offers water-saving strategies to increase the judicious use of scarce water resources Presents strategies to maximize agricultural yield per unit of water used for different regions Compares irrigation methods to offset changing weather patterns and impacts of climate change "The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The book addresses the best practices for various types of irrigation methods including pressure, smart, surface and subsurface, and presents solutions for water scarcity and soil salinity in irrigation"-- Provided by publisher "The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The book includes practical case studies from around the world, including locations such as Africa, Australia, China, India, the Middle East, the United States, and more"-- Provided by publisher