The Handbook of Fatigue Management in Transportation : Waking Up to the Challenge

In the world of transportation, fatigue is a silent killer that can affect us all. Understanding fatigue, including how to manage it to minimise safety risk, is of great importance. However, while it is one thing to recognise that fatigue is a critical safety issue, it is quite another to set up a successful, scientifically informed fatigue risk management programme. This book is here to help. It has been carefully designed as a comprehensive reference point, bringing together international expertise from leaders in fatigue science, and showcasing valuable insights from transportation industry practitioners.The 40 authored chapters are divided into six sections, to better understand fatigue science, the consequences of fatigue in transportation, contributors to fatigue, managing fatigue and promoting alertness, real-world case studies of fatigue management in practice, and future perspectives. While it is possible to read each chapter in isolation, most will be gained by reading the book as a whole. Each chapter starts with an abstract overview and concludes with summary bullet points, creating a handy â••quick checkâ•• for key points.This accessible text is for those who are interested in supporting alert and safe transportation operations. It is suitable for professionals, transport managers, government advisors, policy makers, students, academics, and anyone who wants to learn more. All transport modes (road, rail, maritime and aviation) are considered. For anyone waking up to the complex challenge of fatigue management, this handbook is a must. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Contributors Foreword Acknowledgements Introduction References Section 1 Fatigue Science and Transportation 1.1 Toward a More Precise Definition of Fatigue 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Differentiating Fatigue From Other Concepts 1.1.3 Hypothetical Constructs and Intervening Variables 1.1.4 So What? 1.1.5 So, Why Bother Tightening Up the Definition of Fatigue? 1.1.6 The NATO Definition of Fatigue 1.1.7 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Acknowledgements Note References 1.2 Measuring Operator Fatigue and Sleepiness 1.2.1 Why Measurement of Fatigue in Transport Is Important 1.2.2 How VEHICLE Operator Fatigue Can Be Measured 1.2.3 Most Commonly Used Subjective Fatigue Rating Scales 1.2.4 Examples of Measuring Fatigue in TRANSPORTION 1.2.4.1 Examples of Field Studies 1.2.5 Knowledge Gaps 1.2.6 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 1.3 Challenges in Fatigue Research and Enforcement 1.3.1 Fatigue Or Sleepiness and Its Relationship With Countermeasure Effectiveness 1.3.1.1 Use of Crash Data to Inform Countermeasure Selection and Implementation 1.3.1.2 Choosing Effective Countermeasures 1.3.2 Inter– and Intra-Individual Differences in Sensitivity to Fatigue 1.3.3 Fatigue Study Challenges 1.3.4 Enforcement Challenges Summary Points for Practitioners References 1.4 The Effects of Fatigue On Performance in Transportation Operations 1.4.1 Introduction and Context 1.4.2 Effects of Fatigue On Performance 1.4.2.1 Microsleeps and Maintaining Wakefulness 1.4.2.2 Neurobehavioural Performance 1.4.2.3 Decision-Making Performance 1.4.2.4 Psychosocial Performance 1.4.3 Real-World Job Performance, Risk, and Safety 1.4.3.1 Association Between Fatigue and Poor Safety Outcomes 1.4.3.2 Compensatory Control, Performance Protection, and Fatigue Proofing 1.4.4 Summary and Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 1.5 A Practical Human Factors Method for Developing Successful Fatigue Countermeasures 1.5.1 Fatigue and Sleepiness: Two Interacting Components 1.5.2 Safety Critical Situations 1.5.3 Successful Countermeasure Selection 1.5.4 A Human Factors Approach to Developing Countermeasures to Fatigue/sleepiness 1.5.5 Case Study: London Bus Driver Fatigue 1.5.5.1 Context 1.5.5.2 Understand the Situation (Step 1) 1.5.5.3 Key Insights (Step 2) 1.5.5.4 Map Solutions to Problems (Step 3) 1.5.5.5 Implement Countermeasures and Review (Step 4) 1.5.6 Conclusion Summary Points for Practitioners References Section 2 Fatigue-Related Consequences in Transportation 2.1 Fatigue-Related Consequences On Road Crashes 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 How to Quantify the Role of Fatigue in Road Crashes? 2.1.2.1 Police Assessments 2.1.2.2 In-Depth Crash Investigations 2.1.2.3 Naturalistic Driving Studies 2.1.2.4 Surveys 2.1.2.5 In-Vehicle Monitoring Devices 2.1.3 What Is the Prevalence of Fatigued Driving? 2.1.4 How Big Is the Problem of Fatigue-Related Road Crashes? 2.1.4.1 Share of Fatigue-Related Road Crashes 2.1.4.2 Crash Risk When Driving Fatigued 2.1.4.3 Economic Impact 2.1.5.1 Crash Location 2.1.5.2 Time of Day 2.1.5.3 Type of Crash 2.1.5 What Are the Main Characteristics of Fatigue-Related Road Crashes? 2.1.6 Which Drivers Are Overrepresented in Fatigue-Related Road Crashes? 2.1.6.1 (Long-Distance) Truck Drivers 2.1.6.2 Shift Workers 2.1.6.3 Young Men 2.1.6.4 People With Untreated Sleep Disorders 2.1.6.5 Taxi Drivers 2.1.7 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Notes References 2.2 Fatigue Risk in Great Britain’s Railway Industry 2.2.1 Context 2.2.2 Extent of the Problem 2.2.3 Fatigue as a Factor in Incidents 2.2.4 Challenges and Future Work 2.2.4.1 Planned Working Patterns 2.2.4.2 Unplanned Changes to Working Patterns 2.2.4.3 Fitness for Duty and Fatigue Reporting 2.2.4.4 Education and Training 2.2.4.5 Using Data to Support Fatigue Risk Management 2.2.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Notes References 2.3 Awakening to the Challenge of Fatigue Management in Maritime Transportation 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.1.1 Background 2.3.2 The Shipboard Stressor Complex 2.3.3 Mission Requirements 2.3.4 Organisational Factors 2.3.4.1 Social Factors 2.3.4.2 Scheduling Considerations 2.3.5 Environmental Factors 2.3.6 Psychological Factors 2.3.7 Behavioural Factors 2.3.8 Biological Factors 2.3.9 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 2.4 Fatigue-Related Consequences in Aviation 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 More Than Just Falling Asleep at the Yoke 2.4.3 Learning From Near Misses 2.4.4 Fatigue Mitigation Strategies 2.4.4.1 Safety Programmes 2.4.4.2 Self-Reporting Fatigue 2.4.4.3 Health Screenings 2.4.4.4 Biomathematical Modelling 2.4.4.5 Fatigue Education 2.4.4.6 Technology-Based In-Vehicle Solutions 2.4.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Notes References 2.5 Telling the Story: How and Why Investigating for Fatigue Can Improve Safety in Transportation Operations 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 TSB Approach to Investigating for Fatigue 2.5.3 Challenges in Investigating Fatigue in Transportation Operations 2.5.3.1 Collecting Perishable Data 2.5.3.2 Limited Availability of Data 2.5.3.3 Cross-Modal Challenges 2.5.3.4 Challenges When Analysing Data and Drawing Conclusions 2.5.4 The “Stories” Behind the Occurrences: How Organisational Or Company Shift Scheduling Practices Contributed to Fatigue Risk 2.5.4.1 “Crack of Dawn”—The Risks of Very Early Morning Shifts and Backward-Rotating Shift Schedules 2.5.4.2 “Superhero”—Extended Wakefulness and the (Mistaken) Belief That the Effects of Fatigue Can Be Overcome By Personal Strength, Motivation, and Will 2.5.4.3 “Surprise”—The Consequences of Unpredictable Shift Scheduling Practices On Workers’ Health and Circadian Rhythm De-Synchronisation 2.5.4.4 “Perfect Storm”—Interaction Between Circadian Rhythm Timing and Unexpected Operational Delays 2.5.4.5 “Naptime”—Sleep Inertia and the Consequences of Mismanaged Controlled Rest 2.5.4.6 “All Or Nothing”—Chronic Sleep Disruption, Sleep Disorders, and the Potential Negative Interaction With Convenience-Based Shift Scheduling Systems 2.5.4.7 “Split Shift”—Schedules for “Captive” Employees and the Potential for Negative Interaction With Individual Factors 2.5.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Note References 2.6 Fatigue’s Effects On Occurrence Survivability 2.6.1 Introduction 2.6.2 Readiness to Detect and Prepare for an Imminent Emergency 2.6.3 Effects of Drugs and Alcohol On Survival Readiness 2.6.4 Emergency Performance 2.6.5 Surviving Until Rescue 2.6.6 Optimising Survival With an Integrated Approach to Emergency Fatigue Management 2.6.7 Conclusions Disclaimer Summary Points for Practitioners References 2.7 Regulatory and Legal Frameworks for Managing Fatigue in Transportation 2.7.1 Introduction and Context 2.7.2 The Evolution of Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Relating to Fatigue 2.7.3 An International Snapshot Across Transport Industries 2.7.3.1 Regulatory Frameworks in Road Transport 2.7.3.2 Regulatory Frameworks in Rail Transport 2.7.3.3 Regulatory Frameworks in Maritime Transport 2.7.3.4 Regulatory Frameworks in Aviation 2.7.4 Future Challenges Summary Points for Practitioners References Section 3 Factors That Contribute to Fatigue and Sleepiness in Transportation 3.1 Sleep Pressure and Circadian Rhythms 3.1.1 Sleep and Circadian Physiology 3.1.1.1 What Is Sleep? 3.1.1.2 Sleep Stages and Sleep Architecture 3.1.1.3 Sleep-Wake Regulation The Two-Process Model Physiological Basis of the Circadian and Homeostatic Regulatory Processes 3.1.2 Contributors to Sleep- and Circadian-Related Fatigue in Transportation 3.1.2.1 Extended Wakefulness and Total Sleep Deprivation 3.1.2.2 Partial Sleep Deprivation 3.1.2.3 Chronic Sleep Loss 3.1.2.4 Circadian Disruption and Misalignment 3.1.3 Sleep Strategies for Mitigating Sleep-Related Fatigue 3.1.4 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 3.2 Jet Lag, Sleep Timing, and Sleep Inertia 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Jet Lag 3.2.2.1 What Is Jet Lag? 3.2.2.2 What Causes Jet Lag? 3.2.2.3 What Are the Consequences of Jet Lag? 3.2.2.4 Examples of Jet Lag in Aviation 3.2.2.5 How Can Jet Lag Be Managed? Bright Light Melatonin 3.2.3 Sleep Timing 3.2.3.1 What Are Chronotypes? 3.2.3.2 What Are the Consequences of Mistimed Sleep? Circadian Disruption Examples of Circadian Disruption 3.2.3.3 How Can Mistimed Sleep Be (re-)aligned? 3.2.4 Sleep Inertia 3.2.4.1 What Is Sleep Inertia? 3.2.4.2 What Causes Sleep Inertia? 3.2.4.3 What Are the Consequences of Sleep Inertia? Examples of Sleep Inertia in Transportation 3.2.4.4 How Can Sleep Inertia Be Managed? 3.2.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 3.3 Sleep Disorders and Driving 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 3.3.2.1 Epidemiology of Motor Vehicle Collisions in Patients With OSA 3.3.2.2 Role of Sleepiness 3.3.2.3 Evaluation of Sleepiness 3.3.2.4 Effectiveness of CPAP Treatment in OSA On Collision Risk 3.3.2.5 European Union Regulations On Driving in Patients With OSA 3.3.2.6 Evaluation of Fitness to Drive in OSA 3.3.3 Narcolepsy 3.3.3.1 Evaluation of Driving Ability in Narcolepsy 3.3.3.2 Impact of Treatment 3.3.4 Inadequate Sleep, Sleep Disturbance, and Insomnia 3.3.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 3.4 Task-Related Causes Or Contributors to Fatigue and Sleepiness 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Indicators of Task-Related Fatigue Effects On Performance in Transportation 3.4.3 What Task-Related Factors Make Fatigue and Performance Deficits More Likely? 3.4.4 Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Task Characteristics On Fatigue and Performance 3.4.4.1 Arousal-Based Theories 3.4.4.2 Resource Theories 3.4.4.3 Motivation Control Theory 3.4.4.4 Resource Control Theory 3.4.4.5 Synthesis of Theories 3.4.5 Strategies for Reducing Task-Related Fatigue Effects 3.4.5.1 The Effects of Rest Breaks 3.4.5.2 Change of Activity Approaches 3.4.5.3 Technology Solutions to Task-Related Fatigue in Transportation 3.4.6 Summary and Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 3.5 Lifestyle as a Mediator of Fatigue and Sleepiness 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Lifestyle and Fatigue/sleepiness 3.5.3 Lifestyle, Behaviour, Stress, and Their Relationship With Fatigue and Sleepiness 3.5.3.1 Physical Activity and Exercise 3.5.3.2 Food and Drink 3.5.3.3 Sleep Hygiene 3.5.3.4 Medications 3.5.3.5 Other Cognitive-Behavioural Interventions 3.5.4 Society as a Drive to Determine Lifestyle 3.5.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References Section 4 Managing Fatigue and Promoting Alertness in Transportation 4.1 Approaches to Fatigue Management: Where We Are and Where We’re Going 4.1.1 History of Regulatory Approaches to Fatigue Management 4.1.1.1 Conceptualising the Spectrum of Approaches to Fatigue Management 4.1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Approaches to Fatigue Management 4.1.2.1 Prescriptive Approaches to Fatigue Management: Strengths 4.1.2.2 Prescriptive Approaches to Fatigue Management: Weaknesses 4.1.2.3 Risk-Based Approaches to Fatigue Management: Strengths 4.1.2.4 Risk-Based Approaches to Fatigue Management: Weaknesses 4.1.3 Fatigue Risk Management Systems 4.1.3.1 Cultural Differences in Approaches to Fatigue Management 4.2.3.1 Link Between Daily Work Duration Rules, Acute and Chronic Sleep Disruption, and Continuous Wakefulness 4.1.4 Emerging Trends in Fatigue Management 4.1.5 Future Directions in Fatigue Management 4.1.6 Resources Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.2 Rules Resistance: The Inequitable Trade, Missing Logical Links, and Solutions to Surmount the Challenge 4.2.1 The Inequitable Trade 4.2.2 The Missing Logical Links 4.2.3 The Logical Links Between the Fatigue Risk Factors and the Rules 4.2.3.2 Link Between Weekly Work Hours Rules, Chronic Sleep Disruption, and the Circadian Rhythm Desynchronisation Effect 4.2.3.3 Link Between Night Shift Rules and the Circadian Rhythm Timing Effect 4.2.3.4 Link Between Off-Duty Period Rules and Acute and Chronic Sleep Disruption 4.2.3.5 Link Between Recovery Period Rules, Acute and Chronic Sleep Disruption, and the Circadian Rhythm Desynchronisation Effect 4.2.3.6 Link Between Consecutive Night Shift Rules, Chronic Sleep Disruption, and the Circadian Rhythm Desynchronisation Effect 4.2.4 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.3 Work Scheduling: Biomathematical Modelling for Fatigue Risk, and Its Role in Fatigue Risk Management Processes 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Components of the Three-Process Model 4.3.3 Research and Validation of Biomathematical Models 4.3.4 The Place for Modelling Within Fatigue Risk Management Systems 4.3.5 Application of Modelling in the Scheduling Process 4.3.6 Examples of Modelling in Different Transportation Modes 4.3.7 Future Perspectives On Modelling 4.3.8 Best Practices for Fatigue Modelling Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.4 Fatigue Risk Thresholds 4.4.1 Managing Risks in the Workplace 4.4.2 Human Fatigue 4.4.3 Limiting Work Hours to Manage Fatigue Risk 4.4.4 Measuring and Limiting Fatigue to Manage Fatigue Risk 4.4.5 Setting a Threshold Level 4.4.6 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.5 Fatigue Profiling: An Approach to Understand Occurrence, Causes, and Effects of Fatigue in People Working in Different Transport Sectors 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 What Is Fatigue Profiling? 4.5.3 Comparing Fatigue Profiles for People Operating Vehicles and Vessels in Sea, Rail, and Road Sectors 4.5.3.1 Level 0—Framework Conditions and Fatigue Awareness Culture 4.5.3.2 Level 1—Work Characteristics 4.5.3.3 Level 2—Recovery From Work 4.5.3.4 Level 3—Fatigue-Related Symptoms 4.5.3.5 Level 4—Fatigue-Related Errors 4.5.3.6 Level 5—Fatigue-Related Collisions Rail Road Sea 4.5.4 Profile Summaries 4.5.5 Discussion Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.6 Fatigue Detection Technology 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Fatigue Detection: Challenges and Requirements 4.6.3 Several Approaches to Fatigue Detection 4.6.3.1 Subjective Indicators 4.6.3.2 Individual Performance Indicators 4.6.3.3 Body Behavioural Indicators 4.6.3.4 Physiological Indicators 4.6.4 Validation of Fatigue Detection Technologies 4.6.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Notes References 4.7 Individual Countermeasures to Fatigue 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Effective Countermeasures 4.7.2.1 Task-Related Fatigue Countermeasures 4.7.2.2 Sleep-Related Fatigue Countermeasures Napping Caffeine 4.7.3 Ineffective Countermeasure Use 4.7.4 Influence of Other Factors 4.7.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.8 Light as a Countermeasure to Sleepiness and Its Potential for Use in the Transport Industry 4.8.1 Introduction: Fatigue, a Challenge for the Transport Industry 4.8.2 Mechanisms of Alerting Effects of Light 4.8.2.1 Factors Contributing to Alerting Effects of Light 4.8.3 Measures of Human Fatigue and Alertness 4.8.4 Alerting Effects of Light in Non-Driving Settings 4.8.5 Alerting Effects of Light in Driving Settings 4.8.6 Challenges of Transferability of the Lighting Setups to the Transport Industry 4.8.7 Future In-Vehicle Lighting Setups and Research Direction Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.9 It Takes Two: Health Management and Its Interface With Fatigue 4.9.1 Introduction 4.9.2 Background of Rail, Road, and Reef Tourism Industries 4.9.3 Poor Health and Fatigue in Transport 4.9.4 Factors Contributing to Poor Health at Work 4.9.5 Current Approaches to Fatigue in Health Management 4.9.6 Gaps in Current Approaches: What Are We Missing? 4.9.7 Where to From Here? Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.10 Aircrew Fatigue and Scheduling: A Summary of Some Recent Studies Using the Same Outcome Measure 4.10.1 Introduction 4.10.2 Fatigue During Long-Haul FDPs (Study 1) (Sallinen Et Al., 2017) 4.10.3 Fatigue During Short-Haul FDPs (Study 1) (Sallinen Et Al., 2017) 4.10.4 Fatigue and Simultaneous Effects of Major Scheduling Factors (Study 2) (Sallinen Et Al., 2020) 4.10.5 Fatigue and Number of Ultra-Short-Haul Sectors (Study 3) (Åkerstedt Et Al., 2021) 4.10.6 Cumulative Fatigue Across Duty Days (Study 3) (Åkerstedt Et Al., 2021) 4.10.7 Individual Differences in Fatigue and Scheduling Factors (Study 4) (Sallinen Et Al., 2018) 4.10.8 Self-Reported CAUSES OF Fatigue (Study 5) (Sallinen Et Al., 2021) 4.10.9 Discussion Summary Points for Practitioners References 4.11 Fatigue Management Education for Young Novice Drivers 4.11.1 Why Is this Important? 4.11.2 Who Is this Chapter For? 4.11.3 How Was the Information in this Chapter Developed? 4.11.3.1 Why Are Young Novice Drivers an Important Target Group for Fatigue Management? 4.11.4 How Can Young Novice Drivers Best Be Engaged in an Education Programme to Reduce Driver Fatigue? 4.11.4.1 Who Should Deliver the Education? 4.11.4.2 What Is the Best Mechanism for Engagement? 4.11.4.3 What Are the Biggest Barriers and How Can These Be Overcome to Ensure Effective Driver Fatigue Education? 4.11.4.4 What Are the Most Important Topics to Cover in an Education Programme to Reduce Novice Driver Fatigue? Challenge the Belief That Driver Fatigue Is Unavoidable Challenge the Normalisation of Driver Fatigue Promote the Wider Benefits of Good Sleep Promote Effective Driver Fatigue Mitigation Provide an Understanding of Risk Factors Which Can Lead to Driver Fatigue and How to Avoid Them 4.11.5 Conclusions Acknowledgement Summary Points for Practitioners References Section 5 Transportation Fatigue Risk Management in Practice 5.1 Tram Operations Limited: Insights From Our Journey to Improve Fatigue and Wellness Management 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 The Challenge 5.1.3 The Approach 5.1.4 Action Plan and Timeline 5.1.4.1 The Fatigue Risk Index (FRI) 5.1.4.2 SAFTE-FAST Phase 1—Situational Analysis Phase 2—Building In-House Fatigue Risk Management Capability Phase 3—Integration of Fatigue Risk Management Data 5.1.5 Tools for Fatigue Management 5.1.5.1 Fatigue Management Training 5.1.5.2 New Driver Rosters 5.1.5.3 Driver Self-Reporting 5.1.5.4 Fatigue Detection Technology 5.1.6 Other Benefits: Tangible Impact On Health Measures 5.1.7 Reflections 5.1.7.1 External Interest 5.1.8 Conclusions: Summary of the Success 5.1.8.1 Industry Recognition Summary Points for Practitioners References 5.2 Assessing Railway Traffic Controller Safety With an Hourly Risk Index 5.2.1 Introduction: Fatigue Prevalence and Research in Railway Traffic Control 5.2.2 Estimating Work Schedule Risk With the Hourly Risk Index 5.2.2.1 Fatigue as a Contributing Factor in Railway Incidents 5.2.2.2 Why Consider Fatigue-Related Risk and Not Fatigue as Such? 5.2.2.3 A Brief Historic Overview of the Risk Index and Its Use in Railways 5.2.2.4 Adding Hourly Detail: Creating the “Hourly Risk Index” 5.2.2.5 Structure and Interpretation of the Hourly Risk Index 5.2.3 Validating the Model 5.2.3.1 The Importance of Real-World Validation 5.2.3.2 Face Validation 5.2.3.3 Generating a Large-Scale Data Set for a Statistical Validation 5.2.3.4 Statistical Validation 5.2.4 Practical Implementation 5.2.4.1 A “Risk Index Engine” Calculating Hourly Risk 5.2.4.2 A Business Intelligence Tool for Daily Use 5.2.4.3 Visualising Fatigue Risk 5.2.5 Conclusions and Some Suggestions for Future Academic-Practitioner Research Summary Points for Practitioners References 5.3 Rail Transport: Lessons Learnt in Implementing a Sleep Apnoea Assessment Programme in the Transportation Industry 5.3.1 Overview and Introduction 5.3.2 Incorporating OSA Screening as Part of a Broader System Safety Programme 5.3.3 Challenges to Implementing a Screening Programme Without Federal Regulatory Requirements 5.3.3.1 Identifying Safety-Sensitive Titles 5.3.3.2 Identification of Diagnostic Testing Protocols 5.3.3.3 Monitoring Treatment 5.3.3.4 Insurance Coverage 5.3.3.5 Unexpected Supply Chain Constraints 5.3.4 Discussion 5.3.5 Conclusions References 5.4 Marine Transport: Using Technologies for Managing the Risk of Fatigue at Sea 5.4.1 Fatigue in Maritime Transport 5.4.2 Current State of Fatigue Risk Management at Sea 5.4.3 Current Approaches to Fatigue Risk Management 5.4.4 Technology to Support Fatigue Risk Management at Sea 5.4.4.1 Technology to Support Fatigue Planning 5.4.4.2 Technology to Support Fatigue Monitoring 5.4.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Notes References 5.5 Fatigue and Sleepiness in UK Policing 5.5.1 Introduction: Organisation and Primary Duties 5.5.2 Peculiarities in Policing and How Shift Patterns Have Evolved 5.5.3 Staff Health, Safety, and Welfare 5.5.4 Standards of Professional Behaviour 5.5.5 Driver Training, Driver Safety and Fatigue Management in Policing 5.5.6 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 5.6 Managing Commercial Vehicle Driver Fatigue in Canada: A Government Perspective 5.6.1 Introduction and Background 5.6.2 Commercial Vehicle Driver Fatigue 5.6.2.1 Fatigue Risk Factors in Commercial Vehicle Operations 5.6.3 Data Limitations 5.6.4 The Commercial Vehicle Drivers Hours of Service (HOS) Regulations 5.6.5 The North American Fatigue Management Program 5.6.6 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Notes References 5.7 Friend Or Foe?: The Use of Digital Devices in the Fight Against Monotony and Boredom in Air Traffic Management 5.7.1 Introduction 5.7.2 “We All Train for the Out of the Ordinary, But What About the Ordinary?” 5.7.3 What Are We Fighting? —What Is the Danger? 5.7.4 The Covid-19 Pandemic as Opportunity 5.7.5 Cell Phone “Distraction” Vs. “Stimulus” 5.7.6 The ATM Conundrum and Possible Ways Forward 5.7.6.1 A Way of Deploying Devices Safely 5.7.6.2 Methodology 5.7.7 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References Section 6 Fatigue Risk Management of the Future 6.1 Road Vehicle Automation and Its Effects On Fatigue, Sleep, Rest, and Recuperation 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Development of Fatigue in Assisted Driving 6.1.3 Development of Fatigue in Piloted Driving 6.1.4 Sleep and Sleep Inertia in Piloted Driving 6.1.5 Driver Monitoring Systems in Automated Vehicles 6.1.6 Fatigue Countermeasures in Automated Vehicles 6.1.7 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 6.2 Through the Darkness of Future Past: A Cautionary Tale 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 The Link Between Safety and Fatigue in Rail Transportation 6.2.3 The Context of the Research and the Future Inquiry Workshop 6.2.4 The Future Inquiry Workshop: Methodology 6.2.5 The Present and Future of Fatigue in Rail Operations 6.2.5.1 Fatigue in (The Year 2013 And) a Chaotic Present 6.2.5.2 Fatigue in a Possible SPAD-Free Future (The Year 2023) 6.2.6 Alternate Futures, Repeating Histories 6.2.6.1 What Predictions Came True? 6.2.6.2 What Was the Contribution of the Workshops to Realising the Desired Future? 6.2.6.3 A Desire for Change 1–Commitment to Change 2–Ongoing Reflection and Review 3–Provide Resources 4–Provoke a Paradigm Shift 5–Mind the Technology 6–Infiltrate Corporate Memory 6.2.7 Managing Fatigue in Transportation in the Future Yet to Come: Six Principles for Change 6.2.8 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners Notes References 6.3 Space Transport and Fatigue 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 What Are the Challenges to Sleep in Space? 6.3.2.1 Circadian Entrainment/Misalignment 6.3.2.2 Work Schedules 6.3.2.3 Sleep Environment 6.3.2.4 Isolation and Confinement 6.3.3 How Can We Protect Sleep and Manage Fatigue During Space Travel? 6.3.3.1 Light Interventions 6.3.3.2 Scheduling Tools 6.3.3.3 Habitat Design 6.3.3.4 Pharmacological Countermeasures 6.3.4 Future Challenges to Managing Fatigue in Space 6.3.5 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References 6.4 The Future of Fatigue Management: Strategies, Policies, and Societal Expectations 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Strategies 6.4.2.1 The Future of Fatigue Risk Management Systems The Future of Fatigue Education Fatigue Education for Individuals Fatigue Education for Organisations Fatigue Education for Society 6.4.2.2 Wearables and New Technology 6.4.2.3 Proactive and Predictive Data Analysis 6.4.2.4 Learning From Incidents and Accidents 6.4.3 Policies 6.4.3.1 Governmental Regulations Vs Organisational Policies 6.4.3.2 Elements of Effective Policies and Regulations 6.4.4 Preparing for New Technologies and Operational Demands 6.4.5 Societal Expectations 6.4.5.1 Societal Vs Individual Risk/Benefit Considerations 6.4.5.2 Cost/Benefit Issues 6.4.5.3 Global Perspectives 6.4.6 Conclusions Summary Points for Practitioners References Index "In the world of transportation, fatigue is a silent killer that can affect us all. Understanding fatigue, including how to manage it to minimize safety risk, is of great importance. However, while it is one thing to recognize that fatigue is a critical safety issue, it is quite another to set up a successful, scientifically informed fatigue risk management programme. This book is here to help. It has been carefully designed as a comprehensive reference point, bringing together international expertize from leaders in fatigue science, and showcasing valuable insights from transportation industry practitioners. The 40 authored chapters are divided into six sections, to better understand fatigue science, the consequences of fatigue in transportation, contributors to fatigue, managing fatigue and promoting alertness, real world case studies of fatigue management in practice, and future perspectives. While it is possible to read each chapter in isolation, most will be gained by reading the book as a whole. Each chapter starts with an abstract overview and concludes with summary bullet points, creating a handy "quick check" for key points. This accessible text is for those who are interested in supporting alert and safe transportation operations. It is suitable for professionals, transport managers, government advisors, policy makers, students, academics, and anyone who wants to learn more. All transport modes (road, rail, maritime and aviation) are considered. For anyone waking up to the complex challenge of fatigue management, this handbook is a must"-- Provided by publisher In the world of transportation, fatigue is a silent killer that can affect us all. Understanding fatigue, including how to manage it to minimize safety risk, is of great importance. However, while it is one thing to recognize that fatigue is a critical safety issue, it is quite another to set up a successful, scientifically informed fatigue risk management programme. This book is here to help. It has been carefully designed as a comprehensive reference point, bringing together international expertise from leaders in fatigue science, and showcasing valuable insights from transportation industry practitioners. The 40 authored chapters are divided into six sections, to better understand fatigue science, the consequences of fatigue in transportation, contributors to fatigue, managing fatigue and promoting alertness, real world case studies of fatigue management in practice, and future perspectives. While it is possible to read each chapter in isolation, most will be gained by reading the book as a whole. Each chapter starts with an abstract overview and concludes with summary bullet points, creating a handy "quick check" for key points. This accessible text is for those who are interested in supporting alert and safe transportation operations. It is suitable for professionals, transport managers, government advisors, policy makers, students, academics, and anyone who wants to learn more. All transport modes (road, rail, maritime and aviation) are considered. For anyone waking up to the complex challenge of fatigue management, this handbook is a must.