The Handbook of East Asian Psycholinguistics: Volume 3, Korean

A large body of knowledge has accumulated in recent years on the cognitive processes and brain mechanisms underlying language. Much of this knowledge has come from studies of Indo-European languages, in particular English. Korean, a language of growing interest to linguists, differs significantly from most Indo-European languages in its grammar, its lexicon, and its written and spoken forms - features which have profound implications for the learning, representation and processing of language. This handbook, the third in a three-volume series on East Asian psycholinguistics, presents a state-of-the-art discussion of the psycholinguistic study of Korean. With contributions by over sixty leading scholars, it covers topics in first and second language acquisition, language processing and reading, language disorders in children and adults, and the relationships between language, brain, culture, and cognition. It will be invaluable to all scholars and students interested in the Korean language, as well as cognitive psychologists, linguists, and neuroscientists. Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Figures......Page 11 Tables......Page 14 Contributors......Page 17 Preface......Page 21 The basics of Korean......Page 23 Part I Language acquisition......Page 25 Part II Language processing......Page 34 Part I Language acquisition......Page 43 Purpose......Page 45 Pragmatic constraint......Page 46 Morpho-syntactic constraint......Page 47 Data......Page 48 Development of pragmatic constraints......Page 49 Development of morpho-syntactic constraints......Page 53 Summary and conclusions......Page 54 Introduction......Page 56 Prior research: theoretical approaches and research questions......Page 57 Subjects and methodology......Page 60 A discourse-functional model of argument structure......Page 61 The intersection of lexicon (verbs) and discourse (arguments)......Page 62 Transitive argument structure realizations......Page 64 Preferred Argument Structure......Page 67 Discussion and future directions......Page 68 Background......Page 72 Developmental sequence of case markers......Page 74 Acquisition of grammatical functions......Page 80 Discussion......Page 82 Theoretical claims for the noun bias......Page 85 Theoretical claims against the noun bias......Page 86 Participants of the studies......Page 87 Criterion for verbs......Page 88 Number of total words in production......Page 89 Proportions of nouns and verbs......Page 90 Discussion......Page 92 Introduction......Page 94 Evidence from the scope of negation......Page 96 Experimental investigations......Page 100 Experiment 1......Page 102 Experiment 2......Page 111 General discussion......Page 113 Introduction......Page 115 Syntax–semantics correspondences for locative verbs in English and Korean......Page 117 Method......Page 120 Results......Page 122 Summary of findings......Page 124 Discussion......Page 125 Conclusions and further research......Page 127 Theories of language and thought......Page 129 Crosslinguistic differences in spatial semantics of containment and support......Page 131 The categories of IN and ON in English, and KKITA in Korean......Page 133 Spatial categorization in early production......Page 135 Spatial categorization in early comprehension......Page 137 Preverbal spatial cognition......Page 139 Nonlinguistic sensitivity to spatial categories in adults......Page 143 Discussion......Page 144 Two forms of negation in Korean......Page 149 NEG placement error: data......Page 152 VP negation or mis-setting of adjunction parameter......Page 155 Lack of object raising in the child grammar: delay of A-chain......Page 156 Concluding remarks......Page 157 Introduction......Page 159 Developmental facts......Page 160 Influential factors......Page 162 Subjects......Page 163 Experimental design......Page 164 Procedure......Page 165 Results and discussion......Page 166 Conclusions......Page 170 The Subset Principle......Page 172 Logophoricity......Page 174 Relational hierarchy......Page 177 Conclusion......Page 180 Introduction......Page 182 Factors due to syntactic configuration......Page 183 Factors due to language learners' sloppy grammar ......Page 184 Monolingual children's strategic processing of the Korean relative clause......Page 185 Quantitative differences in the processing of relative clauses between monolingual and bilingual speakers......Page 188 Conclusion......Page 189 Naturalistic studies......Page 190 Experimental studies......Page 191 Conclusion......Page 195 Overview......Page 197 Approach......Page 198 Functional elements in Korean......Page 199 Child Korean data......Page 202 Acquisiti on of verb inflections......Page 203 Discussion: crosslinguistic difference in the development of functional categories......Page 206 Introduction......Page 209 How mood/modality indicators emerge......Page 211 Endings involving mood......Page 212 Endings involving modality......Page 222 Mixed modality and misapplication......Page 230 Occurrence order constraints......Page 231 Negation......Page 233 Reported speech marker -tay and pre-relative head proominals kes and tey......Page 236 Tense/aspect......Page 237 Conclusion......Page 241 Overmarking......Page 243 Kes in child Korean......Page 245 The syntactic status of kes......Page 247 The pronoun as determiner analysis......Page 250 Conclusion......Page 251 Introduction......Page 253 Development of passives......Page 254 The syntax of the Korean passive......Page 255 Event structures of passive predicates......Page 256 Predictions on development......Page 258 Subjects and task......Page 260 Results and discussion......Page 261 Conclusion......Page 264 Abstract......Page 266 Test sentences......Page 268 Results......Page 270 Discussion......Page 273 Future research......Page 275 Introduction......Page 277 Perception/comprehension study......Page 281 Production study......Page 285 Conclusion and discussion......Page 288 Introduction......Page 290 Language and cultural practices at home......Page 291 Parenthild relationship......Page 293 Salvaging 'lost' heritage languages ......Page 294 Reacquisition of Korean as a heritage language......Page 296 Concluding remarks......Page 297 Introduction......Page 298 L2 studies on the CPH/SPH......Page 299 Experiment 1......Page 301 Experiment 2......Page 303 Further research......Page 306 Introduction......Page 308 Theoretical background: definiteness and specificity......Page 310 Hypothesis and predictions......Page 312 Methods......Page 314 Written elicitation task......Page 315 Results and discussion......Page 316 The role of partitivity in the L2-acquisition of English articles......Page 317 Acquisition of articles by child L1 learners: the effect of partitivity......Page 318 Research question and hypothesis......Page 320 Participants......Page 321 Written elicitation task......Page 322 Results......Page 324 Conclusion......Page 325 Introduction......Page 327 Experiment 2: grammaticality judgment test (GJT)......Page 330 Subjects......Page 331 The analytical design......Page 332 Expected distribution over the four categories......Page 333 Criterion for categorization......Page 334 Grammaticality Judgment Test (GJT)......Page 335 General discussion......Page 336 Conclusion......Page 339 Introduction......Page 340 General description of the main study......Page 341 Korean pronunciation......Page 343 English pronunciation......Page 344 Relative pronunciation proficiency in Korean and English......Page 345 Patterns of relative proficiency in L1 and L2......Page 346 Conclusions derived from the main study......Page 347 Length of residence (LOR) effects on English pronunciation......Page 348 Word class differences and English pronunciation accuracy......Page 350 Directions for future research......Page 351 Introduction......Page 353 Morpho-syntactic properties......Page 354 The equivalence constraint (EC)......Page 355 The free morpheme constraint (FMC)......Page 356 The matrix language (ML) approach......Page 358 The government approach: head directionality......Page 359 Discussion......Page 360 Language-specific features......Page 361 Language dominance......Page 362 Future directions......Page 364 Introduction......Page 366 Codeswitching as a contextualization cue......Page 368 Codeswitching and kinship terms in the KAC meetings......Page 369 Discussion......Page 372 Introduction......Page 373 Ontology versus shape in word learning......Page 374 Crosslinguistic evidence of ontology versus shape in word learning......Page 375 English, Japanese, and Korean data......Page 376 Crosslinguistic discussion of English, Japanese, and Korean......Page 380 Introduction......Page 383 A history of sign language in Korea......Page 385 A brief review of the debate about mode of communication with regard to the acquisition of sign language......Page 388 A brief review of distinguished research on the linguistic properties of KSL......Page 389 Translation systems for Korean Sign Language......Page 394 Directions for future research......Page 395 Summary......Page 397 Part II Language processing......Page 399 Background......Page 401 Similarity structure among letters and syllable blocks......Page 403 Psychological reality of syllable block types......Page 405 Basic processing unit of syllable blocks......Page 406 Influence of the usableness or meaningfulness of syllable blocks......Page 408 Concluding remarks......Page 410 Speaker variation......Page 412 Normalization methods......Page 413 Theories of speech perception......Page 414 Vowel production by Koreans and Americans......Page 416 Vowel perception by Koreans and Americans......Page 417 Concluding remarks......Page 419 Introduction......Page 420 Morphological priming in languages other than Korean......Page 422 Experiments in Korean......Page 423 Morphological level representations in a mental lexicon model......Page 427 General discussion......Page 428 Two pathways in word recognition......Page 431 Different word recognition processes of Hangul and Hanja......Page 432 Frequency effects in naming tasks......Page 433 Homophony effects in semantic categorization tasks......Page 434 Flexible use of phonology in the recognition of Hangul words......Page 436 Script-switching effects in Hangul and Hanja......Page 437 Conclusion......Page 439 32 Lexical and sublexical processes in Korean word recognition......Page 440 Sublexical processing in Hangul......Page 441 Syllable-level processing of Hangul......Page 443 Summary and conclusions......Page 444 Introduction......Page 445 Intonation of Korean......Page 446 Intonation of English......Page 448 Similarities......Page 449 Differences......Page 450 The role of prosody in sentence processing......Page 451 Future research......Page 453 34 Korean sentence processing......Page 455 Incremental processing......Page 456 Minimal attachment......Page 457 Late closure......Page 458 Processing of Korean topic marker......Page 460 Summary and conclusion......Page 462 Introduction......Page 464 The constraints of sentence representation......Page 465 The advantage of first mention......Page 466 Temporal contributions of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors......Page 467 The interaction effects between syntactic position and semantic role......Page 469 The effect of clause recency......Page 471 Semanticias effect......Page 472 Summary and conclusions......Page 474 36 Understanding complex sentences: memory constraints and informational structure......Page 476 Sentence complexity, memory constraints and informational structure......Page 478 Memory and information structure in the comprehension of Korean......Page 481 Introduction......Page 485 Materials......Page 487 ERP recordings......Page 488 Event-related potential data......Page 489 Visual inspection......Page 490 Statistical analysis......Page 492 Discussion......Page 493 Anaphoric inference......Page 496 Effects of causal inference and predictability on memory......Page 499 Processing of contrast information......Page 501 Elaborative inference......Page 503 Conclusion......Page 504 Introduction......Page 506 Case marker as a grammatical morpheme......Page 507 Morphemic ambiguity resolution......Page 509 Agrammatism and functional category......Page 511 Pronouns and discourse......Page 513 Discussion......Page 514 Introduction......Page 516 Production data......Page 517 Comprehension of simple N-N-V sentences......Page 518 Comprehension of complex sentences: relative clauses and passive sentences......Page 520 Discussion......Page 523 Introduction......Page 526 Speech production and comprehension in agrammatism......Page 527 Theories of agrammatic comprehension......Page 529 Processing accounts......Page 530 Competence accounts......Page 532 Sentence comprehension patterns in Korean agrammatism......Page 533 Experimental data from Korean agrammatic comprehension......Page 534 Experimental data from English agrammatic comprehension......Page 537 Summary......Page 538 Introduction......Page 539 Sensory processing deficits......Page 540 Transparency......Page 542 Script format......Page 543 Learning how letters map to sounds......Page 544 Korean and English poor readers......Page 545 Sensory-level processing......Page 546 Discussion......Page 547 The lack of visual differences in Korean......Page 548 Introduction......Page 550 Korean reading span task......Page 551 Brief overview of word ambiguity resolution......Page 552 Individual differences in word ambiguity resolution......Page 553 Discussion......Page 557 Linguistic characteristics in Korean lexical processing......Page 560 What is the representation unit of Korean Eojeols in the mental lexicon?......Page 561 Inspiration from machine readable dictionaries......Page 564 Frequency-based trie model......Page 565 Experimental results of the proposed FB-trie......Page 567 Conclusion......Page 568 References......Page 569 Name Index......Page 643 Subject Index......Page 655